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EnglishGrammerPersonalInformation,Class:ClassSix,2009StuNo:……Name:CindyEnglishGrammerPersonalInformaPostponementFrontingInversionWordorderPostponementFrontingInversionWPostponement

FrontingInversionPostponementFronting&InversionFrontingWithinversionFrontingwithoutinversionEndfocus&

endweightPostponementofkeywords

PostponementPostponementFrontPostponement

theplacementofaclauseelement(orpartofaclauseelement)furthertotherightinthesentencethanonewouldnormallyexpecttofindit.Postponementtypicallyappliestolongandheavyclauseelements/modifiers),inagreementwiththeprincipleofendweight.E.g.Afascinatingaccountisgiveninthebookoftheauthor'sadventuresduringhistravelsinSouthAmerica.

(postmodifierofsubjectnounphrasegivenattheendofthesentence);Thepolicefoundinhispossessionanautomaticpistol,forgedpassports,andbanknotesfromtworobberies.(S-V-A-d-OinsteadofthemorecommonS-V-d-O-A).PostponementtheplacementEndfocusWewillstartwiththeprinciplesof“endfocus”and“endweight”whicharecloselyrelatedtopostponementasadeviceforachievingemphasis.

Endfocus:

Asaninformationunit,thesentencenormallyconsistsoftwoparts:oldinformation+newinformation.Oldinformation(alsocalled“give/knowninformation”)isalreadyknowntothehearer,andthisisusuallyexpressedbythesubject.Newinformation,usuallyexpressedbythepredicate,isthemessagetobeconveyed,andthefocusorthemostimportantpartofthemessageusuallyoccupiestheendpositioninthesentence.Thatiswhatwecall‘informationfocus’or‘endfocus’.E.g.

MrSmithisafriendofmyfather’s.

Inthissentence,“MrSmith”isOldinformation,while“afriendofmyfather’s”isNewinformation.And“myfather’s”is‘Informationfocus’.EndfocusWewillstartwiththEndweight

Endweight:Itmanifestsitselfinthefactthattheconstructionofthesubjectisusuallyshorterandlesscomplicatedthanthatofthepredicatewherethenewinformationlies.E.g.1)Hesmokes.Hesmokescigarettes.2)Herests.Hetookarest.3)Theypushedthecar.Theygavethecarapush.Thesecondsentenceofeachgroupaboveseemsmorenaturalthanthefirstone.Itseemsthatthemulti-wordstructureofpredicateintheformersentencesoundsbetterconformedtousage.EndweightEndweight:ItmaPostponementofkeywords

BecauseoftheprinciplesbetweenEndFocusandEndWeight,theendpositioninasentenceisnormallyreservedforhighlightingkeywords.Hence,postponementbecomesagrammaticaldeviceforachievingemphasis.E.g.hegavemeabook.Hegaveabooktome.

Inthefirstsentence,prominenceisgivento“abook”,anditisusedinanswerto“whatdidhegiveyou?”.Whileinthesecondprominenceis“me”.andthesecondinanswerto“Whodidhegiveabookto?”

Thus,whethertheindirectobjectprecedesthedirectobjectorinversadependsonwhichobjectistobehighlighted.Thisshowstheimportanceoffinalplacementintheorderingofwords.PostponementofkeywordsBNowtrytoputthetwosentencesintoone.Thecross-examinationwasexpertlyhandled.Itlastedonlyhalfanhour.Ifitistoanswerthequestionof‘Howlongdidthecross-examinationlast?’theanswerscanbe:Thecross-examination,whichwasexpertlyhandled,lastedonlyhalfanhour.Expertlyhandled,Thecross-examinationlastedonlyhalfanhour.Theexpertlyhandledcross-examinationlastedonlyhalfanhour.Thecross-examination,inexperthands,lastedonlyhalfanhour.Thecross-examination,anexpertlyhandledaffair,lastedonlyhalfanhour.NowtrytoputthetwosentencInstead,ifitistoanswerthequestionof‘Howwasthecross-examinationhandled?’theanswerscanbe:

Thecross-examination,whichlastedonlyhalfanhour,wasexpertlyhandled.Thecross-examination,lastingonlyhalfanhour,wasexpertlyhandled.Thehalf-hourcross-examinationwasexpertlyhandled.Thecross-examination,ahalf-houraffair,wasexpertlyhandled.

Fromtheexampleswecanseetheimportanceoffinalplacementintheorderingofwords.Instead,ifitistoanswerthFronting

Frontinginvolvesthemovementofaclauseelementtoapositionbeforethesubject.Typicallytheeffectoffrontingisthefrontedelementreceivesspecialemphasis,oftenbecauseitcontrastswithsomethingmentionedearlier.

