《托福議論文寫作》課件

托福議論文寫作.托福議論文寫作.1關(guān)于審題跑題，偏題，漏題Thereisanincreasingnumberofjuveniledelinquents.Analyzethepossiblecausesofthisphenomenon,andoffersomerecommendations.Nowadays,internationaltourismisthebiggestindustryintheworld.Unfortunately,itcreatestension

ratherthan

understandingbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Doyouagreeordisagree?.關(guān)于審題跑題，偏題，漏題.2審題練習(xí)Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Always

tellingthetruthisthemostimportantconsiderationinany

relationship..審題練習(xí)Towhatextentdoyouagre3托福議論文結(jié)構(gòu).托福議論文結(jié)構(gòu).4

托福寫作一般采用三段論（Threeparts），即：

IntroductionMainBodyConclusion

之所以采取這種結(jié)構(gòu)，是因?yàn)槟壳叭握撊匀皇亲畎踩?，最合理的作文結(jié)構(gòu)，內(nèi)部緊密相連，構(gòu)成統(tǒng)一和諧的整體！各段邏輯關(guān)系如下：.托福寫作一般采用三段論（Threeparts），即：5Introduction：Tosaywhatyouaregoingtosay;MainBody:Tosaywhatyouwanttosay;Conclusion:Tosaywhatyouhavesaid..Introduction：Tosaywhatyoua6這種寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和中國(guó)詩(shī)文的章法（起承轉(zhuǎn)合）有異曲同工之妙！“起”是開端；“承”是承接上文加以申述；“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，從正面或反面立論；“合”是結(jié)束全文。.這種寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和中國(guó)詩(shī)文的章法（起承轉(zhuǎn)合）有異曲同工之妙！“起7“起”即Introduction；“承”，“轉(zhuǎn)”即MainBody，“承”即從正面進(jìn)行描述，“轉(zhuǎn)”，即轉(zhuǎn)說開去，大致分兩種情況：一種從另一面或反面說，講不同的意見，第二種是采用推進(jìn)一層的寫法；“合”即Conclusion。.“起”即Introduction；.8議論文Body部分的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單邊支持（一邊倒）：1.完全型單邊支持：1+1+12.修正型單邊支持：1+1-1雙邊中立（對(duì)等型）：1-1,

1-1+1-1分析解決：C+E+S.議論文Body部分的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單邊支持（一邊倒）：.9完全型單邊支持TOPICIdea1Idea2Idea3Detail1Detail1Detail1Detail2Detail2Detail2Detail3Detail3Detail3.完全型單邊支持TOPICIdea1Idea2Idea310修正型單邊支持TOPICConcessionIdea2Idea3Detail1Detail1Detail1Detail2Detail2Detail2Detail3Detail3Detail3.修正型單邊支持TOPICConcessionIdea2Id11具體各部分寫作詳解.具體各部分寫作詳解.12HowtowritetheintroductionIntroduction的核心任務(wù)是Tosaywhatyouaregoingtosay,可以分成3個(gè)步驟來完成：Introducingthetopic(導(dǎo)入句)Myopinionofthetopic(中心句)Layoutofthemainbody(展開句).HowtowritetheintroductionI13導(dǎo)入句的2種寫法導(dǎo)入句的作用：指出文章所要討論的問題，達(dá)到spontaneousoverflow的效果1.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化寫法:situation

或/和opinion2.個(gè)性化寫法.導(dǎo)入句的2種寫法導(dǎo)入句的作用：指出文章所要討論的問題，達(dá)到s14

舉例Somepeoplethinkfittestandstrongestindividualsandteamscouldwinthegameinsports.Othersbelievebettermentalattitudeisthekey.Whatisyouropinion?.舉例Somepeoplethinkfittesta15標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化寫法：對(duì)立opinions陳述

Noonecandenythatthestrongestorthemostpowerfulathletesoftenwinthesportsgames.However,somepeopletendtobelievethatmentalattitudeplaysavitalrole.Thesportsworldisoftencharacterizedbykeencompetitionofthefittestandstrongestathletesorteams.Others,however,claimthatmentalattitudeplaysavitalrole..標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化寫法：對(duì)立opinions陳述Noonecan16標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化導(dǎo)入句常用句型1.

