(旅游概論英文課件)L8Sustainabletourism(一)

(旅游概論英文課件）L8Sustainabletourism(一)(旅游概論英文課件）L8SustainabletouriLECTUER8sustainabletourismTOUIRSM:PRINCIPLESANDPRACTICELECTUER8sustainabletourismOutlineLearningObjectivesHistoricalbackgroundDefinitionofsustainabilityingeneralDefinitionofsustainabletourismSustainabilityintourismSustainabilityasastrategyClimatechangeandtourismSummaryDiscussionFurtherReadingsQ&A2022/12/93Copyright@LKSTHOutlineLearningObjectives2022LearningObjectivesTounderstandagroupofcoresconceptsTolearnthecomplexityofsustainabilityintourismToappreciatetherelationshipbetweentourismandclimatechange2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH4LearningObjectivesTounderstaHistoricalBackground[1]Coreconcepts2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH5Mostcommon,leastunderstood,highlydebatableconceptsSustainabilitySustainabledevelopmentSustainabletourismHistoricalBackground[1]CoreHistoricalBackground[2]Movementtowardssustainabledevelopment2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH6HistoricalBackground[2]Movem2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH7TheMiddleAges:Rootsinagriculture--‘sustainableyield’Late19thcent.:FirstformalsignsofconcernabouttheplanetEarth--protectionsocieties,nationalparks1960s：Massconcernfortheplanet--realizingfragilityduetofirstimageofEarthfromspace2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH7TheM2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH82022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH82022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH91970s:-TheClubofRome—-LimitstoGrowthReport;-FirstUNconferenceonthehumanenvironment1980:TheWorldConservationStrategy—balancingdevelopmentandconservation1987:TheBrundtlandReport—perceptionandefforts2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH91970s2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH101992:TheEarthSummit--Agenda21(actionstrategy)1997:TheKyotoProtocol—reducegreenhousegasesemissions2000:TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals—toensureenvironmentalsustainability

2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1019922022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH112002:TheJohannesburgSummit—resolutions,interruptedbyeconomiccrisissince20082009:TheConferenceofParties--CopenhagenAccord2012:Dohaconference—DohaPlatform(lossanddamage;richernations’rolesdetermined)Moreinformationaboutsustainabledevelopment:http:///wiki/Sustainable_development2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH112002HistoricalBackground[3]Tourism’sconnectionwithsustainabilityInherentlyconnectedBecauseitrequiresnatural/man-maderesourceswhicharemajortouristattractionsbuttheyarefragileatthesametime2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH12HistoricalBackground[3]TouriDefinitionofSustainability[1]DefinitionsTheBruntlandReport(1987)“Meetingtheneedsofthepresentgenerationwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds”Basicprinciple(p.226)*2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH13DefinitionofSustainability[DefinitionofSustainability[2]Definitions(cont’)OtherdefinitionsCommer(1979):Notno-growth,butwithinself-perpetuatinglimitsTheWCS(1980):FocusingonmaintainingessentialecologicalprocessesChourcri(1997):Managingsocialdemandswithouterodinglifesupportproperties…2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH14DefinitionofSustainability[DefinitionofSustainability[4]Sustainabilityandcapitalstock2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH15DefinitionofSustainability[Figure10.1SustainabilityandcapitalstocksFigure10.1Sustainabilityan2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH17Strong:theindividualcapitalstocksustains!Weak:thetotalcapitalstocksustains!Arealisticattitude:theweak2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH17StroDefinitionofSustainability[3]CritiquesVagueness模糊andhypocrisy虛偽ofinternationalorganizationshurttheprinciplesandimplementationsustainabledevelopmentResponsibilityWhose?Governmentsvs.Privatesectors(short-termneeds/vision)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH18DefinitionofSustainability[SustainabilityofTourism[1]Adepressingpicture:astartingpoint2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH19Economicsaspects-competingforfactorsofproduction*STEnvironmentalaspects-Airlines-realestate—environ.Issues-tourismactivitiesSocial-culturalaspects-curiosity-demonstrationWherethereistourism,thereis…SustainabilityofTourism[1]ASustainabilityofTourism[2]ApproachesasoursolutionsTosetlimitsongrowthTochangestakeholderbehaviorsToreplacecurrentproducts(someexamplesbelow)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH20SustainabilityofTourism[2]A2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH212022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH212022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH222022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH22Photograph10.1

