《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》模塊3 Reading,Project課文

《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》模塊3Reading,Project課文《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》模塊3Reading,Project課文《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》模塊3Reading,Project課文資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》模塊3Reading,Project課文版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁(yè)次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：13.M3U1.Reading—FogFogwarningWhenPollylefthomethatmorning,thecitywasalreadycoveredinagreymist.Atlunch,theradioforecastthatthemistwouldbecomeathickfogintheafternoon.Atfouro’clock,Pollyleftworkandsteppedoutintothefog.Shewonderedifthebuseswouldstillberunning.NobusestoKingStreetOnceoutinthestreet,shewalkedquicklytowardsherusualbusstop.‘Howfarareyougoing’thebusconductoraskedherbeforehetookherfare.‘KingStreet,’saidPolly.‘Sorry,Miss,’repliedtheman,‘thetruthisthatitistoofoggyforthebustorunthatfar.TaketheUndergroundtoGreenAtallmanAsPollyobservedthepassengersonthetrain,shehadafeelingthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkovercoat.AtlastthetrainarrivedatGreenParkFootstepsWhenPollygottothestationentrance,itwasempty.Outside,wherevershelookedthefoglaylikeathick,greycloud.Therewasnooneinsight.PollysetofftowardsParkStreet.Asshewalkedalongthenarrowstreet,sheheardthesoundoffootstepsapproaching,butbythetimeshereachedthecornerofthestreet,thefootstepsweregone.SuddenlyPollyfeltaroughhandbrushhercheek,andsheheardaman’svoiceinherearsaying‘Sorry.’Themanmovedaway.Shecouldfeelherheartbeatingwithfear.ThehelpfulstrangerThensheheardthesoundagain-softfootstepsbehindher.Aminutebefore,shehadwishedforsomeonetocomealong.Nowshewantedtorun,butfearheldherstill.Thefootstepsseemedclosenow.Thenaman’svoicecameoutofthedarkness.‘Isanybodythere’Pollyhesitated.Atlastsheanswered,‘Hello,IthinkI’mlost.’Afewsecondslater,ahandreachedoutandgraspedherarm.Pollyfoundherselfstaringupatthefaceofanoldmanwithabeard.‘MaybeIcanhelpyou.Whichroaddoyouwant’Heasked.‘Iliveat86KingStreet,’Polyreplied.‘Justtakemyhand,’saidtheman.‘Comewithme.You’llbeallright.’HetookPolly’shand.‘Watchoutforthestephere.’Inhisotherhandthemancarriedastick.Pollyheardithitthestep.‘Icanremembersometerriblefogs,butmaybethatwasbeforeyourtime.Ican’tseeyourface,butyousoundyoung.Howoldareyou’‘Justtwenty,’answeredPolly.‘Ah,twenty!Aniceagetobe!Iwasyoungonce.Nowwe’reatthecrossroads.Turnlefthere.’‘I’mquitelostnow.Areyousureyouknowtheway’Pollywasbeginningtofeelfrightenedagain.‘Ofcourse.Youreallyshouldn’tfeelanxious.’Heheldherhandmorefirmly.Thegratefulhelper‘Hereweare.KingStreet.’Hestopped.‘Thankyousomuchforcomingtomyaid,’saidPollyinrelief.