高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之不定式講義（素材）

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之不定式1.不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+todo）常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞：advice,allow,ask,beg,believe,cause,command,challenge,compel,declare,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,have,help,instruct,intend,invite,judge,leave,let,like,mean,make,need,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer,press,recommend,request,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,want,warn,wish,urge例句1：Allowmetodrinktoyoursuccess!例句2：ThereisstillgoodavailabilityofsomeofthehottesttoysthisChristmas,butwestilladviceparentsandshopperstogettostoresasearlyaspossiblenextweek.不定式作定語(yǔ)（名詞+todo）Heisthebesttochoose的兩種理解。賓語(yǔ)關(guān)系被修飾的名詞在邏輯上充當(dāng)不定式的賓語(yǔ)。Ihavealettertowrite.Ineedapentowrite.Ineedsomepapertowrite.做不定式中動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)Wehadalongjourneytomakebeforenightfall.Igavethekidacomictoread.【注意】不定式中的動(dòng)詞已經(jīng)有了自己的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，那么這個(gè)動(dòng)詞之后就不能再有賓語(yǔ)了。因此不能說(shuō)Igavethekidacomictoreadit.做不定式中介詞的賓語(yǔ)兩種情況：有的介詞是與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成搭配，有的介詞是與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成搭配。例句1：Shehasfourchildrentotakecareof.例句2：Ihadnoplacetolivein.例句3：Theysayapersonneedsjustthreethingstobetrulyhappyinthisworld---someonetolove,somethingtodoandsomethingtohopefor.例句4：Youjustregardmeasathing,anobjecttolookat,touse,totouchbutnottolistentoortotakeseriously.例句5：Whydon’tyougetabackpacktocarryyourbooksin?例句6：Ineedtobuyanoutfitforthegymtoexercisein.例句7：IfIwereabroad,I’dtravelaroundthecountryasmuchasIcouldandtrytofindasmanypeopleaspossible,notonlytopracticethelanguageonbuttohavediscussionswith,andI’dhopetomakesomerealfriends.主語(yǔ)關(guān)系被修飾的名詞在邏輯上充當(dāng)不定式中動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)。ThemantohelpyouisMr.Yang.Haveyougotakeytounlockthisdoor?同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系不定式短語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容是對(duì)被修飾的名詞的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。例句1：Theneedtoloveandtobelovedseemsuniversal.Maybethisisonetraitthatseparateshumanbeingsfromotheranimals.這類名詞常是與動(dòng)詞和形容詞相關(guān)的名詞。要求與不定式連用的動(dòng)詞(arrangement,attempt,claim,discussion,hope,determination,failure,need,plan,promise,refusal,tendency,threat)或形容詞(ability,ambition,anxiety,eagerness,inclination,reluctance)，它們的名詞也要和不定式連用。例句組1：Herefusedtocooperatewithus.Hisrefusaltocooperatemakesusangry.例句組2：Idon’twishtochange.Ihavenowishtochange.狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系RoleplayingisasafeandenjoyablewaytolearnEnglish.Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasprocess.ThetimetogoisJuly.AgoodplacetoeatistheSichuanrestaurantaroundthecorner.【小試牛刀】Theirlittlebitoflanddoesn’tprovideenoughfoodto______.liveonB.liveC.liveinD.liveupIgotoutsomemorechairsfortheotherguests______.tositB.tositonC.sitonD.sitIneedapieceofpaperto_______.writeonB.writeC.bewrittenD.writewithHewasthefirst_______andthelast_____arriving;leavingB.toarrive;toleaveC.arrive;leaveD.forarriving;forleavingAirpollutionhasbeengreatlyreduced,sothiscityisstill_______.agoodplacetoliveagoodplacetoliveinagoodplacetobelivedinagoodplaceforlivingin.不定式之形容詞+todo賓語(yǔ)關(guān)系（一）Heisinterestingtolistento例句1：Heiseasytofool.例句2：Heisdifficulttounderstand例句3：Englishisdifficulttospeak.例句4：Relativitytheoryisn’teasytounderstand.【特點(diǎn)】：句子的表層結(jié)構(gòu)和深層結(jié)構(gòu)不統(tǒng)一句型可變換、還原形容詞側(cè)重于強(qiáng)調(diào)“事情”或“活動(dòng)”的性質(zhì)特征，而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)“人”的性質(zhì)特征。動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞且不帶賓語(yǔ)；如果是不及物動(dòng)詞需要添加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~(Sheisverynicetotalkto)。賓語(yǔ)關(guān)系（二）Thebookisinterestingtobuy.例句1：Thefoodisreadytoeat.例句2：Thewateriswarmtoswimin.例句3：Thedormistoonoisytostudyin.例句4：Themoneyisenoughforyoutobuybookswith.【特點(diǎn)】：句子的表層結(jié)構(gòu)和深層結(jié)構(gòu)不統(tǒng)一句型不可變換、還原形容詞側(cè)重于強(qiáng)調(diào)“事物”的性質(zhì)特點(diǎn)。辨析：Thebediscomfortabletosleepin.主語(yǔ)關(guān)系（一）Heiskindtohelpus.Heiskindtohelpus.