Nowadays,thereisagreatconcernabout…amongpeople.2.Theimportance/influenceof…isamatterfordebate.3.Inrecentyears,muchmoreattentionthaneverbeforehasbeenpaidto…

4.Thereismuchcontroversyoverwhethertodosth.ornot.5.Sthisamagnetforcontroversy..標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化導(dǎo)入句常用句型1.Nowadays,therei17Cliche

Withtheprogressofcenturiesspeedingupbyleapsandbounds,Withthedevelopmentofsocietyandtechnology,Everycoinhastwosides.Thereisnogardenwithoutweeds..ClicheWiththeprogressofce18個(gè)性化導(dǎo)入句個(gè)性化寫法：追根溯源，親身經(jīng)歷，下定義，舉例子（新聞故事），提問式，做引用等.個(gè)性化導(dǎo)入句個(gè)性化寫法：追根溯源，親身經(jīng)歷，下定義，舉例子（19舉例子導(dǎo)入句WhenJamaicansprinter,UsainBoltblazedintotheOlympichistorybooksbecomingthefirstmantobreakworldrecordswhilewinningboth100mand200mracesatasinglegame,thewholeworldwasshockedbyhislighteningspeedandexplosiveforce.Isitalwaystruethatphysicalstrengthhelpswinthegameinsports?.舉例子導(dǎo)入句WhenJamaicansprinter,20師者，所以傳道授業(yè)解惑也

Itisteacherswhoshouldertheresponsibilitytospreadphilosophy,impartknowledgeandclearupconfusionsforstudents..師者，所以傳道授業(yè)解惑也Itisteacherswh21提問式導(dǎo)入句Writeaboutthefollowingtopics:Happinessisconsideredveryimportantinlife.Whyisitdifficulttodefine?Whatfactorsareimportantinachievinghappiness?Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeorexperience..提問式導(dǎo)入句Writeaboutthefollowin22提問式的3種思路1.

設(shè)問+中心句（自問自答式）2.

設(shè)問+評(píng)論+中心句（評(píng)論鋪墊式）3.

設(shè)問+普遍觀點(diǎn)+中心句（曲折入題式）.提問式的3種思路1.設(shè)問+中心句（自問自答式）.23Whatisessentialforhappiness?Ourworldiscomplexandfullofmanydiversepeople.Sodifferentpeoplemayhavedifferentopinions.Inmyopinion,happinessliesintheservicethatyougiveotherpeople..Whatisessentialforhappines24常用句型Whatis…?Haveyouever…?Haveyouevertakenapart-timejob?Whataretheadvantagesofcollegestudents’doingpart-timejobs?Astothesequestions,differentpeoplemayholdtotallydifferentideas..常用句型Whatis…?Haveyouever25引用式導(dǎo)入句諺語(yǔ)或名言

+對(duì)此諺語(yǔ)格言的評(píng)價(jià)

+中心句ThereisanoldEnglishsayingwhichgoes“Nopains,nogains.”Itillustratestheimportanceofhardworkintheprocessofsuccess.Inotherwords,diligenceisakeyfactortosuccess..引用式導(dǎo)入句諺語(yǔ)或名言+對(duì)此諺語(yǔ)格言的評(píng)價(jià)+中心句.26ThesisStatement寫作的3大原則.ThesisStatement寫作的3大原則.27中心句：ThesisstatementBeingstraightforwardmaybeaterriblethingwhenyoutrytogetayoungwomaninterestedinyou,butitworksinwritingessays!.中心句：ThesisstatementBeingstra28一鼓作氣，再而衰，三而竭1.明確，簡(jiǎn)單，一句話表達(dá)中心。Theargumentmaybetrue.Theargumentcontainssometruth..一鼓作氣，再而衰，三而竭1.明確，簡(jiǎn)單，一句話表達(dá)中心。.292.具體。Thinkofthethesisstatementasanumbrellashieldingyourwholepaper.Ifaportionofyourpaperfallsoutsidetheumbrella,eithercutitoutorextendthebreadthofyourumbrella.

.2.具體。.30CompanyLogoThesisPointPointPoint.CompanyLogoThesisPointPointPo313.揭示作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的強(qiáng)烈程度。Iabsolutelyagreeto/withit.Icannotagreemoreto/withtheopinion..3.揭示作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的強(qiáng)烈程度。.32常用經(jīng)典表達(dá).常用經(jīng)典表達(dá).33引入話題：當(dāng)談到…Whenitcomesto…Asfaras…is/areconcerned,Insuchacase,Inthecaseof…Asweconsiderthat…Ifweweretoconsiderthat…