E.g.Somethinghadtogive.And

giveitdid.(FrontingofPredicate).This

sherealizedwithoutbeingtold.

(FrontingofObject)FrontingFrontinginvolvestheInversion

Inafewcasesfrontingcausesinversion(frontingofnegativeorrestrictiveelement,frontingofobligatoryadverbialoradverbialparticle,frontingofso

+adjective/adverb,frontingof-ingorpastparticipleclause).Inversionusedaboutawordorderwherebythewholeverbphraseoranauxiliaryoccursinfrontofthesubject.

E.g.

Verystrangeitseemed."Whatdoyoumakeofthat?"demandedtheChiefConstable.Therearetwotypesoffronting:frontingwithoutinversionandfrontingwithinversion.

InversionInafewcasesfronFrontingwithoutinversionFrontingwithoutinversion:Thistypeoffrontingusuallyplacedfortextualcohesion.E.g.Mr.Whitefriedtwopiecesoffish.Oneofthesehefedtohiscat.Theotherheatehimself.Thistypeoffrontingalsooccurswhentheobjectorthecomplementisinitiallyplacedtoacquireacontrastivemeaningandtoensurebalanceinsentencestructure,

E.g.Joanhegavenothing,butGeorgehegave10shillings.FoolJackmaybe,butthiefheisnot.FrontingwithoutinversionFronFrontingwithinversionFrontingwithinversion:

Thefrontingofthesubjectcomplementisoftenassociatedwithinversionwhenthesubjectistoolongorisheavilymodified.E.g.MoreseriouswasthequestionofhowthePresidentwouldpresentthejointannouncement.Inversionalsotakesplacewhenthefrontedobjectis“nota+noun”or“notasingle+noun”,.E.g.

Ihadaterribletimeplayingrouletteatthecasino,NOTawiningnumberdidIhavethewholenight.

FrontingwithinversionFrontinInversionismostfrequentlyfoundinsentencewhereanAdverbialisfronted.Herewemayclassifytwotypesofinversion:fullinversionandpartialinversion.Inversionismostfrequentlyf“Fullinversion”meansreversalofthesubjectandthewholepredicate;“partialinversion”meansreversalofthesubjectandtheoperatoronly.Thefrontedadverbialsthatcauseinversionmaybesummedupasfollows:Fullinversioncommonlyoccurswhenthefrontedadverbialisalocativeoranonomatopoeiaandwhenthepredicatorisaverbofmotionsuchascomeorgo.E.g.

Thereisasuddengustofwindandawaywenthishat.

Bang!Bang!Bang!CamethreereportsoffirecrackersandPhilipsuddenlyfelthisbodybecomelight.“Fullinversion”meansreversab)Fullinversionisalsocommonwhenthefrontedadverbialisaprepositionalphrasedenotingplace.E.g.Inthischapterwillbefoundapartialanswertothisquestion.c)

Partialinversionusuallytakesplacewhenthefrontedadverbialcomprisesanegativewordorawordwithnegativeimplication,suchas‘never,hardly,nolonger,atnotimeandsoon.E.g.

NeverhaveIfoundhiminsuchagoodmood.Hardlyhadhefinishedhisworkwhenthetelephonerang.d)

Partialinversionisnecessarywhenthefrontedadverbialis“only+adverb/prepositionalphrase/adverbialclause,”

E.g.

Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.

b)FullinversionisalsocommLikewise,partialinversionoccurswhenthesentenceisintroducedby“Notonly…(butalso)”.

E.g.

Notonlydidhecomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.e)Inversionnormallytakesplacewhenasentencesisintroducedbythecorrelativeso(…that).Wheninitialsomodifiesanadjective,thereisfullinversion:

E.g.

Sodangerousweretheavalanchesthatskiinghadtobestopped.

SosmallwasthemarkthatIcouldhardlyseeit..Likewise,partialinversiono

f)

Partialinversionispossiblewhentheadverbialofmannerorfrequencyisfronted.Ifthesubjectisheavilymodified,thenevenfullinversionispossible.E.g.GladlywouldIpaymoreifIcouldgetbetterservice.Manyatimehadmikegivenmegoodadvice.Therearecases,however,whereafrontedadverbialofmannerdoesnotcauseinversionatall.E.g.