改寫一：Itis...ofsb.todosthItiskindofhimtohelpus.改寫二：so...astodosthHeissokindastohelpus.改寫三：How...ofsbitistodosth!Howkindofhimitistohelpus!例句1：Scottisverygeneroustobealwaysinvitingusoutformeals.例句2：Theboywascarelesstobreakthewindow.例句3：Hewaswrongtotelllies.該句型中形容詞的特點(diǎn)：通常是評(píng)價(jià)人的行為的形容詞。具體說(shuō)來(lái)，是表示人的性格特征或行為表現(xiàn)的形容詞，如brave,careful,careless,considerate,cowardly,crazy,cruel,modest,rude等。Itiskindofyoutohelpus.Itiseasyforyoutofoolhim.主語(yǔ)關(guān)系（二）Heisgladtohelpus.例句1：I’msorrytohearit.例句2：Iwasexcitedtobethere.例句3：Heisafraidtobefooled.該句型中形容詞的特點(diǎn)：這里的形容詞是表示情感的，具體來(lái)說(shuō)是表示人對(duì)某件事的態(tài)度或情感，常常是過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的形容詞，如annoyed,astonished,bored,concerned,delighted,depressed,disappointed,disgusted,embarrassed,fascinated,frightened,overwhelmed,overjoyed,perturbed等。主語(yǔ)關(guān)系（三）Heisslowtoreact.例句1：Bobisslowtomakeadecision.例句2：Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadopttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornortotryatall.該句型中形容詞的特點(diǎn)：這里的形容詞在邏輯語(yǔ)義上說(shuō)明不定式動(dòng)作的特點(diǎn)，因而可以把形容詞變成副詞直接修飾動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于方式狀語(yǔ)。不定式作狀語(yǔ)1）目的狀語(yǔ)2）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)too...to（表示否定，表示肯定之含義）3）條件狀語(yǔ)4）原因狀語(yǔ)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)邏輯主語(yǔ)：邏輯主語(yǔ)都是針對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)說(shuō)的。三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都有涉及邏輯主語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題，這是因?yàn)樗鼈兌际莿?dòng)詞的變化形式。既然是動(dòng)詞，就有動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，即主語(yǔ)。之所以稱其為邏輯主語(yǔ)，主要是為了區(qū)別句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)，因?yàn)榫渥又^語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)有時(shí)并不一致。Hewasanxioustomeetyou.Hewasanxiousforhissistertomeetyou.不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成（一）：for+名詞或代詞+todo例句1：Hewasverywillingforeveryoneelsetocome.例句2：Itisverycommonforhimtobeabsentwithoutleave.例句3：It’simportantforyoutogothereinperson.不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成（二）：ofsb.todo例句1：Itiswiseofyounottoarguewithyourboss.例句2：Itisgenerousofhimtolendmehiscar.例句3：It’sverycarelessofhimtomakesuchsillymistakes.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)（一）：被動(dòng)式（tobedone）綜述不定式作為動(dòng)詞的一種變化形式，具有動(dòng)詞的一般特征，既有時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。英文中將動(dòng)作的完成程度分為四種，即有四種不同的體態(tài)：一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和完成進(jìn)行式。同理，不定式也具備這四種體態(tài)，而且也有語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。四種體態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式todotobedone進(jìn)行式tobedoing\完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing\被動(dòng)不定式一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在句中出現(xiàn)了不定式的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式。如果沒(méi)有執(zhí)行者，或不定式所修飾的成分是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者，則需要使用被動(dòng)形式。例句1：HewantssomeonetotakesomephotosHewantssomephotostobetaken.例句2：Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.例句3：It’sanhonorformetobeinvitedtoaddresstheinternationalconference.例句4：Shedoesn’tliketobetreatedasadistinguishedguest.例句5：Hewantedthelettertobedeliveredatonce.例句6：Theseshoesaretobewashed不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)（二）：完成式（tohavedone）不定式的完成式主要有三個(gè)基本含義：一是表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的動(dòng)作，其次是表示過(guò)去的虛擬。最后，用在某些特定的動(dòng)詞后，可以表達(dá)一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。例句1：I’msorrytobotheryou,butcanyoupleasesendmeNancy’sphonenumber?例句2：I’msorrytohavebotheredyouwithsomanyquestionsonsuchanoccasion.態(tài)度情感類謂語(yǔ)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人此刻的心情，用不定式的完成式表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例句1：IamsorrynottohavecomeonThursday.例句2：I’msorrytokeepyouwaitingvs.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.例句3：We’rehappytovisitsomanyhistoricplacesinBeijing.We’rehappytohavevisitedsomanyhistoricplacesinBeijing.觀點(diǎn)類謂語(yǔ)例句1：ThemarathonhasbeenatraditionalpartoftheOlympicssince1896.Legendsaysthatamessengerran42km,withoutstopping,fromthebattlefieldatMarathontoAthens.Afterherep