.引入話題：當(dāng)談到…Whenitcomesto….34正面提出自己觀點(diǎn)：我認(rèn)為…IwouldpointoutthatItisquitecleartomethatIn/tomyopinion/judgement/knowledgeOthersaswellasme,holdtheopinionthat…Personally,personallyspeaking,

speakingformyself,

asformeAsfarasIamabletojudge,AsfarasIamconcerned,asfarasIknowFrommyangle/perspective/pointofview.正面提出自己觀點(diǎn)：我認(rèn)為…Iwouldpointout35評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我同意Iabsolutelyagreeto/withit.Icannotagreemoreto/withtheopinion.Iwouldgoalongwiththispointofview.Iamforthatsolution.Ivoteforthissuggestion..評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我同意Iabsolutelyagreeto/36評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我不同意Idisagreeto/withit.Iamagainstthatsolution.Idoubtwhethertheargumentcanbearcloseranalysis.Idoubtwhethertheargumentcanholdwater..評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我不同意Idisagreeto/withit37評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我同意某一方Iabsolutelyagreeto/withtheformeropinion.Icannotagreemoreto/withthelatteropinion.Iwouldgoalongwiththeformerone.Iamforthelattersolution.Ivotefortheformer/latter..評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我同意某一方Iabsolutelyagree38評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我基本認(rèn)為Globally,Ibelieve…,althoughseveralindividualcasesshouldbeconsidered.Universally,Ihardlybelieve…,althoughseveralmeritscanbeobservedinsomecases.Itisinpartbeneficialtosomepeopleorgroup,butIstillinsist/assert…

.評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我基本認(rèn)為Globally,Ibelieve…39表示提出解決措施Onepossiblesolutiontobetaken/adoptedisthatInordertotacklethispressingproblem,wehavenochoicebuttoadoptsomeeffectivemeasures.Threefeasiblesolutionscanbeoutlinedasfollowing.Peoplefromdifferentbackgroundsassumedifferentattitudestodealingwiththisproblem.Frommypointofview,thethreefollowingonesdowork..表示提出解決措施Onepossiblesolution40寫作練習(xí)PopulareventsliketheFootballWorldCupandotherinternationalsportingoccasionsareessentialineasingpatrioticemotionsinasafeway.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?.寫作練習(xí)PopulareventsliketheFo41審題練習(xí)Popular

eventsliketheFootballWorldCupandotherinternationalsportingoccasionsareessentialineasingpatrioticemotionsinasafeway.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?.審題練習(xí)PopulareventsliketheFo42Introduction練習(xí)Whensportseventsaregettingpopularworldwide,whetheritissignificanttoeasethepatrioticemotionsinasafewayiscomprehensivelydebated.

Inmyopinion,itisquiteeffectiveonthiscase,whilebringingsomenegativeinfluence.

Thequestioncanbemadeclearfromthefollowing3aspects..Introduction練習(xí)Whensportseve43Nowadays,sportseventsareincreasinglypopularizingamongthepeoplethroughouttheworld.Manybelievethatitisvitalineasingpatrioticaffectionsinasafeway.However,Itotallydisagreewiththisopinion,

becausesportingeventshavesomanynegativeimpactsonsociety,familyandindividuals.

.Nowadays,sportseventsarein44個(gè)性化寫法：個(gè)人經(jīng)歷式ThemostunforgetablemomentiswhenIcheeredandcriedfortheChinesesportsteamintheBird’sNestin2008,Beijing.Whenweareimmersedintheseaofpatriotism,nobodycandenythatinternationalsportseventsindeedcanhelpustoexpresstheloveforourmotherland.

WhileIhavetosaythatgettinginvolvedinsportscompetitionisnotnecessarilyasafewaytoreleasesuchemotion.

Thefollowingaretheexplanationsandexamples..個(gè)性化寫法：個(gè)人經(jīng)歷式Themostunforgetab45Howtowritethemainbody這一部分主要是思路拓展，使內(nèi)容逐漸從無到有，從有到多，從多到精。備考過程中要善于尋找話題的共性，并進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的練習(xí)。六大層次分析法+八面玲瓏拓展法.Howtowritethemainbody這一部分46傳統(tǒng)的方法:Brainstorming.傳統(tǒng)的方法:Brainstorming.47關(guān)于論據(jù)(evidence)Wildanimalshavenoplaceinthe21stcenturyandtryingtoprotecttheseanimalsisawasteofresources.

Doyouagreeordisagree?Wecanhardlyimaginewhatourlifewillbelikewithoutwildanimals.Forexample,ifthereisnocat,therewillbemoremice.Theincreaseinthenumberofmicewillresultinthereductionoffoodresourcesandthespreadofdiseases.Thus,itisveryimportanttoprotectanimals..關(guān)于論據(jù)(evidence)Wildanimalsha48..49關(guān)于論證(argument)常用的論證手法：explanation（解釋說明）emphasis（強(qiáng)調(diào)論證）exemplification（舉例說明）causeandeffect（因果論證）factsandstatistics（事實(shí)和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)）comparisonandcontrast（比較與對(duì)比）concessionandrefutation（讓步與反駁）classification（分類）definition（下定義）analogy（比喻）.關(guān)于論證(argument)常用的論證手法：.50段落寫作初級(jí)版Topicsentece+supportingsentencesTherearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanimproveourEnglish.