EcocampinChile.Source:BlaineHarringtonIII/AlamyImagesPhotograph10.1EcocampinCh2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH242022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH242022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH252022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH252022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH262022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH26SustainabilityofTourism[4]Tourismthresholdsandcarryingcapacity(cont’)Thresholdsleveloftourismimpactsbeyondwhichnegativeimpacts(losses)>neteffects(gains)CarryingcapacityMaximumnumberofpeoplewhocanuseasitewithoutanunacceptablealterationinenvironmentandanunacceptabledeclineofvisitors’experiencequality(Mathieson&Wall,1982)Keyideas:acceptableforwhom;touristpresence(p.231)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH27SustainabilityofTourism[4]TSustainabilityofTourism[5]Tourismthresholdsandcarryingcapacity(cont’)KeyfeaturesMultiplethresholdsShort-slabruleDynamicHardtodetermine2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH28SustainabilityofTourism[5]TSustainabilityofTourism[6]MeasurementcriteriaTables10.1(p.239)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH29SustainabilityofTourism[6]MSustainabilityofTourism[7]Theprocessofscopingthevariousaspectsofcarryingcapacity(XofST)Theidea(Fig.10.2)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH30SustainabilityofTourism[7]TFigure10.2

ThedeterminantsandinfluencesofcarryingcapacityyardsticksFigure10.2ThedeterminantsSustainabilityofTourism[8]Theprocessofscopingthevariousaspectsofcarryingcapacity(cont’)LocalfactorsSocialstructure:scale,complexityCulturalheritage:unusualEnvironment:fragile,uniqueEconomicstructure:developed,industrializedPoliticalstructure:instability,opennessResources:amount2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH32SustainabilityofTourism[8]TSustainabilityofTourism[9]Theprocessofscopingthevariousaspectsofcarryingcapacity(cont’)AlienfactorsTouristcharacteristicsRelativedifferenceTolerancelevel(Fig10.3,p.237)TypeoftouristactivityE.g.gambling,specialinterestgroupsPlanning,managementandtechnologyMaximizingbenefitsMoresuccessfullowernegativeimpactshighercarryingcapacityEndresults:Growth+Sustainability=Development2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH33SustainabilityofTourism[9]TFigure10.3

Therelationshipbetweentourists,destinationsandtolerancelevelsFragileRobustFigure10.3TherelationshipSustainabilityofTourism[10]Theprocessofscopingthevariousaspectsofcarryingcapacity(cont’)ImpactsParametersFactual,reflectingchangesinlocal/alienfactorsStandardsSubjective,tourist’s/host’sacceptablelimitsappliedtotheparametersCarryingcapacitydeterminationDynamic(dependentvariable),resultingfromcomplexfactorsandprocessesFeedback2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH35SustainabilityofTourism[10]Figure10.2

ThedeterminantsandinfluencesofcarryingcapacityyardsticksFigure10.2ThedeterminantsSustainabilityofTourism[11]SustainabletourismproductsApplicationof/solutiontoSTExamplesEco-tourismAlternativetourism2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH37SustainabilityofTourism[11]2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH38Eco-tourismSmall-scaleIndigenouslow-keyactivitiesNaturaltourismattractionEnvironmentalsustainabilityIndigenousculturesustainabilityEducation/learningopportunitiesAlternativetourismSmall-scaleIndigenouslow-keyactivities2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH38Eco-SustainabilityofTourism[11]Minicasestudy10.1SustainabletourismintheSrepokWildernessArea,Cambodia2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH39SustainabilityofTourism[11]Photograph10.2

