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英語詞匯學(xué)基本概念匯總英語詞匯學(xué)基本概念匯總英語詞匯學(xué)基本概念匯總xxx公司英語詞匯學(xué)基本概念匯總文件編號:文件日期:修訂次數(shù):第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計,管理制度《英語詞匯學(xué)》重要術(shù)語One:1.Nativewords本族詞WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharenativewords.2.Loanwords借詞Wordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesareloanwordsorborrowedwords.3.Slangwords俚語Slangwordsarethosewordsofavigorous,colourful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.4.Functionwords功能詞Functionwordsareoftenshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliariesthatservegrammaticallymorethananythingelse.5.Contentwords實義詞Contentwordsareusedtonameobjects,qualities,actions,processesorstates,andhaveindependentlexicalmeaning.6.Freeforms自由形式Formswhichoccurassentencesarefreeforms.Two:1.Morphemes語素MorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitsofEnglishlanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.2.Allomorphs語素變體Allomorphsareanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.3.Freemorpheme自由語素Freemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.4.Boundmorpheme粘著語素Boundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutteranceandmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.5.Root詞根Rootisthebasicunchangeablepartofawordanditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.6.Affix詞綴Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.7.Inflectionalaffix屈折詞綴Inflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.8.Derivationalaffix派生詞綴Derivationalaffixisthekindofaffixesthathasspecificlexicalmeaninghandcanderiveawordwhenitisaddedtoanothermorpheme.9.Prefixes前綴Prefixesareaffixesaddedbeforewords.10.Suffixes后綴Suffixesareaffixesaddedafterwords.Three1.Word-formationrules構(gòu)詞規(guī)則Word-formationrulesdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.2.Stem詞干Stemisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.3.Base詞基Baseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.4.Compounding合成法Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.5.Derivation派生法Derivationoraffixationisaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orboth,tothebase.6.Conversion轉(zhuǎn)化法Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.7.Prefixation前綴法Prefixationistheadditionofaprefixtothebase.8.Suffixation后綴法Suffixationreferstotheadditionofasuffixtothebase.Four:1.Initialism首字母連寫詞Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicaltermoraphraseanditispronouncedletterbyletter.2.Acronyms首字母拼音詞Acronymsarewordformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,andtheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.3.Clipping截短法Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.4.Blending拼綴法Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.5.Back-formation逆成法Back-formationisatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.6.Reduplication重疊法Reduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetitionofonewordoroftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowelsoroftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonants.7.Neoclassicalformation新古典詞構(gòu)成法NeoclassicalformationistheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedfromelementsderivedfromLatinandGreek.Five:1.Conventionality約定俗成Itisthecharacteristicsofrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense:thereisnowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsound-symbolhasthisorthatmeaningbeyondthefactthatthepeopleofagivencommunityhaveagreedtouseonetodesignatetheother.2.Motivation理據(jù)Motivationreferstothedirectconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssense.3.Echoic/onomatopoeicwords擬聲詞Echoicwordsoronomatopoeicwordsarewordsmotivatedphoneticallywhosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.4.Morphologicalmotivation語素結(jié)構(gòu)理據(jù)Awordismorphologicallymotivatedifadirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.5.Semanticmotivation語義理據(jù)Semanticmotivationreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactorsanditisusuallyprovidedbythefigurativeusageofwords.6.Grammaticalmeaning語法意義Grammaticalmeaningconsistsofword-classandinflectionalparadigm.7.Inflectionalparadigm詞形變化Thesetofgrammaticalformsofawordiscalleditsinflectionalparadigm.Nounsaredeclined,verbsareconjugatedandgradableadjectiveshavedegreesofcomparison.8.Denotativemeaning外延意義Thedenotativemeaningofawordisitsdefinitiongiveninadictionary.9.Connotativemeaning內(nèi)涵意義Connotativemeaningreferstotheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinone’smind.10.Socialorstylisticmeaning社會意義Socialmeaningisthatwhichapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.11.Affectivemeaning情感意義Affectivemeaningisconcernedwiththeexpressionoffeelingsandattitudesofthespeakerorwriter.12.Componentialanalysis語義成分分析Theconceptualmeaningordenotativemeaningcanbebrokendownintoitsminimaldistinctivecomponentswhichareknownassemanticfeatures.Suchananalysisiscalledcomponentialanalysis.Six:1.Polysemy一詞多義Polysemyhappenswhenmorethanonemeaningisattachedtoaword.2.Radiation詞義輻射Semantically,radiationistheprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.3.Concatenation語義的連鎖、聯(lián)結(jié)Concatenationisasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshifts,likethelinksofachain,untilthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning.4.Homonymy同音異義、同形異義Homonymyistherelationbetweenpairsorgroupsofwordwhich,thoughdifferentinmeaning,arepronouncedalike,orspelledalikeorboth.5.Perfecthomonyms完全同音同形異義詞Wordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaningarecalledperfecthomonyms.6.Homophones同音異義詞Wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaningarecalledhomophones.7.Homographs同形異義詞Wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaningarecalledhomographs.8.Phoneticconvergence音變的匯合Phoneticconvergenceisthekindofphenomenonwheretwoormorewordswhichonceweredifferentinsoundformstakeonthesamepronunciation.9.SemanticDivergence詞義分化Whentwoormoremeaningsofthesameworddriftaparttosuchanextentthattherewillbenoobviousconnectionbetweenthem,thewordhasundergonetheprocessofsemanticdivergence.Seven:1.Synonyms同義詞Asynonymmaybedefinedasawordhavingthesamemeaningasanotherword:asoneoftwoormorewordsofthesamelanguageandgrammaticalcategoryhavingthesameessentialorgenericmeaninganddifferingonlyinconnotation,application,oridiomaticuse.2.Completesynonyms完全同義詞Twowordsaretotallysynonymousonlyiftheyarefullyidenticalinmeaningandinterchangeableinanycontextwithouttheslightestalterationinconnotative,affectiveandstylisticmeanings.3.Relativesynonyms相對同義詞Relativesynonymsarewordsthatarenotfullyidenticalbutmaydifferinshadesofmeaning,inemotionalcolouring,inlevelofformality,incollocation,andindistribution.4.Antonymy反義關(guān)系Initsgeneralsense,antonymyreferstoalltypesofsemanticoppositeness.5.Contraries/gradableantonyms相對性反義詞Contrariesorcontrarytermsdisplaysuchatypeofsemanticcontrastthattheycanbehandledintermsofgradability,thatis,intermsofdegreesofthequalityinvolved.6.Complementaries/contradictoryterms互補性反義詞Complementariesorcontradictoriesrepresentatypeofbinarysemanticoppositionsothattheassertionofoneoftheitemsimpliesthedenialoftheother.7.Conversives/converses/relationalopposites換位性反義詞Conversivesrepresentsuchatypeofbinarysemanticoppositionthatthereisaninterdependenceofmeaning,orsay,onememberofthepairpresupposestheother.8.Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.9.Superordinates上義詞Thegeneralterminahyponymypairiscalledasuperordinatelinguistically.10.Hyponyms下義詞Thespecificterminahyponymypairiscalledthehyponymorsubordinate.11.Semanticfield語義場Semanticfieldtheoryisconcernedwiththevocabularyofalanguageasasystemofinterrelatedlexicalnetworks.Thewordsofasemanticfieldarejoinedtogetherbyacommonconcept,andtheyarelikelytohaveanumberofcollocationsincommon.Eight:1.Context語境Contextinitsnarrowestsenseconsistsofthelexicalitemsthatcomeimmediatelybeforeandafteranywordinanactofcommunication.But,inbroadersense,itmaycoverthewholepassageandsometimesthewholebookinwhichawordoccurs,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting.2.Linguisticcontext語言語境Linguisticcontextislexical,grammaticalandverbalcontextinitsbroadsense.3.Extra-linguisticcontext語言之外的環(huán)境Extra-linguisticcontextrefersnotonlytotheactualspeechsituationinwhichawordisusedbutalsototheentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichaword,oranutteranceoraspeecheventisset.4.Lexicalcontext詞匯語境Lexicalcontextreferstothelexicalitemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.5.Grammaticalcontext語法語境Ingrammaticalcontext,thesyntacticstructureofthecontextdeterminesvariousindividualmeaningsofapolysemousword.6.Verbalcontext言語語境Theverbalcontext,initsbroadestsense,maycoveranentirepassage,orevenanentirebook,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting.7.Ambiguity歧義Ambiguityreferstoaword,phrase,sentenceorgroupofsentenceswithmorethanonepossibleinterpretationormeaning.8.Lexicalambiguity詞匯歧義Lexicalambiguityiscausedbypolysemy.9.Structuralambiguity結(jié)構(gòu)歧義Structuralambiguityarisesfromthegrammaticalanalysisofasentenceoraphrase.Nine:1.Changeofwordmeaning語義變化Whenawordlosesitsoldmeaningandcomestorefertosomethingaltogetherdifferent,theresultisachangeofwordmeaning.Broadlyspeaking,changeofmeaningreferstothealterationofthemeaningofexistingwordsaswellastheadditionofnewmeaningtoestablishwords.2.Restrictionofmeaning語義專門化Restrictionofmeaningorspecializationofmeaningmeansthatawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrower,specializedsensewhichisapplicabletoonlyoneoftheobjectsithadpreviouslydenoted.3.Extensionofmeaning詞義擴展化Extensionofmeaningorgeneralizationmeansthewideningofaword’ssenseuntilitcoversmuchmorethanwhatitoriginallyconveyed.4.Degenerationofmeaning詞義降格Therearetwomainformsofdegenerationorpejoration.Onereferstotheprocesswherewordsoncerespectableorneutralmayshifttoalessrespectable,orevenderogatorymeaning.Theotherreferstotheweakeningofmeaningresultingfromhabitualuseofparticularwordsonunsuitable
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