Aboveall,weshouldreadasmanyEnglishbooks,newspapersandmagazinesaspossible.Next,wemaylistentoEnglishprogramsontheradioorwatchEnglishprogramsonTVeveryday.Besides,itisnecessaryforustoseizeeveryopportunitytospeakEnglishbothinandafterclass.Finally,itisequallyimportanttoformthehabitoftakingnotesandkeepingadiaryinEnglish..段落寫作初級(jí)版Topicsentece+support51段落寫作升級(jí)版Topicsentence

+2/3Supportingsentences+Minorexample+Flow-back.段落寫作升級(jí)版Topicsentence.52段落寫作練習(xí)相對(duì)而言，單獨(dú)學(xué)習(xí)可以節(jié)省時(shí)間，然而在團(tuán)隊(duì)中學(xué)習(xí)，可以節(jié)省金錢。通常情況下，學(xué)生單獨(dú)學(xué)習(xí)，可以更好地集中注意力，因?yàn)闆]有人打擾他，但是他的花費(fèi)也更高。比如說，一個(gè)學(xué)生參加VIP課程，花費(fèi)肯定大大高于集體授課。這就像打的和坐公交車的區(qū)別一樣。.段落寫作練習(xí)相對(duì)而言，單獨(dú)學(xué)習(xí)可以節(jié)省時(shí)間，然而在團(tuán)隊(duì)中學(xué)習(xí)53Comparatively,studyingalonecansavetime,whilestudyinginagroupcansavemoney.Usually,ifastudentstudiesalone,hecanconcentratebetter,becausenobodycandisturbhim,buthemustpaymoremoney.Forexample,whensomestudentstakeaone-to-oneVIPcourse,theexpenseismuchhigherthanthatofbigclass.Itisjustlikethedifferencebetweentakingataxiandcatchingabus..Comparatively,studyingalone54ThesisstatementvsTopicsenteceThesisstatement:寬泛，范圍大，unifyingforceoftheessayTopicsentence:具體，范圍小，unifyingforceoftheparagraph

Topicsentencesoftenactliketinythesisstatements..ThesisstatementvsTopicsent55Topicsentence的2個(gè)作用It

relatestheparagraphtotheessay'sthesis,andtherebyactsasasignpostfortheargumentofthepaperasawhole.Italsodefinesthescopeoftheparagraphitself..Topicsentence的2個(gè)作用Itrelates56結(jié)尾段的寫法常言道：“編筐編簍，全在收口”。一篇優(yōu)秀的文章其結(jié)構(gòu)和氣勢(shì)應(yīng)為：“虎頭，牛身，豹尾?！盝ustaseveryessayhasaclearbeginning,itshouldhaveaclearending.Thelastparagraph,alsoknownastheconclusion,shouldmakeyouressaysoundfinished.考生所寫文章往往由于時(shí)間緊張而導(dǎo)致“虎頭，蛇尾”。.結(jié)尾段的寫法常言道：“編筐編簍，全在收口”。一篇優(yōu)秀的文章其57Summarystatement

論點(diǎn)論據(jù)論證.Summarystatement論點(diǎn).58結(jié)尾段的作用1.突出主要論點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)化主題。Overall,mylifeoncampusisreallycolorfulandmeaningful.2.總結(jié)概括全文，得出結(jié)論。Allinall,travelingonone’sownhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.3.表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)，闡述立場(chǎng)。Fromwhathavebeendiscussedabove,ItakethepositionthatatestofspokenEnglishisextremelynecessaryanditshouldbeincludedinTOEFL..結(jié)尾段的作用1.突出主要論點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)化主題。.59Conclusion的構(gòu)成Theconcludingparagraphtypicallyhastwoparts:1.Thesummarystatementisoneortwosentenceswhichrestatethethesisinafreshwaytoreinforcetheessay'smainidea.

2.The

clincher

isafinalthoughtwhichshouldcreatealastingimpressiononthereader..Conclusion的構(gòu)成Theconcludingp60結(jié)尾段的常用寫作方法總結(jié)結(jié)論summarystatement

+舉例子clincher

反問結(jié)尾clincher

引言結(jié)論clincher

提倡號(hào)召clincher

.結(jié)尾段的常用寫作方法總結(jié)結(jié)論summarystateme61SummarystatementThesisStatement:ManyAmericansarebuyingtheToyotaCorollabecauseofitscompetitiveprice,fueleconomy,andhighresalevalue.