Endangeredanimalscanbenefitfromecotourism.Source:EyeUbiquitous/AlamyImagesDiscussion:Istheecotourismstrategylikelytobeviable?Anylong-termdangers?Opportunitycosts?Photograph10.2EndangeredanDefinitionofSustainableTourism[1]WTOSustainabletourismdevelopmentmeetstheneedsofpresenttouristsandhostregionswhileprotectingandenhancingopportunityforthefuture.Itisenvisagedasleadingtomanagementofallresourcesinsuchawaythateconomic,social,andaestheticneedscanbefulfilledwhilemaintainingculturalintegrity,essentialecologicalprocesses,andbiologicaldiversity,andlifesupportsystems.BasedontheBrundtlandReportWithmanyvariationsStakeholdersfocused2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH41DefinitionofSustainableTourSustainabilityasaStrategy[1]Regardlessofthedifficulties,awayforwardRecognitionofvulnerabilityoftourismresourcesResponsibilityforallstakeholders(governments,industry,tourists,andhosts)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH42SustainabilityasaStrategy[ClimateChangeandTourism[1]BackgroundAfewobservationsofclimatechanges2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH43ClimateChangeandTourism[1]2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH442022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH44Scientificproofforglobalwarming2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH45Scientificproofforglobalwa2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH462022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH462022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH472022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH472022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH48CorrelationbetweenCO2andwarming;Butcorrelationisnotcausation.2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH48Corr2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH492022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH49ClimateChangeandTourism[2]Background(cont’)IPCCreportWarmingoftheclimatesystemiscertain0.76?C↑(19th-21stCent.)MostlyattributabletogreenhousegapscausedbyhumanactivitiesTourism’scontributionIn2005,5%ofCO?(40%fromaviation;35%othertransportmodes;25%therest)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH50ClimateChangeandTourism[2]ClimateChangeandTourism[3]ClimatechangeimpactsontourismDirectIndirect2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH51ClimateChangeandTourism[3]DirectclimaticimpactsChangesofclimate-relatedpushandpullfactorsCostsforheating,coolingandsnowmakingRedistributionofclimaticassetsamongtourismregionsChangesofthelengthandqualityofclimate-dependenttourismseasons…2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH52ClimateChangesImpactsDirectclimaticimpactsChangesIndirectimpactsfromenvironmentalchange2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH53ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsThroughenvironmentalchanges:WateravailabilityWaterexcessesBiodiversity:20-30%↓,1.5-2.5?C↑Vector-bornedisease…Tourism:attraction,safety,etc.IndirectimpactsfromenvironmIndirectimpactsfromsocietalchangeClimatechangelowereconomicgrowthClimatechangepoliticalinstabilityLowereconomicgrowthlowertourismspendingPoliticalinstabilitytourism:visitation,provisionofservices/facilities,publicimage,etc.2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH54ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsSternReport(2006):20%reductionofconsumptionpercapitalaterthiscentauryornextIndirectimpactsfromsocietalImpactsofmitigationpolicesinothersectorsAbsoluteemissionreductionCarbontradingPerceptionofairtravelChangingtouristbehaviorRisingtravelcostsPsychologicaldenialofairtravel2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH55ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsImpactsofmitigationpolicesClimateChangeandTourism[4]ImpactsonvulnerabledestinationtypesMountainsandwintersportsdestinationsKeyattractionsSnowcover,pristinemountainlandscapeClimatechangeimpactsWarmerclimatelesssnowcoverageThetourismimpactsAttractiveness,frequency/magnitudeofnaturalhazardsSnow-basedsportstourismindustrymostaffectedFewersnowslessresorts;higheroperationcosts2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH56ClimateChangeandTourism[4]Snowdepthandcoveragecontrast:YulongMountain,Yunan2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH57SnowdepthandcoveragecontraSnowdepthandcoveragecontrast:HimalayaRange2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH58SnowdepthandcoveragecontraA2007studyFortheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentshowsthat:climatechangewillproducesignificantimpactsontheskiareasintheEuropeanAlps.2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH59RiseoftemperaturesNumberofnaturallysnowreliableskiareas404(61%)609(91%)202(30%)2?C4?CA2007studyFortheOrganizatiClimateChangeandTourism[5]Impactsonvulnerabledestinationtypes(cont.)IslandsandcoastalzonesKeyattractionsBeaches,coralreefs,marinelife,etc.ClimatechangeimpactsExtremeevents,sea-levelrise,increasedclimatevariability,changesinoceancirculation,changeinnaturalecosystemsThetourismimpactsMostvulnerableExtremeeventsdestroyingecosystemsfewerattractionsSea-levelrisedestroyingecosystems,costalerosion,lossofbeaches,floods,watercontamination,etc.fewerattractions2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH60ClimateChangeandTourism[5]Maldivesincrises!2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH613SParadiseintheIndiaOceanMaldivesincrises!2022/12/9CoMaldivesincrises!