Stealthilythegirlcreptoutofthedoor.Slowlyandimpressivelyherosefromhisseat.f)PartialinversionispossChoosethebestanswertothequestions.Sodifficult______ittoliveinanEnglish-speakingcountrythatIdeterminedtolearnEnglishwell.A.IhavefeltB.haveIfeltC.IdidfeelD.didIfell2).Onlyafter________hishomework________towatchTV.A.hehasfinished;isheallowedB.hashefinished;isheallowedC.hehasfinished;heisallowedD.hashefinished;heisallowed3)Formthenonweneversawheragain,nor________fromher.A.heardweB.hadweheardC.wehaveheardD.didwehearExercisesChoosethebestanswertothe4)Whatanaughtyboyhewas!________.A.DownjumpedhefromthedeskB.FromthedeskjumpedhedownC.HedownjumpedfromthedeskD.Downhejumpedfromthedesk5)Youcanneverusemycomputer.Atnotime________thatmachine.A.youshouldtouchB.shouldyoutouchC.touchshouldyouD.youtouch6)Ontheoppositewall________onemap________dozensofpictures.A.hang;includingB.arehung;togetherwithC.ishanged;withD.ishanging;aswellas7)________ourbus;we’llhavetowaitforthenext.DoestheregoB.ItgoesC.TheregoesD.Doesitgo

4)Whatanaughtyboyhewas!EnglishGrammerPersonalInformation,Class:ClassSix,2009StuNo:……Name:CindyEnglishGrammerPersonalInformaPostponementFrontingInversionWordorderPostponementFrontingInversionWPostponement

FrontingInversionPostponementFronting&InversionFrontingWithinversionFrontingwithoutinversionEndfocus&

endweightPostponementofkeywords

PostponementPostponementFrontPostponement

theplacementofaclauseelement(orpartofaclauseelement)furthertotherightinthesentencethanonewouldnormallyexpecttofindit.Postponementtypicallyappliestolongandheavyclauseelements/modifiers),inagreementwiththeprincipleofendweight.E.g.Afascinatingaccountisgiveninthebookoftheauthor'sadventuresduringhistravelsinSouthAmerica.

(postmodifierofsubjectnounphrasegivenattheendofthesentence);Thepolicefoundinhispossessionanautomaticpistol,forgedpassports,andbanknotesfromtworobberies.(S-V-A-d-OinsteadofthemorecommonS-V-d-O-A).PostponementtheplacementEndfocusWewillstartwiththeprinciplesof“endfocus”and“endweight”whicharecloselyrelatedtopostponementasadeviceforachievingemphasis.

Endfocus:

Asaninformationunit,thesentencenormallyconsistsoftwoparts:oldinformation+newinformation.Oldinformation(alsocalled“give/knowninformation”)isalreadyknowntothehearer,andthisisusuallyexpressedbythesubject.Newinformation,usuallyexpressedbythepredicate,isthemessagetobeconveyed,andthefocusorthemostimportantpartofthemessageusuallyoccupiestheendpositioninthesentence.Thatiswhatwecall‘informationfocus’or‘endfocus’.E.g.

MrSmithisafriendofmyfather’s.

Inthissentence,“MrSmith”isOldinformation,while“afriendofmyfather’s”isNewinformation.And“myfather’s”is‘Informationfocus’.EndfocusWewillstartwiththEndweight

Endweight:Itmanifestsitselfinthefactthattheconstructionofthesubjectisusuallyshorterandlesscomplicatedthanthatofthepredicatewherethenewinformationlies.E.g.1)Hesmokes.Hesmokescigarettes.2)Herests.Hetookarest.3)Theypushedthecar.Theygavethecarapush.Thesecondsentenceofeachgroupaboveseemsmorenaturalthanthefirstone.Itseemsthatthemulti-wordstructureofpredicateintheformersentencesoundsbetterconformedtousage.EndweightEndweight:ItmaPostponementofkeywords

BecauseoftheprinciplesbetweenEndFocusandEndWeight,theendpositioninasentenceisnormallyreservedforhighlightingkeywords.Hence,postponementbecomesagrammaticaldeviceforachievingemphasis.E.g.hegavemeabook.Hegaveabooktome.

Inthefirstsentence,prominenceisgivento“abook”,anditisusedinanswerto“whatdidhegiveyou?”.Whileinthesecondprominenceis“me”.andthesecondinanswerto“Whodidhegiveabookto?”

Thus,whethertheindirectobjectprecedesthedirectobjectorinversadependsonwhichobjectistobehighlighted.Thisshowstheimportanceoffinalplacementintheorderingofwords.PostponementofkeywordsBNowtrytoputthetwosentencesintoone.Thecross-examinationwasexpertlyhandled.Itlastedonlyhalfanhour.Ifitistoanswerthequestionof‘Howlongdidthecross-examinationlast?’theanswerscanbe:Thecross-examination,whichwasexpertlyhandled,lastedonlyhalfanhour.Expertlyhandled,Thecross-examinationlastedonlyhalfanhour.Theexpertlyhandledcross-examinationlastedonlyhalfanhour.Thecross-examination,inexperthands,lastedonlyhalfanhour.Thecross-examination,anexpertlyhandledaffair,lastedonlyhalfanhour.NowtrytoputthetwosentencInstead,ifitistoanswerthequestionof‘Howwasthecross-examinationhandled?’theanswerscanbe:

Thecross-examination,whichlastedonlyhalfanhour,wasexpertlyhandled.Thecross-examination,lastingonlyhalfanhour,wasexpertlyhandled.Thehalf-hourcross-examinationwasexpertlyhandled.Thecross-examination,ahalf-houraffair,wasexpertlyhandled.