SummaryStatement:Reasonablepricing,moremilespergallon,andanattractiveresalevaluehaveallcontributedtothepopularityoftheToyotaCorollaintoday'smarket.ThesisStatement:SanFranciscoisastimulatingplacetovisitbecauseofitsmagnificentlocation,itstheatersandartgalleries,anditsmanyfinerestaurants.

SummaryStatement:Ifyoulovebeautifulsurroundings,worldclasstheaterandart,andanexquisitemeal,thenSanFranciscoistheplaceforyoutogo..SummarystatementThesisStatem62總結(jié)結(jié)論句常用句型Allthingsconsidered,personally,Ithink/believe,Ihold/taketheattitude/positionthat,舉例Tosumup,theadvantagesof…faroutnumber/outweighthedisadvantages.Allthingsconsidered,thebenefitsof…aremorethantheproblems.Havingtakenallthefactorsintoconsideration,wecanseethatdoingsomethingdoesmoregoodthanharmtothesociety..總結(jié)結(jié)論句常用句型.63舉例子法只要我們每個(gè)人都意識(shí)到毒品的危害性，學(xué)校和家長(zhǎng)給予正確的引導(dǎo)和教育，媒體進(jìn)行正面的宣傳，我相信青少年吸毒問題一定可以得到解決，我們也就可以挽救更多的像馬拉多納那樣的足球天才。.舉例子法只要我們每個(gè)人都意識(shí)到毒品的危害性，學(xué)校和家長(zhǎng)給予正64Aslongaseveryoneisawareofthegreatharmofdrugs,schoolandfamilygiveteenagerscorrectguidanceandmediaconductspositiveadvertising,Idobelievetheproblemofyoungsters’drugaddictionwillbesolvedsoon.

Consequently,moretalentslikeMaradonacanbesaved.

.Aslongaseveryoneisawareo65反問結(jié)尾法常用句型：Don’tyouthinkitisnecessaryforusto…?Don’tyouthinkitishigh/abouttimethatwedidsth.?Don’tyouagreewithmyidea/opinionthat…?舉例：Don’tyouthinkitishightimethatwetookeffectiveactionstofightagainstfakecommoditiesinthemarket?Don’tyouagreewithmyideathatatestoforalEnglishshouldbeincludedinTOEFL?.反問結(jié)尾法常用句型：.66引言結(jié)論法舉例：Truefriendshipcannotbeboughtwithmoney.Theproverb“Afriendinneedisafriendindeed”isreallytrue.Nothingcancomparetoadog’sdedication,intelligenceandfriendship.Becauseadogoffersallthesewonderfulqualities,Irealizeonceagainwhypeoplesaythat“Adogisman’sbestfriend.”

.引言結(jié)論法舉例：.67提倡號(hào)召法常用句型Let’sjoinintheeffortstodo…Let’ssparenoeffortstodo…Let’stakeeffectivemeasurestodo…Let’stakeimmediateactionstodo…Let’stakepracticalstepstodo…舉例：Let’sjoininoureffortstofightagainstthefakecommoditiesandprotecttheinterestsofpeople.Let’ssparenoeffortstoprotectourenvironmentfrombeingfurtherdamagedandsaveourplanet..提倡號(hào)召法常用句型.68高分作文語(yǔ)言要求.高分作文語(yǔ)言要求.691.準(zhǔn)確用詞和句式多樣，使用能夠吸引考官目光的閃光詞。用形象，具體的下義詞替換寬泛的上義詞。舉例：

Itis,therefore,hightimethatsomeapplicable

approacheswereimplementedbytheserviceindustry.Bydoingso,itscompetitiveedgewillbesharpenedeffectively.Applicable替換proper,

Approaches替換ways,

Implement替換carry

out,

sharpen

one’s

competitive

edge替換enhance

one’s

competitiveness.1.準(zhǔn)確用詞和句式多樣，使用能夠吸引考官目光的閃光詞。用形702.連貫，流暢，通順?biāo)悸罚▋?nèi)容）：Organizingideasbeforestartingtowrite