‘Wouldyouliketocomeinandrestforawhile’‘It’sveryniceofyou,’saidtheman,‘butI’llbeoff.Theremaybemorepeoplelosttoday,andI’dliketohelpthem.Yousee,afogthisbadisrare.Itgivesmethechancetopaybackthehelpthatpeoplegivemewhenit’ssunny.Ablindpersonlikemecan’tgetacrosstheroadwithouthelp,exceptinafoglikethis.’14.M3U1.Project(1)—SharkattacksTherearenearly400differenttypesofsharks,butonlyabout30typesareknowntohaveattackedhumanbeings.Manypeopleknowthatthemostdangeroussharkisthegreatwhiteshark,mainlybecausetheyhaveseenthemovieJaws.However,twoothersharksarealsoratherdangerous:thetigersharkandthebullshark.Contrarytowhatmanypeoplemightassume,evidenceshowsthatsharksseldomattackhumans.Therearethreetypesofsharkattacks.Inthemaintype,thesharkattacksyoubecauseitmistakesyouforafish,butwhenittasteshumanfleshitdecidestogiveupandswimaway.Inthesecondtype,thesharkpushesyouwithitsnosetofindoutifyouarefittobeeaten,andthenbitesyouifitthinksyouare.Inthethirdtype,thesharkwaitsforyoutoswimby,andthenattacksyousuddenly.Thelasttwotypesofattackmoreoftenresultinthedeathofhumans.Toreducetheriskofasharkattack,youshouldfollowthesesuggestions.Donotswiminthedark.Sharkscanstillseeyoubutyoucannotseethem.Donotgoswimmingintheoceanifyouhaveafreshwound.Sharkscansmellbloodoveralongdistance.Donotwearbrightclothingorjewellery,becausesharksareattractedtotheflashofcolorsandbrightobjects.Stayingroups,assharksusuallyavoidlargenumbersofpeople.Recently,sharkattackshavebeenincreasingaswatersportsarebecomingmorepopular.Ifasharkattacksyou,followtheadvicebelow.Keepcalm.Donotpanic.Hitthesharkonthenosewithyourfist.Stickyourfingerintheshark'seye.Don'tbefrightenedbysharks:youare30timesmorelikelytobehitbylightningthanbeattackedbyashark.15.M3U1.Project(2)—ThewonderfulworldofpigeonsItisnight.Allisquiet.Thesoldiersareasleepwhileaguardwatchesfortheenemy.Thereisaflash,andthesoundofguns!Theyarebeingattacked!Hundredsofenemysoldiersrushtowardsthem.Theyareallgoingtobekilledunlesstheygethelp.Whatshouldtheydo?Anofficerwritesashortmessagequicklyonasmallpieceofpaper:'Beingattacked!Hurry!'Herollsupthepaperandputsitintoasmallcase,andthenreachesintoacageandgetsabird.Attachingthemessagetoitsleg,hesetsthebirdloose.Itimmediatelyfliesintotheairanddisappearsinthedark.WillthebirdarriveintimeWilltheybesaved

Thoughitmayseemhardtobelieve,thebirdtheofficerusesisthesamebirdoftenseeninpublicparks—thepigeon.Pigeonshaveawonderfulsenseofdirectionandcanfindtheirwayhomeoverlongdistances.Indeed,pigeonshavebeenknowntoflyhomefromasfarawayas1,800kilometres.Thatiswhypigeonshavebeenusedsinceancienttimestocarrythenewsoreventhemail.However,itwasinwarthattheyfoundtheirgreatestuse.DuringbothWorldWarIandII,pigeonswereemployedbyarmiestocarrymessagestoandfromthefrontlines,savingthelivesofmanysoldiersandevenhelpingwinsomeimportantvictories.HowdopigeonsfindtheirwayPigeonsappeartohaveacompassinsidethemthattellsthemwhichwayisnorth.Howthiscompassworksremainsamystery.Ofcourse,sinceacompassaloneisnotenoughtofindone'sway,theyalsoappeartousetheirsightandeventheirsenseofsmelltotellthemwhichwaytheyshouldgo.Unlikehumans,theynevergetlostandcanalwaysfindtheirwayhome.16.M3U2.Reading—EnglishanditshistoryAllthroughhistory,peoplefrommanydifferentcountriesandcultureshavelivedtogetherinBritain.TheEnglishlanguageismadeupofthegrammarandvocabularythesepeoplebroughttoBritainOldEnglishOldEnglishisverydifferentfromtheEnglishwespeaknowadays.Infact,wewouldnotbeabletounderstanditifweheardittoday.Beforethemiddleofthe5thcentury,peopleinBritainallspokealanguagecalledCeltic.ThentwoGermanicgroupsfromtheEuropeanmainland—theanglesandtheSaxons—occupiedBritain.OldEnglishconsistedofamixtureoftheirlanguages.