0212作文體驗(yàn)課-講義argument-weichenedu

真日程ArgumentIssue課程 ysis30’demoDay yzean真第一部分：如何理解第一部分：如何理解對(duì)象是論證過程而非結(jié)試看一篇老GArcticdeerliveonislandsinCanada'sarcticregions.Theysearchforfoodbymovin ericefromislandtoislandduringthecourseoftheyear.Theirhabitatislimitedtoareaswarmenoughtosustaintheplantsonwhichtheyfeedandcoldenough,atleastsomeoftheyear,fortheicetocovertheseaseparatingtheislands,allowingthedeertotraveloverit.Unfortuna y,accordingtoreportsfromlocalhunters,thedeerpopulationsaredeclining.Sincethesereportscoincidewithrecentglobalwarmingtrendsthathavecausedtheseaicetomelt,wecanconcludethatthepurporteddeclineindeerpopulationsistheresultofthedeer'sbeingunabletofollowtheirage-oldmigrationpatternsacrossthefrozensea.試看一篇老GInthiseditorialinawildlifejournal,theauthorattributesthedeclineinarcticdeerpopulationtotheglobalwarming,whichpreventsdeerfromfollowingtheirlong-heldmigrationpatternsacrossthefrozensea.Tosubstantiatehishypothesis,reportsfromlocalhunterarecitedtoprovethedeclineofdeerpopulation.Quiteconvincingthoughitmayappeartobeatfirstglance,theauthor’sargumentsuffersfromseverallogicalflaws,whichrenderhisconclusioncomple ywrong.…試看一篇老GFirstly,theallegationofdecreasingdeerpopulationismerelybasedonthereportfromlocalhunters,whocannotbetrustedsincehunterscannotcoverthewholearcticregion,andthusbeunabletoprovideaccurated oncerningdeerpopulation.Itisobviousthatdeerhaveintentionallyavoidedcontactwithhuntersinordertosurvive.Insuchcases,hunterswouldhavenaturallyobservedlessdeerwhilethewholepopulationremainsthesameorevenrise.Hence,theauthor’sconclusionregardingdeerpopulationiswrongbecausehuntersareincapableofprovidingaccurateinformation.…問題在哪里摘自Youarenotbeingaskedtodiscusswhetherthestatementsintheargumentaretrueoraccurate.Youarenotbeingaskedtoagreeordisagreewiththepositionstated.Youarenotbeingaskedtoexpressyourownviewsonthesubjectbeingdiscussed(asyouwereintheIssuetask).如何理解怎么依據(jù)具體題目要怎么辦？新G自帶了Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevidencewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.按照instruction改動(dòng)后的結(jié)果Inthisargument,theauthorcitesreportsfromlocalhuntersasevidenceforthedeclineofthearcticdeerpopulations,andsubsequentlyattributesthisdeclinetoglobalwarming,whichallegedlypreventsdeerfromfollowingtheirlong-heldmigrationpatternsacrossthefrozensea.Althoughtheargumentseemsplausibleatfirstglance,therearecertainissuesinthelinesofreasoningthatneedtobeaddressed.Additionalevidenceisnecessaryforaneffectiveevaluationofits…按照instruction改動(dòng)后的結(jié)果Firstly,theauthorassertsadecreaseinthedeerpopulationsmerelybasedonreportsfromlocalhunters.However,suchreportsmaynotserveasaconvincingindicator,sincethedeermighthaveintentionallyavoidedcontactwithhuntersinordertosurvivehunting.Therefore,morepersuasiveevidencemustbepresentedforabetterevaluationofthepopulations.…按照instruction改動(dòng)后的結(jié)果…Forexample,ascientificstudysurveyingtheentireareacouldoffermuchstrongerevidenceforthechangeindeerpopulations.Iftheresultsofthestudyshowthattheoverallpopulationsareindeedonthedecline,itwillbejustifiablefortheargumenttofurtherdiscussthereasonsforit.Ontheotherhand,iftheresultsevidenceconstantorevenincreasingpopulations,thediscussionofreasonsforthedeclineinpopulationsintheargumentwillberenderedgroundless.如何理解具體題目要求考Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevidencewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.考 →增強(qiáng) →削考慮作者假Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsareiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.考慮作者假我們不關(guān)心作者的結(jié)論是否正確，我們只關(guān)注作者在論證：做出了哪些假這些假設(shè)如何為結(jié)論和推當(dāng)假設(shè)被駁倒時(shí)結(jié)論會(huì)有什么影考慮其他解Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussoneormorealternativeexplanationsthatcouldrivaltheproposedexplanationandexplainhowyourexplanation(s)canplausiblyaccountforthefactspresentedintheargument.為什么會(huì)是這三個(gè)視Evidence1+evidence2+↓+certain↓+certainassumptionsWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhetherthepredictionandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe有什么可以問Evidence1+evidence2+↓+certain↓+certainassumptionsEvidence1+evidence2+↓+certain↓+certainassumptions第二部分：行第二部分：