語(yǔ)言（形式）：1.文連：linkingwords2.意連：伏筆，照應(yīng)3.修辭：對(duì)仗，排比，押韻(Nopains,nogains.Smellsmellyandtastetasty.).2.連貫，流暢，通順?biāo)悸罚▋?nèi)容）：.713.新穎，生動(dòng)，地道倒裝，虛擬語(yǔ)氣，長(zhǎng)句（主從句）短句（簡(jiǎn)單句）交叉應(yīng)用，是否經(jīng)典句式等！使用插入語(yǔ)，把副詞、連接詞，比如:however/therefore/for

example/Ibelieve等，作插入語(yǔ)放在中間，一般放在主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞或者助動(dòng)詞后，兩邊分別加上逗號(hào)。舉例：Other

individuals,

however,

take

the

attitude

that.3.新穎，生動(dòng)，地道倒裝，虛擬語(yǔ)氣，長(zhǎng)句（主從句）短句（簡(jiǎn)72如何閃光Smokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.Thereare3,295,000peoplewhodieofsmokingeveryyearintheworld.Thenumberofpeoplewhodiedofsmokingincreasedfrom3,295,000to8,750,000between1990and2005.Thenumberofpeoplewhodiedofsmokingincreasedsharplyfrom3,295,000to8,750,000between1990and2005.AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyWHO

–theWorldHealthOrganization,thenumberofpeoplewhodiedofsmokingincreasedsharplyfrom3,295,000to8,750,000between1990and2005,whichequalstothetotalpopulationofIraq..如何閃光Smokingisharmfultopeop734.精煉簡(jiǎn)化并列句，復(fù)合句非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)用！.4.精煉簡(jiǎn)化并列句，復(fù)合句.741.簡(jiǎn)化并列句：并列句簡(jiǎn)化成含有復(fù)合主語(yǔ)，復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句Jimisasalesman,andheisalsoanamateurphotographer.Jimisasalesmanandanamateurphotographer.Hecomplainsmuch,butheworkslittle.Hecomplainsmuchbutworkslittle.Myneighborhasbeenworkingasasalesmanforthreeyears;heis24now.Myneighbor,now24,hasbeenworkingasasalesmanforthreeyears..1.簡(jiǎn)化并列句：并列句簡(jiǎn)化成含有復(fù)合主語(yǔ)，復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，復(fù)合賓752.

簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)合句：用名詞或動(dòng)名詞代替名詞性從句Thepresidentfinallyrealizedthathehadmadeamistake.Thepresidentfinallyrealizedhismistake.ThatthestudentknewEnglishhelpedhimlearnGermanfaster.HavinglearnedEnglishhelpedhimlearnGermanfaster.IrememberedthatIhadclosedthewindowlastnight.Irememberedhavingclosedthewindowlastnight..2.簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)合句：用名詞或動(dòng)名詞代替名詞性從句Thepre762.

簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)合句：用形容詞，名詞詞組插入語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式，分詞或獨(dú)立主格代替形容詞性從句Thenursestookgoodcareofthosesoldierswhowerewounded.Thenursestookgoodcareofthosewoundedsoldiers.Ourneighbor,whowasthemayorofthetown,wasalwaysfriendlytous.Ourneighbor,themayorofthetown,wasalwaysfriendlytous.Theoldwoman,whodidnothaveapenny,refusedtoacceptmygift.Theoldwomanwithoutapennyrefusedtoacceptmygift.Shehasapaperthatshemustwrite.Shehasapapertowrite.Thecarwhichisloadedwithfurnitureismine.Thecarloadedwithfurnitureismine.Theyounggirlwhosecheeksflushedranoutoftheroom.Hercheeksflushing,theyounggirlranoutoftheroom..2.簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)合句：用形容詞，名詞詞組插入語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式772.

簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)合句：用副詞，分詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式或獨(dú)立主格代替副詞性從句BecauseIhadastomachachelastnight,Iwasunabletosleep.Havingastomachachelastnight,Iwasunabletosleep.Asitwasparkedinfrontofourhouse,thetruckwasagreatnuisancetome.Parkedinfrontofourhouse,thetruckwasagreatnuisancetome.Whilewewerehavingdinner,hestartedanargument.Atthedinnerhestartedanargument.Openthewindowsothatyougetinsomefreshair.Openthewindowtogetinsomefreshair.Asthesunset,wewenthome.Thesunsetting,wewenthome..2.簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)合句：用副詞，分詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式或獨(dú)立主格代78托福議論文寫作.托福議論文寫作.79關(guān)于審題跑題，偏題，漏題Thereisanincreasingnumberofjuveniledelinquents.Analyzethepossiblecausesofthisphenomenon,andoffersomerecommendations.Nowadays,internationaltourismisthebiggestindustryintheworld.Unfortunately,itcreatestension

ratherthan

understandingbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Doyouagreeordisagree?.關(guān)于審題跑題，偏題，漏題.80審題練習(xí)Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Always

tellingthetruthisthemostimportantconsiderationinany

relationship..審題練習(xí)Towhatextentdoyouagre81托福議論文結(jié)構(gòu).托福議論文結(jié)構(gòu).82