Fromtheexampleswecanseetheimportanceoffinalplacementintheorderingofwords.Instead,ifitistoanswerthFronting

Frontinginvolvesthemovementofaclauseelementtoapositionbeforethesubject.Typicallytheeffectoffrontingisthefrontedelementreceivesspecialemphasis,oftenbecauseitcontrastswithsomethingmentionedearlier.

E.g.Somethinghadtogive.And

giveitdid.(FrontingofPredicate).This

sherealizedwithoutbeingtold.

(FrontingofObject)FrontingFrontinginvolvestheInversion

Inafewcasesfrontingcausesinversion(frontingofnegativeorrestrictiveelement,frontingofobligatoryadverbialoradverbialparticle,frontingofso

+adjective/adverb,frontingof-ingorpastparticipleclause).Inversionusedaboutawordorderwherebythewholeverbphraseoranauxiliaryoccursinfrontofthesubject.

E.g.

Verystrangeitseemed."Whatdoyoumakeofthat?"demandedtheChiefConstable.Therearetwotypesoffronting:frontingwithoutinversionandfrontingwithinversion.

InversionInafewcasesfronFrontingwithoutinversionFrontingwithoutinversion:Thistypeoffrontingusuallyplacedfortextualcohesion.E.g.Mr.Whitefriedtwopiecesoffish.Oneofthesehefedtohiscat.Theotherheatehimself.Thistypeoffrontingalsooccurswhentheobjectorthecomplementisinitiallyplacedtoacquireacontrastivemeaningandtoensurebalanceinsentencestructure,

E.g.Joanhegavenothing,butGeorgehegave10shillings.FoolJackmaybe,butthiefheisnot.FrontingwithoutinversionFronFrontingwithinversionFrontingwithinversion:

Thefrontingofthesubjectcomplementisoftenassociatedwithinversionwhenthesubjectistoolongorisheavilymodified.E.g.MoreseriouswasthequestionofhowthePresidentwouldpresentthejointannouncement.Inversionalsotakesplacewhenthefrontedobjectis“nota+noun”or“notasingle+noun”,.E.g.

Ihadaterribletimeplayingrouletteatthecasino,NOTawiningnumberdidIhavethewholenight.

FrontingwithinversionFrontinInversionismostfrequentlyfoundinsentencewhereanAdverbialisfronted.Herewemayclassifytwotypesofinversion:fullinversionandpartialinversion.Inversionismostfrequentlyf“Fullinversion”meansreversalofthesubjectandthewholepredicate;“partialinversion”meansreversalofthesubjectandtheoperatoronly.Thefrontedadverbialsthatcauseinversionmaybesummedupasfollows:Fullinversioncommonlyoccurswhenthefrontedadverbialisalocativeoranonomatopoeiaandwhenthepredicatorisaverbofmotionsuchascomeorgo.E.g.

Thereisasuddengustofwindandawaywenthishat.

Bang!Bang!Bang!CamethreereportsoffirecrackersandPhilipsuddenlyfelthisbodybecomelight.“Fullinversion”meansreversab)Fullinversionisalsocommonwhenthefrontedadverbialisaprepositionalphrasedenotingplace.E.g.Inthischapterwillbefoundapartialanswertothisquestion.c)

Partialinversionusuallytakesplacewhenthefrontedadverbialcomprisesanegativewordorawordwithnegativeimplication,suchas‘never,hardly,nolonger,atnotimeandsoon.E.g.

NeverhaveIfoundhiminsuchagoodmood.Hardlyhadhefinishedhisworkwhenthetelephonerang.d)

Partialinversionisnecessarywhenthefrontedadverbialis“only+adverb/prepositionalphrase/adverbialclause,”

E.g.

Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.

b)FullinversionisalsocommLikewise,partialinversionoccurswhenthesentenceisintroducedby“Notonly…(butalso)”.

E.g.

Notonlydidhecomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.e)Inversionnormallytakesplacewhenasentencesisintroducedbythecorrelativeso(…that).Wheninitialsomodifiesanadjective,thereisfullinve