(cont’)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH62150CMNow210020-60CMWillthishappen?Maldivesincrises!(cont’)202ClimateChangeandTourism[6]Impactsonvulnerabledestinationtypes(cont.)NaturalandculturalheritageFeaturesLandscapeasmajorattractionClimatechangesSea-levelriseLowerbiodiversity:lessfloraandfaunaThetourismimpactsLoweramenityvaluesmallertouristnumberAbigthreattoculturalstructuresnearcoasts:e.g.Venice,Italy2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH63ClimateChangeandTourism[6]Veniceunderthewater?2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH64Veniceunderthewater?2022/122022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH652022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH65ClimateChangeandTourism[7]Implicationfortourismdemandpatterns2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH66ClimatechangeClimateNaturalenvironmentPersonalsafetyDestinationchoiceClimateChangeandTourism[7]ClimateChangeandTourism[8]AdaptiontoclimatechangeDefinitionAnadjustmentinnaturalorhumansystemsinresponsetoactualorexpectedclimaticstimuliortheireffects,whichmoderatesharmorexploitsbeneficialopportunitiesResilienceoftourismasawholeQuickrecoveryfromSARS,Japantsunami,terroristattacks,etc.2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH67ClimateChangeandTourism[8]ClimateChangeandTourism[8]Adaptiontoclimatechange(cont’)WarnsagainstoptimismGapbetweenperceptionsandrealitiesSub-sectorvariationsChallengesfornewtourisminfrastructuresTheinsurabilityissue2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH68ClimateChangeandTourism[8]2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH69HurricaneKatrina:August23,20052022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH69Hurr2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH702022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH702022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH712022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH712022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH722022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH722022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH732022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH73ClimateChangeandTourism[8]Adaptiontoclimatechange(cont’)UsefulstrategiesTechnical:e.g.snowmakingManagementofnaturalresources:tectedareasProduct/marketdiversificationInsuranceifpossible2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH74ClimateChangeandTourism[8]SummaryWehavelearntthreekeyconcepts:sustainability,sustainabledevelopment,andsustainabletourism.Sustainabilityintourismincludesvarioussub-topics:approaches,thresholds/carryingcapacity,andsustainabletourismproducts.Tourismisnotamajorcontributortoclimatechanges,butitisevidentlyaffectedbyclimatechanges.Adaptationisamustfortourismindustry.2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH75SummaryWehavelearntthreekeDiscussionIfsustainabledevelopmentdidnotaffecthumans,dowestillneedit?如果可持續(xù)發(fā)展不影響人類，我們是否還需要它？TowhatextentistourisminChinasustainable?Threats?Solutions?中國旅游業(yè)在多大程度上是可持續(xù)的？有何威脅？對策呢？Whatcantouristsdotopromotesustainabletourism?為了推動可持續(xù)旅游，游客能夠做什么？2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH76DiscussionIfsustainabledevelFurtherReadingsJournalofSustainableTourism14(4),2006.Specialissue:Tourismanditsinteractionswithclimatechange.2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH77FurtherReadingsJournalofSusQ&A2022/12/978Copyright@LKSTHQ&A2022/12/978Copyright@LKSTH(旅游概論英文課件）L8Sustainabletourism(一)(旅游概論英文課件）L8SustainabletouriLECTUER8sustainabletourismTOUIRSM:PRINCIPLESANDPRACTICELECTUER8sustainabletourismOutlineLearningObjectivesHistoricalbackgroundDefinitionofsustainabilityingeneralDefinitionofsustainabletourismSustainabilityintourismSustainabilityasastrategyClimatechangeandtourismSummaryDiscussionFurtherReadingsQ&A2022/12/981Copyright@LKSTHOutlineLearningObjectives2022LearningObjectivesTounderstandagroupofcoresconceptsTolearnthecomplexityofsustainabilityintourismToappreciatetherelationshipbetweentourismandclimatechange2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH82LearningObjectivesTounderstaHistoricalBackground[1]Coreconcepts2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH83Mostcommon,leastunderstood,highlydebatableconceptsSustainabilitySustainabledevelopmentSustainabletourismHistoricalBackground[1]CoreHistoricalBackground[2]Movementtowardssustainabledevelopment2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH84HistoricalBackground[2]Movem2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH85TheMiddleAges:Rootsinagriculture--‘sustainableyield’Late19thcent.:FirstformalsignsofconcernabouttheplanetEarth--protectionsocieties,nationalparks1960s：Massconcernfortheplanet--realizingfragilityduetofirstimageofEarthfromspace2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH7TheM2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH862022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH82022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH871970s:-TheClubofRome—-LimitstoGrowthReport;-FirstUNconferenceonthehumanenvironment1980:TheWorldConservationStrategy—balancingdevelopmentandconservation1987:TheBrundtlandReport—perceptionandefforts2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH91970s2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH881992:TheEarthSummit--Agenda21(actionstrategy)1997:TheKyotoProtocol—reducegreenhousegasesemissions2000:TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals—toensureenvironmentalsustainability