托福寫作一般采用三段論（Threeparts），即：

IntroductionMainBodyConclusion

之所以采取這種結(jié)構(gòu)，是因?yàn)槟壳叭握撊匀皇亲畎踩?，最合理的作文結(jié)構(gòu)，內(nèi)部緊密相連，構(gòu)成統(tǒng)一和諧的整體！各段邏輯關(guān)系如下：.托福寫作一般采用三段論（Threeparts），即：83Introduction：Tosaywhatyouaregoingtosay;MainBody:Tosaywhatyouwanttosay;Conclusion:Tosaywhatyouhavesaid..Introduction：Tosaywhatyoua84這種寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和中國(guó)詩(shī)文的章法（起承轉(zhuǎn)合）有異曲同工之妙！“起”是開端；“承”是承接上文加以申述；“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，從正面或反面立論；“合”是結(jié)束全文。.這種寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和中國(guó)詩(shī)文的章法（起承轉(zhuǎn)合）有異曲同工之妙！“起85“起”即Introduction；“承”，“轉(zhuǎn)”即MainBody，“承”即從正面進(jìn)行描述，“轉(zhuǎn)”，即轉(zhuǎn)說開去，大致分兩種情況：一種從另一面或反面說，講不同的意見，第二種是采用推進(jìn)一層的寫法；“合”即Conclusion。.“起”即Introduction；.86議論文Body部分的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單邊支持（一邊倒）：1.完全型單邊支持：1+1+12.修正型單邊支持：1+1-1雙邊中立（對(duì)等型）：1-1,

1-1+1-1分析解決：C+E+S.議論文Body部分的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單邊支持（一邊倒）：.87完全型單邊支持TOPICIdea1Idea2Idea3Detail1Detail1Detail1Detail2Detail2Detail2Detail3Detail3Detail3.完全型單邊支持TOPICIdea1Idea2Idea388修正型單邊支持TOPICConcessionIdea2Idea3Detail1Detail1Detail1Detail2Detail2Detail2Detail3Detail3Detail3.修正型單邊支持TOPICConcessionIdea2Id89具體各部分寫作詳解.具體各部分寫作詳解.90HowtowritetheintroductionIntroduction的核心任務(wù)是Tosaywhatyouaregoingtosay,可以分成3個(gè)步驟來完成：Introducingthetopic(導(dǎo)入句)Myopinionofthetopic(中心句)Layoutofthemainbody(展開句).HowtowritetheintroductionI91導(dǎo)入句的2種寫法導(dǎo)入句的作用：指出文章所要討論的問題，達(dá)到spontaneousoverflow的效果1.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化寫法:situation

或/和opinion2.個(gè)性化寫法.導(dǎo)入句的2種寫法導(dǎo)入句的作用：指出文章所要討論的問題，達(dá)到s92

舉例Somepeoplethinkfittestandstrongestindividualsandteamscouldwinthegameinsports.Othersbelievebettermentalattitudeisthekey.Whatisyouropinion?.舉例Somepeoplethinkfittesta93標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化寫法：對(duì)立opinions陳述

Noonecandenythatthestrongestorthemostpowerfulathletesoftenwinthesportsgames.However,somepeopletendtobelievethatmentalattitudeplaysavitalrole.Thesportsworldisoftencharacterizedbykeencompetitionofthefittestandstrongestathletesorteams.Others,however,claimthatmentalattitudeplaysavitalrole..標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化寫法：對(duì)立opinions陳述Noonecan94標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化導(dǎo)入句常用句型1.

Nowadays,thereisagreatconcernabout…amongpeople.2.Theimportance/influenceof…isamatterfordebate.3.Inrecentyears,muchmoreattentionthaneverbeforehasbeenpaidto…

4.Thereismuchcontroversyoverwhethertodosth.ornot.5.Sthisamagnetforcontroversy..標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化導(dǎo)入句常用句型1.Nowadays,therei95Cliche

Withtheprogressofcenturiesspeedingupbyleapsandbounds,Withthedevelopmentofsocietyandtechnology,Everycoinhastwosides.Thereisnogardenwithoutweeds..ClicheWiththeprogressofce96個(gè)性化導(dǎo)入句個(gè)性化寫法：追根溯源，親身經(jīng)歷，下定義，舉例子（新聞故事），提問式，做引用等.個(gè)性化導(dǎo)入句個(gè)性化寫法：追根溯源，親身經(jīng)歷，下定義，舉例子（97舉例子導(dǎo)入句WhenJamaicansprinter,UsainBoltblazedintotheOlympichistorybooksbecomingthefirstmantobreakworldrecordswhilewinningboth100mand200mracesatasinglegame,thewholeworldwasshockedbyhislighteningspeedandexplosiveforce.Isitalwaystruethatphysicalstrengthhelpswinthegameinsports?.舉例子導(dǎo)入句WhenJamaicansprinter,98師者，所以傳道授業(yè)解惑也

Itisteacherswhoshouldertheresponsibilitytospreadphilosophy,impartknowledgeandclearupconfusionsforstudents..師者，所以傳道授業(yè)解惑也Itisteacherswh99提問式導(dǎo)入句Writeaboutthefollowingtopics:Happinessisconsideredveryimportantinlife.Whyisitdifficulttodefine?Whatfactorsareimportantinachievinghappiness?Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeorexperience..提問式導(dǎo)入句Writeaboutthefollowin100提問式的3種思路1.

設(shè)問+中心句（自問自答式）2.

設(shè)問+評(píng)論+中心句（評(píng)論鋪墊式）3.

設(shè)問+普遍觀點(diǎn)+中心句（曲折入題式）.提問式的3種思路1.設(shè)問+中心句（自問自答式）.101Whatisessentialforhappiness?Ourworldiscomplexandfullofmanydiversepeople.Sodifferentpeoplemayhavedifferentopinions.Inmyopinion,happinessliesintheservicethatyougiveotherpeople..Whatisessentialforhappines102常用句型Whatis…?Haveyouever…?Haveyouevertakenapart-timejob?Whataretheadvantagesofcollegestudents’doingpart-timejobs?Astothesequestions,differentpeoplemayholdtotallydifferentideas..常用句型Whatis…?Haveyouever103引用式導(dǎo)入句諺語(yǔ)或名言

+對(duì)此諺語(yǔ)格言的評(píng)價(jià)

+中心句ThereisanoldEnglishsayingwhichgoes“Nopains,nogains.”Itillustratestheimportanceofhardworkintheprocessofsuccess.Inotherwords,diligenceisakeyfactortosuccess..引用式導(dǎo)入句諺語(yǔ)或名言+對(duì)此諺語(yǔ)格言的評(píng)價(jià)+中心句.104ThesisStatement寫作的3大原則.ThesisStatement寫作的3大原則.105中心句：ThesisstatementBeingstraightforwardmaybeaterriblethingwhenyoutrytogetayoungwomaninterestedinyou,butitworksinwritingessays!.中心句：ThesisstatementBeingstra106一鼓作氣，再而衰，三而竭1.明確，簡(jiǎn)單，一句話表達(dá)中心。Theargumentmaybetrue.Theargumentcontainssometruth..一鼓作氣，再而衰，三而竭1.明確，簡(jiǎn)單，一句話表達(dá)中心。.1072.具體。Thinkofthethesisstatementasanumbrellashieldingyourwholepaper.Ifaportionofyourpaperfallsoutsidetheumbrella,eithercutitoutorextendthebreadthofyourumbrella.

.2.具體。.108CompanyLogoThesisPointPointPoint.CompanyLogoThesisPointPointPo1093.揭示作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的強(qiáng)烈程度。Iabsolutelyagreeto/withit.Icannotagreemoreto/withtheopinion..3.揭示作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的強(qiáng)烈程度。.110常用經(jīng)典表達(dá).常用經(jīng)典表達(dá).111引入話題：當(dāng)談到…Whenitcomesto…Asfaras…is/areconcerned,Insuchacase,Inthecaseof…Asweconsiderthat…Ifweweretoconsiderthat…

.引入話題：當(dāng)談到…Whenitcomesto….112正面提出自己觀點(diǎn)：我認(rèn)為…IwouldpointoutthatItisquitecleartomethatIn/tomyopinion/judgement/knowledgeOthersaswellasme,holdtheopinionthat…Personally,personallyspeaking,

speakingformyself,

asformeAsfarasIamabletojudge,AsfarasIamconcerned,asfarasIknowFrommyangle/perspective/pointofview.正面提出自己觀點(diǎn)：我認(rèn)為…Iwouldpointout113評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我同意Iabsolutelyagreeto/withit.Icannotagreemoreto/withtheopinion.Iwouldgoalongwiththispointofview.Iamforthatsolution.Ivoteforthissuggestion..評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我同意Iabsolutelyagreeto/114評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我不同意Idisagreeto/withit.Iamagainstthatsolution.Idoubtwhethertheargumentcanbearcloseranalysis.Idoubtwhethertheargumentcanholdwater..評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我不同意Idisagreeto/withit115評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我同意某一方Iabsolutelyagreeto/withtheformeropinion.Icannotagreemoreto/withthelatteropinion.Iwouldgoalongwiththeformerone.Iamforthelattersolution.Ivotefortheformer/latter..評(píng)價(jià)觀點(diǎn)：我同意