Syntacticrelations句子關(guān)系專題知識專家講座

4.4.3ModifiersModifierswhichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.(修飾成分具體地闡明了中心語具有選擇性旳可體現(xiàn)特性.)ThemostcommonmodifiersofNsareadjectivephrasesandthoseofverbsareadverbphrasesandprepositionalphraseswhichdescribemannerandtime.4.4.3ModifiersModifierswhichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.(修飾成分具體地闡明了中心語具有選擇性旳可體現(xiàn)特性.)ThemostcommonmodifiersofNsareadjectivephrasesandthoseofverbsareadverbphrasesandprepositionalphraseswhichdescribemannerandtime.第1頁ModifierPositioninEnglishModifierpositionexamplePrecedetheheadPPAdvPAPfollowtheheadPrecedeorfollowtheheadaverycarefulgirlopenwithcarereadcarefully;carefullyreadModifierPositioninEnglishpositionModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionaverycarefulgirlPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionexampleaverycarefulgirlPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionopenwithcareexampleaverycarefulgirlPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionfollowtheheadopenwithcareexampleaverycarefulgirlPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionModifierModifierPositioninEnglishAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishPrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishexamplePrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishaverycarefulgirlPrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishopenwithcareaverycarefulgirlPrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierPositioninEnglishreadcarefully;carefullyreadopenwithcareaverycarefulgirlPrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierPositioninEnglish第2頁TheExpandedXPRuleTheRule:XP→(Spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)ExplanationModifier:specifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsThisruleallowsamodifiertooccureitherbeforetheheadorafterit.TheExpandedXPRuleTheRule:XP→(Spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)ExplanationModifier:specifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsThisruleallowsamodifiertooccureitherbeforetheheadorafterit.第3頁4.5Sentences(TheSRule)

TheSRule:S→NPVPExplanation:ThecombinationofanNPandVPyieldsasentence;Sdoesnothaveaninternalstructure,unlikeaphrase.Thisrulestandsforatraditionalbelief4.5Sentences(TheSRule)

TheSRule:S→NPVPExplanation:ThecombinationofanNPandVPyieldsasentence;Sdoesnothaveaninternalstructure,unlikeaphrase.Thisrulestandsforatraditionalbelief4.5Sentences(TheSRule)

TheSRule:S→NPVPExplanation:ThecombinationofanNPandVPyieldsasentence;Sdoesnothaveaninternalstructure,unlikeaphrase.Thisrulestandsforatraditionalbelief第4頁StructuralistSchool(構(gòu)造主義學(xué)派)

----Saussure(索緒爾)Saussure

:aSwisslinguistandsemioticianwhoseideaslaidafoundationformanysignificantdevelopmentsbothinlinguisticsandsemioticsinthe20thcentury.Heiswidelyconsideredoneofthefathersof20th-centurylinguisticsandoneoftwomajorfathersofsemiotics.StructuralistSchool(構(gòu)造主義學(xué)派)

----Saussure(索緒爾)Saussure

:aSwisslinguistandsemioticianwhoseideaslaidafoundationformanysignificantdevelopmentsbothinlinguisticsandsemioticsinthe20thcentury.Heiswidelyconsideredoneofthefathersof20th-centurylinguisticsandoneoftwomajorfathersofsemiotics.第5頁Syntacticrelations（句子關(guān)系）Syntacticrelations----thewaysinwhichwords,wordgroupsorphrasesformsentences.Threekindsofsyntacticrelations:

1.PositionalRelations(位置關(guān)系)

2.RelationsofSubstitutability(替代關(guān)系)

3.RelationsofCo-occurrence(共現(xiàn)關(guān)系)Syntacticrelations（句子關(guān)系）Syntacticrelations（句子關(guān)系）第6頁1.Positionalrelation（位置關(guān)系）“Positionalrelation”,or“wordorder”,referstothesequentialarrangementtowordsinalanguage.ItisamanifestationofacertainaspectofwhatSaussurecalled“SyntagmaticRelations”（組合關(guān)系）,orofwhatotherlinguistscall“HorizontalRelations”（橫向關(guān)系）or“ChainRelations”（鏈向關(guān)系）.

第7頁

Syntagmaticrelations（組合關(guān)系）Asyntagmaticrelationshipisonewheresignsoccurinsequenceorparallelandoperatetogethertocreatemeaning.Thesequentialnatureoflanguagemeansthatlinguisticsignshavesyntagmaticrelationships.第8頁TheSyntagmaticrelation----therelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.

horizontalrelations(橫向關(guān)系)chainrelations(鏈狀關(guān)系)

第9頁ExampleforSyntagmatic1)Theboykickedtheball.2)Boytheballkickedthe.3)Theballkickedtheboy.第10頁2.Relationsofsubstitutability

（替代關(guān)系）Relationsofsubstitutability----classesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsamesentencestructures.Saussurecalledthem“AssociativeRelations”（聯(lián)想關(guān)系）.Otherpeoplecallthem“ParadigmaticRelations”（聚合關(guān)系).第11頁ParadigmaticRelations(聚合關(guān)系)A

paradigmaticrelation

(associativerelations)----arelationthatholdsbetweenelementsofthesamecategory,i.e.elementsthatcanbesubstitutedforeachother.Theoppositionbetween‘paradigmatic’and‘syntagmatic’relationsisanimportant

dichotomy（一分為二）

ofstructuralistlinguistics.

verticalrelations（縱向關(guān)系）choicerelations（選擇關(guān)系）

第12頁ExampleforParadigmaticRelation第13頁RelationshipsThetablebelowillustratessyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationships.Thehorizontalitemshavesyntagmaticrelationshipsastheyfollowonfromoneanother.Theverticalitemshaveparadigmaticrelationshipsasineachcolumn,itemscanbesubstitutedforoneanother.第14頁3.RelationsofCo-occurrence

（共現(xiàn)關(guān)系）RelationsofCo-occurrence----wordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermitorrequiretheoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.Thusrelationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelationsandpartlytoparadigmaticrelations.第15頁SyntacticRelations:ConclusionInSaussure'soriginaltheory,thesetworelationsareapplicable

ateveryleveloflinguisticanalysis.Thesequencewhichasignformswiththoseitisinasyntagmaticrelationissometimescalleda

STRUCTURE.Tousethewordinamorerestrictedsens