(BoththeEnglishlanguageandtheEnglishpeoplearenamedaftertheangles;thewordAnglewasspeltEngleinoldEnglish.)AsidefromplacenamessuchasLondon,veryfewCelticwordsbecamepartofoldEnglish.Attheendofthe9thcentury,theVikings,peoplefromNorthernEuropeancountriessuchasDenmarkandNorway,begantomovetoBritain.Theybroughtwiththemtheirlanguages,whichalsomixedwithOldEnglish.Bythe10thcentury,OldEnglishhadbecometheofficiallanguageofEngland.WhenwespeakEnglishtoday,wesometimesfeelpuzzledaboutwhichwordsorphrasestouse.ThisisbecauseEnglishhasmanywordsandphrasesfromdifferentlanguages,butwithsimilarmeanings.Forexample,thewordsickcamefromawordonceusedbytheAnglesandtheSaxons,whileillcamefromawordonceusedbytheNorwegians.MiddleEnglishMiddleEnglishisthenamegiventotheEnglishusedfromaroundthe12thtothe15thcenturies.ManythingsplayedapartinthedevelopmentofthisnewtypeofEnglish.ThemostimportantcontributionwasfromtheNormans,aFrench-speakingpeoplewhodefeatedEnglandandtookcontrolofthecountryin1066.However,theNormanConquestdidnotaffectEnglishasmuchastheAnglesandtheSaxons’victoryabout600yearsearlier,whichledtooldEnglishreplacingCeltic.EventhoughtheNormansspokeFrenchfortheentire250yearstheyruledEnglish,FrenchdidnotreplaceEnglishasthefirstlanguage.Ontheotherhand,theEnglishlanguagedidborrowmanywordsfromFrench.Thisresultedinevenmorewordswithsimilarmeanings,suchasanswer(fromOldEnglish)andreply(fromOldFrench).Itisinterestingtolearnhowthewordsforanimalsandmeatdeveloped.AftertheNormanConquest,manyEnglishpeopleworkedasservantswhoraisedanimals.Therefore,thewordsweuseformostanimalsraisedforfoodsuchascow,sheepandpig,camefromOldEnglish.However,thewordsforthemeatoftheseanimals,whichwasservedtotheNormans,camefromOldFrench:beef,mutton,porkandbacon.OldFrenchmadeothercontributionstoMiddleEnglishaswell.InOldEnglish,theGermanicwayofmakingwordspluralwasused.Forexample,theysaidhouseninsteadofhouses,andshoeninsteadofshoes.AftertheNormanstookcontroltheybeganusingtheFrenchwayofmakingplurals,addingan–stohouseandshoe.OnlyafewwordskepttheirGermanicpluralforms,suchasman/menandchild/children.AftertheNormanConquest,high-classpeoplespokeFrenchwhilecommonpeoplespokeEnglish.However,bythelatterhalfofthe14thcentury,EnglishhadcomeintowidespreaduseamongallclassesinEngland.In1399,HenryIVbecameKingofEngland.HismothertonguewasEnglish,andheusedEnglishforallofficialevents.ModernEnglishModernEnglishappearedduringtheRenaissanceinthe16thcentury.Becauseofthis,modernEnglishincludesmanyLatinandGreekwords.Pronunciationalsowentthroughhugechangesduringthisperiod.Ofcourse,thiswasnottheendofthechangesintheEnglishlanguage.ThequestionofwhetherEnglishwillkeeponchanginginthefutureiseasytoanswer.Itiscertainthatthisprocesswillcontinue,andpeoplewillkeepinventingnewwordsandnewwaysofsayingthings.17.M3U2.Project(1)—ThedevelopmentofChinesecharactersTheChineselanguagediffersfromWesternlanguagesinthatinsteadofanalphabet,itusescharacterswhichstandforideas,objectsordeeds.Chinesewordsareformedbyputtingtogetherdifferentcharacters.Inmanycases,asinglecharactercanalsomakeupaword.ThehistoryoftheChineselanguagecanbeexaminedbylookingathowthesecharactersdeveloped.Chinesewritingbeganthousandsofyearsago.Accordingtoanancientstory,amannamedCangJieinventedChinesewriting.Onewinterdaywhilehewashunting,hesawthetracksofanimalsinthesnowandobservedthattheappearanceofeachonewasdifferent.Thenhehadtheideathathecouldusedifferentshapestorepresentdifferentobjects.ThefirstChinesecharactersweredrawingsofphysicalobjects.Somecharactershavebeensimplifiedandothershavebeenmademoredifficultovertime.However,asawhole,thecharactershavedevelopedfromdrawingsintostandardforms.Thecharacterforamountainwasatfirstthreemountaintopstogether.Thisbecameonemountaintopandthreelines,andovertimeturnedintothecharacterusednowadays.Notallcharactersweredevelopedfromdrawingsofobjects.Sometimestoexpressideas,somecharactersweremadebycombiningtwoormorecharacterstogether.Forexample,‘rest’wasmadeupofthecharactersforamanandatree.Thecharacter‘prisoner’wasformedwitha‘man’insideasquare.Othercharactersweredevelopedfordirectionsandnumbers.Itiseasytodistinguishtheirmeaningsbylookingatthem,forexample,thecharactersfor‘up’and‘down’,whichareoppositesofeachother.Thoughthesekindsofcharactersindicatemeanings,oneoftheirshortcomingsisthattheydonotshowhowtheyshouldbepronounced.Therefore,amethodwasdevelopedtohaveonepartofacharacterindicatethemeaningandtheothersuggestthepronunciation.ManyChinesecharactersusedtodayweremadethisway.Inthe1950stheChinesegovernmentintroducedsimplifiedChinesecharactersandnowtheyhavewidespreaduseinChina’smainland.18.M3U2.Project(2)—ThestoryofBrailleUsually,whenwetalkaboutreading,wethinkofusingoureyestoseeletterswrittenininkonpaper.However,thisisnotalwaystrue.Forexample,blindpeoplecannotsee,buttheycanstillreadbooks.ThemanwhointroducedblindpeopletoreadingwasLouisBraille(1809-1852).Braillelosthiseyesightattheageofthreeasaresultofaninjury.Whenhewasten,hewenttoaschoolfortheblindinParis.Inthosedays,booksforblindpeopleusedpaperpressedagainstmetalwiretoformletters.Sincethemetalwirewasheavy,eachbookweighedasmuchas100pounds.Thewholesystemwasnotconvenientforuse.Indeed,theschoollibraryonlyhadfourteensuchbooksinit.In1821,asoldiervisitedtheschoolandshowedthestudentsasystemforpassingmessagesatnightduringtimesofbattle.Hissystemusedpaperwithsmall,raiseddotsthatcouldbefeltwiththefingers.Eachletterofthealphabetwasrepresentedbyadifferentpatternwhichconsistedoftwelvedots.Thesoldierswoulddragtheirfingersovertheraiseddotstoreadthemessage.Whilethestudentsfoundthesoldier’sideainteresting,thesystemwastoodifficulttobeofpracticaluse.However,youngLouisBrailletooktheideaandworkedonit.Attheageoffifteen,hecreatedasystemwithpatternsofsixraiseddotsrepresentingeachletter.‘Braille’,thesystemforreadingusedtodaybyblindpeoplearoundtheworld,wasthusborn.TheblindcaneasilyrecognizeBraillewiththefingers.TheycanalsoeasilywriteinBraillewithaspecialtypewriter.Today,itisthemostcommonsystemusedbyblindpeopleforreadingandwriting,andnearlyeverylanguage,includingChinese,hasitsownversionofBrailleforitspeopletouse.19.M3U3.Reading—LostcivilizationsDay1,15JulyIfeelluckytohavewonaplaceonthistrip.WeareinItalynow,andtomorrowwearevisitingPompeii.NextweekweareflyingtoChina,andgoingLoulan,whichisknownasChina'sPompeiiinthedesert.BothPompeiiandLoulanbecamelostcivilizationslongago.Day2,16JulyThismorningweattendedalectureaboutPompeii.Thecitywasfoundedinthe8thcenturyBC.In89BC,theRomanstookoverPompeii.Itthenbecamearichandbusycity.Nearthecitywasavolcano.On24AugustAD79,thevolcanoeruptedandlava,ashandrockspouredoutofitontothesurroundingcountryside.Itcontinuedtoeruptforthenexttwodays.Manypeoplewereburiedalive,andsowasthecity.Howunfortunate!Day3,17JulyTodayIsawtheancientRomancityofPompeiiasitwas2,000yearsago.Howamazing!Thecitywasforgottenformanyyearsuntilthe18thcenturywhenafarmerdiscoveredastonewithwritingonit.Peoplestartedtodigintheareafortreasure,whichcausedmuchdamage.Thus,in1860,theareawasputundergovernmentprotectionsoitcouldbepreservedandstudied.WhenIwalkedaroundthecity,Isawstreetsjustastheyhadbeen,withsteppingstonesalongtheroadsoyoudidnothavetostepinthemudonrainydays!Isawseveralhouseswhichweredecoratedwithwallpaintings.Ialsosawthepeoplewhohadbeenburiedalive.Itturnsoutthataftertheashcoveredthepeoplewhofailedtofleethecity,theirbodiesnearlycompletelybrokedownanddisappeared,leavingemptyspacesintheash.Yearslater,researcherswereabletousetheseemptyspacestoproducetrue-to-lifefiguresofthepeoplewhohaddiedinthedisaster.YoucanseethemtodayinPompeii,inthesameplaceswherethepeoplefell.Thevolcanoisstillthere,butlooksveryquietnow.It'shardtoimaginehowthispeacefulvolcanodestroyedthewholecity!Day10,24JulyFinally,wearrivedinLoulanafterseveraldaysoftravelling.Thiscommercialcitywasbusyandwealthyabout2,000yearsago.ItwasastoppingpointonthefamousSilkRoadbetweentheEastandtheWest.ItisbelievedtohavebeengraduallycoveredoverbysandstormsformAD200toAD400.Iamsoexcitedtobehere!Day11,25JulyAscholarfromthelocalculturalinstitute,ProfessorZhang,toldusthataroundtheyear1900theEuropeanexplorerSvenHedindiscoveredtheruinsoftheLoulanKingdom.Svenfoundtheremainsofbuildingsburiedbeneaththesand,togetherwithalotoftreasuresincludingcoins,paintedpots,materialsuchassilk,documentsandwallpaintings.Whenwewenttothecity,wesawthecitywalls,palaces,temples,workshopsandtowers.Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting.Therewasanancientwatersystemt20.M3U3.Project(1)—AncientGreekstatuefoundinXinjiangResearchersannouncedthediscoveryofasmallstatueinnorthernXinjiang,China,recently.ThemetalstatueisofaGreeksoldier.WhenaskedhowastatuefromdistantGreececouldhaveappearedinAlexandertheGreat(356-323BC)wasthesonofaGreekkingwhodefeatedmanyGreekcitiesinbattle.Attheageoftwenty,Alexanderhimselfbecamekingafterhisfatherdied.However,manycitiesroseupagainstAlexander,soheledanarmytotakethemback.Thoughhisarmyhadonly3,000troops,hewoneverybattleandmanyenemysoldiersjoinedhim.In334BC,hetookhisarmy,nowwith42,000men,intotheMiddleEastandthenEgypt,defeatingeveryarmythatstoodinhispath.Thenheturnedhiseyeseast,andmarchedallthewaytoIndia,findingvictorywhereverhewent.Itseemedthatnothingcouldstophimfromtakingcontroloftheentireworld.However,hisownarmygrewtiredofendlessbattlesandrefusedtogoanyfurther,sohehadtoturnback.Bytheageofthirty,hehadalreadyoccupiedmorelandthananyonebefore,anditseemedthatmoreglorywaswaitingaheadofhim.Yet,in323BC,hecamedownwithafeveranddied.Sincehehadnoson,hisgeneralsdividedhisvastkingdomamongthemselves.AlexandertheGreatspreadtheGreekculturefromEuropetoAfricaandAsia,influe