2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1019922022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH892002:TheJohannesburgSummit—resolutions,interruptedbyeconomiccrisissince20082009:TheConferenceofParties--CopenhagenAccord2012:Dohaconference—DohaPlatform(lossanddamage;richernations’rolesdetermined)Moreinformationaboutsustainabledevelopment:http:///wiki/Sustainable_development2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH112002HistoricalBackground[3]Tourism’sconnectionwithsustainabilityInherentlyconnectedBecauseitrequiresnatural/man-maderesourceswhicharemajortouristattractionsbuttheyarefragileatthesametime2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH90HistoricalBackground[3]TouriDefinitionofSustainability[1]DefinitionsTheBruntlandReport(1987)“Meetingtheneedsofthepresentgenerationwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds”Basicprinciple(p.226)*2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH91DefinitionofSustainability[DefinitionofSustainability[2]Definitions(cont’)OtherdefinitionsCommer(1979):Notno-growth,butwithinself-perpetuatinglimitsTheWCS(1980):FocusingonmaintainingessentialecologicalprocessesChourcri(1997):Managingsocialdemandswithouterodinglifesupportproperties…2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH92DefinitionofSustainability[DefinitionofSustainability[4]Sustainabilityandcapitalstock2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH93DefinitionofSustainability[Figure10.1SustainabilityandcapitalstocksFigure10.1Sustainabilityan2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH95Strong:theindividualcapitalstocksustains!Weak:thetotalcapitalstocksustains!Arealisticattitude:theweak2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH17StroDefinitionofSustainability[3]CritiquesVagueness模糊andhypocrisy虛偽ofinternationalorganizationshurttheprinciplesandimplementationsustainabledevelopmentResponsibilityWhose?Governmentsvs.Privatesectors(short-termneeds/vision)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH96DefinitionofSustainability[SustainabilityofTourism[1]Adepressingpicture:astartingpoint2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH97Economicsaspects-competingforfactorsofproduction*STEnvironmentalaspects-Airlines-realestate—environ.Issues-tourismactivitiesSocial-culturalaspects-curiosity-demonstrationWherethereistourism,thereis…SustainabilityofTourism[1]ASustainabilityofTourism[2]ApproachesasoursolutionsTosetlimitsongrowthTochangestakeholderbehaviorsToreplacecurrentproducts(someexamplesbelow)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH98SustainabilityofTourism[2]A2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH992022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH212022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1002022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH22Photograph10.1

EcocampinChile.Source:BlaineHarringtonIII/AlamyImagesPhotograph10.1EcocampinCh2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1022022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH242022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1032022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH252022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1042022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH26SustainabilityofTourism[4]Tourismthresholdsandcarryingcapacity(cont’)Thresholdsleveloftourismimpactsbeyondwhichnegativeimpacts(losses)>neteffects(gains)CarryingcapacityMaximumnumberofpeoplewhocanuseasitewithoutanunacceptablealterationinenvironmentandanunacceptabledeclineofvisitors’experiencequality(Mathieson&Wall,1982)Keyideas:acceptableforwhom;touristpresence(p.231)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH105SustainabilityofTourism[4]TSustainabilityofTourism[5]Tourismthresholdsandcarryingcapacity(cont’)KeyfeaturesMultiplethresholdsShort-slabruleDynamicHardtodetermine2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH106SustainabilityofTourism[5]TSustainabilityofTourism[6]MeasurementcriteriaTables10.1(p.239)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH107SustainabilityofTourism[6]MSustainabilityofTourism[7]Theprocessofscopingthevariousaspectsofcarryingcapacity(XofST)Theidea(Fig.10.2)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH108SustainabilityofTourism[7]TFigure10.2

ThedeterminantsandinfluencesofcarryingcapacityyardsticksFigure10.2ThedeterminantsSustainabilityofTourism[8]Theprocessofscopingthevariousaspectsofcarryingcapacity(cont’)LocalfactorsSocialstructure:scale,complexityCulturalheritage:unusualEnvironment:fragile,uniqueEconomicstructure:developed,industrializedPoliticalstructure:instability,opennessResources:amount2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH110SustainabilityofTourism[8]TSustainabilityofTourism[9]Theprocessofscopingthevariousaspectsofcarryingcapacity(cont’)AlienfactorsTouristcharacteristicsRelativedifferenceTolerancelevel(Fig10.3,p.237)TypeoftouristactivityE.g.gambling,specialinterestgroupsPlanning,managementandtechnologyMaximizingbenefitsMoresuccessfullowernegativeimpactshighercarryingcapacityEndresults:Growth+Sustainability=Development2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH111SustainabilityofTourism[9]TFigure10.3

Therelationshipbetweentourists,destinationsandtolerancelevelsFragileRobustFigure10.3TherelationshipSustainabilityofTourism[10]Theprocessofscopingthevariousaspectsofcarryingcapacity(cont’)ImpactsParametersFactual,reflectingchangesinlocal/alienfactorsStandardsSubjective,tourist’s/host’sacceptablelimitsappliedtotheparametersCarryingcapacitydeterminationDynamic(dependentvariable),resultingfromcomplexfactorsandprocessesFeedback2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH113SustainabilityofTourism[10]Figure10.2

ThedeterminantsandinfluencesofcarryingcapacityyardsticksFigure10.2ThedeterminantsSustainabilityofTourism[11]SustainabletourismproductsApplicationof/solutiontoSTExamplesEco-tourismAlternativetourism2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH115SustainabilityofTourism[11]2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH116Eco-tourismSmall-scaleIndigenouslow-keyactivitiesNaturaltourismattractionEnvironmentalsustainabilityIndigenousculturesustainabilityEducation/learningopportunitiesAlternativetourismSmall-scaleIndigenouslow-keyactivities2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH38Eco-SustainabilityofTourism[11]Minicasestudy10.1SustainabletourismintheSrepokWildernessArea,Cambodia2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH117SustainabilityofTourism[11]Photograph10.2

Endangeredanimalscanbenefitfromecotourism.Source:EyeUbiquitous/AlamyImagesDiscussion:Istheecotourismstrategylikelytobeviable?Anylong-termdangers?Opportunitycosts?Photograph10.2EndangeredanDefinitionofSustainableTourism[1]WTOSustainabletourismdevelopmentmeetstheneedsofpresenttouristsandhostregionswhileprotectingandenhancingopportunityforthefuture.Itisenvisagedasleadingtomanagementofallresourcesinsuchawaythateconomic,social,andaestheticneedscanbefulfilledwhilemaintainingculturalintegrity,essentialecologicalprocesses,andbiologicaldiversity,andlifesupportsystems.BasedontheBrundtlandReportWithmanyvariationsStakeholdersfocused2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH119DefinitionofSustainableTourSustainabilityasaStrategy[1]Regardlessofthedifficulties,awayforwardRecognitionofvulnerabilityoftourismresourcesResponsibilityforallstakeholders(governments,industry,tourists,andhosts)2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH120SustainabilityasaStrategy[ClimateChangeandTourism[1]BackgroundAfewobservationsofclimatechanges2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH121ClimateChangeandTourism[1]2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1222022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH44Scientificproofforglobalwarming2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH123Scientificproofforglobalwa2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1242022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH462022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1252022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH472022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH126CorrelationbetweenCO2andwarming;Butcorrelationisnotcausation.2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH48Corr2022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH1272022/12/9Copyright@LKSTH49ClimateChangeandTourism[2]Background(cont’)IPCCreportWarmingoftheclimatesystemiscertain0.76?C↑(19th-21stCent.)Mostlyattributable