《英國(guó)文學(xué)史及選讀》考研吳偉仁版考研復(fù)習(xí)筆記和真題

?英國(guó)文學(xué)史及選讀?考研吳偉仁版考研復(fù)習(xí)筆記和真題第一局部中古時(shí)期第1章盎格魯-撒克遜時(shí)期1.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記I.BackgroundKnowledge-TheMakingofEngland〔449-1066〕〔背景知識(shí)一英格蘭的形成〕.TheEnglishConquest〔盎格魯-撒克遜征服〕BriefIntroduction〔簡(jiǎn)介〕AftertheRomansretreated,BritainwasinvadedbythreeTeutonictribesfromNorthernEurope:theAngles,SaxonsandJutes.Beforetheconquest,theystilllivedinthetribalsociety.Bythe7thcentury,anunitiedkingdomcalledEngland,or,thelandofAngleswasestablished.羅馬人撤離不列顛后,來(lái)自北歐的三支日耳曼部落盎格魯人,撒克遜人和朱特人入侵不列顛.征服之前,他們?nèi)耘f過(guò)著部落生活.到7世紀(jì),一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的王國(guó)——英格蘭成立了,也被稱(chēng)作盎格魯人之國(guó).Influence〔影響〕ThethreetribeshaddevelopedintoawholepeoplecalledEnglish.AndthethreedialectshadgrownintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,orOldEnglish.TheBritonsexperiencedatransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalismbecauseoftheEnglishConquest.TheAnglo-Saxonswereheathenpeople,believinginoldmythologyofNorthernEurope.Later,theAnglo-SaxonswereChristianizedinthe7thcentury.(1)這三支部落開(kāi)展成一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的民族稱(chēng)為英國(guó)人.三種方言逐漸成為一種單一的語(yǔ)言,稱(chēng)為盎格魯-撒克遜語(yǔ)言,即古英語(yǔ).(2)不列顛人經(jīng)歷了從原始部落社會(huì)向封建社會(huì)過(guò)渡的時(shí)期.(3)盎格魯-撒克遜人是無(wú)神論民族,相信古老的北歐神話,但后來(lái)在7世紀(jì)被基督教化了.LiteraryFeaturesofEarlyEnglishLiterature(早期英國(guó)文學(xué)的特征)ThesettlementofAnglo-SaxonsinEnglandmarkedthebeginningofEnglishliterature.Theliteratureofthisperiodconsistsoftwodivisions-paganandChristian.TheformeristheoralsagasbroughtbytheAnglo-Saxons,whichwassungbytheminstrelstothechiefsandwarriorsinpraisingoftheoldheroes1deedsinthefeastinghall.TheOldEnglishregularlyusedalliterationsandrhymes,atthesametime,metaphorsandunderstatementswerealsoputintothepoetry.Beowulfisthemostwidelyspreadearlypoem.Thelatteristhewrtitingdevelopedundertheteachingoftheliterarymonks.ThecomingofChristainitybroughtthewealthofanewlanguage—theLatin,whichexertedagreateffectonearlyEnglishproseandpoetry.(1)盎格魯-撒克遜人定居英國(guó)標(biāo)志著英國(guó)文學(xué)的誕生.這一時(shí)期的文學(xué)可分為異教和基督教文學(xué).(2)異教文學(xué)指盎格魯-撒克遜人帶來(lái)的口頭傳說(shuō),由游吟詩(shī)人在宴會(huì)大廳里為那些首領(lǐng)和勇士歌唱古時(shí)的英雄事跡.古英語(yǔ)中有規(guī)律地運(yùn)用了頭韻和韻律,同時(shí)也用到了暗喻和含蓄陳述的手法.流傳最廣的早期英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌是?貝奧武甫?.(3)基督教文學(xué)是由精通文學(xué)的僧侶開(kāi)展起來(lái)的.基督教帶來(lái)了珍貴的拉丁語(yǔ),對(duì)早期散文和詩(shī)歌有極大影響.HI.LiteraryTerms(文學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)).Anglo-SaxonPoetry(盎格魯-撒克遜詩(shī)歌)Poemsor,songsbytheAnglo-Saxonminstrelswhosangoftheheroicdeedsofoldtimetothechiefsandwarriorsinthefeastinghall.ThetypicalworkofAnglo-SaxonisBeowulf.是由盎格魯-撒克遜游吟詩(shī)人吟唱的古代英雄事跡的詩(shī)歌或者歌曲.這些詩(shī)歌或者歌曲主要是在宴會(huì)廳唱給首領(lǐng)或者武士們聽(tīng)的.代表詩(shī)作是?貝奧武甫?..Alliteration(頭韻)Itmeanstherepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsintwoormoreneighboringwordsorstressedsyllables.就是相鄰的兩個(gè)或者多個(gè)單詞或重音節(jié)中,開(kāi)頭輔音的重復(fù)..Epic(orHeroicPoetry)(史詩(shī))Itisanoralnarrativepoem,majesticbothinthemeandstyle.Epicsdealwithlegendaryorhistoricaleventsofnationaloruniversalsignificance,involvingactionsofbroadsweepandgrandeur.Epicpoemsnotmerelyincludestoriesoflegendaryorhistoricalheroes;theysummarizeandexpressthenatureoridealsofanentirenationatasignificantorcrucialperiodofitshistory.古代民間文學(xué)的一種體裁,通常指以傳說(shuō)或重大歷史事件為題材的口頭敘事詩(shī).史詩(shī)主要歌頌每個(gè)民族在其形成和開(kāi)展過(guò)程中戰(zhàn)勝所經(jīng)歷的各種艱難險(xiǎn)阻、克服自然災(zāi)害、抵御外侮的斗爭(zhēng)及其英雄事績(jī).IV.MajorWork〔英國(guó)早期主要作品〕?Beowulf?貝奧武甫?EnglishliteraturebeganwiththeAnglo-Saxonsettlement.BeowulfisanAnglo-SaxonpoemandthenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.Thewholeepicconsistsof3182linesandisdividedintotwopartswithaninterpolationbetweenthetwo.Thewholesongisessentiallypaganinspiritandmatter,whiletheinterpolationisobviouslymadebyaChristaincopier.英國(guó)文學(xué)始于盎格魯-撒克遜人的定居.?貝奧武甫?是一首盎格魯-撒克遜詩(shī)歌,同時(shí)也是一首英格蘭人民的民族史詩(shī).全詩(shī)有3182行,分為兩局部,中間有段插入局部.整首詩(shī)在精神和物質(zhì)上都是異教的,但顯然中間的插入局部是一個(gè)基督徒譽(yù)寫(xiě)員后加的.TheStoryofBeowulf?貝奧武甫?主要情節(jié)BeowulftellsthedeedsofTeutonicheroBeowulfwhofightedagainstmonstersGrendelandhismother,wonthebattleandprotectedtheKingoftheDanes.Duringhisreignoverhishomeland,heslewafiredraketoprotecthispeople,butmortallywoundedanddied.Evenafterhisdeath,beowulfsmoundbecameabeaconfortheseafarerswhosailedalongthecoast.該詩(shī)講述了貝奧武甫這位日耳曼英雄的英勇事跡.他與怪物格倫德?tīng)柡退哪赣H戰(zhàn)斗,取得了勝利,并保護(hù)了丹麥國(guó)王.他回家成為國(guó)王后,為了保護(hù)人民,殺死了火龍,卻因傷勢(shì)過(guò)重而死.死后,他的墓t冢變成了燈塔,為航行于此的船員指明方向.ArtisticFeaturesofBeowulf?貝奧武甫?的文學(xué)特征ThemostnoticeableartisticfeatureofBeowulfistheuseofalliteration.Ther