同等學(xué)力英語輔導(dǎo)詞匯語法講義

同等學(xué)力英語輔導(dǎo)詞匯語法講義詞匯部分看單詞、背單詞、用單詞問題一、窄化詞義一般只記一個單詞的一個詞義和一種用法，而考研英語作為一種較高程度的水平考試，它要求的是全面了解這個詞的詞義和用法，也就是我們常說的一詞多義和一詞多用。如1999年翻譯題第72題中考到discipline，對于這個單詞，許多考生都知道（或者只知道）是"原則"，而在題中它實際上另有其義--"學(xué)科"。再如1999年第74題和第62題都考了enquiry（或inquiry)，大家常把它理解成"詢問"，但在這兩個題目中它表示"探究、探索"。這些題明顯是考查我們對一詞多義的掌握。至于一詞多用我們也可以舉出很多例子，如2003年第61題就考了subject，這個詞不僅可作名詞，還作形容詞和動詞，從后面帶ing來判斷，它在題中肯定是個動詞，意為"使臣服、使服從"；又如2001年第73題有一個短語piecetogether，piece一般做名詞，表示"片，塊、段"，這里顯然作動詞，而且表示"匯集"?？梢姴涣私庠~匯的一詞多義和一詞多用，在考研中我們會遇到多少麻煩。問題二、孤立記詞由于英語考試多數(shù)題型采用多項選項（multiplechoice）形式，考生在學(xué)習(xí)過程中容易養(yǎng)成"只知大概，不知具體"的毛病。adapt，adept，adopt三個詞在四級考試時就應(yīng)該弄明白，有的考研考生遇到它們?nèi)允悄＠鈨煽?；raise，rise，arise的區(qū)別對很多人來說又是一筆糊涂賬；把migrationmovement（人口流動，2001年翻譯題第75題）譯成"移民運動"更是大部分同學(xué)的"杰作"，因為migrate，emigrate，immigrate這三個詞在他們腦海里大概是一回事?？忌鷣G分不一定是單詞背得少，而往往可能是記得不夠細致、不夠精確。問題三、不識詞性認詞是掌握詞匯最基本的要求，對于考研來說，光是知道一個詞的詞義是遠遠不夠1的，你還必須知道這個詞與其他詞，尤其是其同義詞和近義詞的區(qū)別。在寫作課上，我曾看到同學(xué)寫下這樣的句子：Withourowncar，wedon'thavetocostalotoftimewaitingforabus.cost一詞應(yīng)該換成spend，出錯原因顯然是沒有弄清這兩個詞的區(qū)別：雖然都表示"花費"，cost常用sth.作主語，而spend常用sb.作主語，句中主語是we，所以要用動詞spend。1998年詞匯題第29題也是一個典型的例子：shoulder和carry都可表示"承擔(dān)"，而且都與名詞responsibility搭配使用，由于shoulder是人體的一個部位，作動詞用應(yīng)該是表示人發(fā)出"承擔(dān)"的動作，而句中主語是post職位）（，所以選shoulder就不合適，正確答案應(yīng)該是carry。對于詞的辨析，同學(xué)們只有通過背練習(xí)、觀察這個詞的使用情況做出判斷，如果只背詞義，恐怕很難辨得清楚、用得正確。問題四、缺乏體驗如果說認詞和辨詞是掌握詞匯的初級階段和中級階段，那么用詞便是掌握詞匯的高級階段。"考研英語難"的詠嘆調(diào)之所以常掛考生嘴邊，不是因為它要求的詞匯量特別大（5500的詞匯量跟TOEFL、GRE相比簡直是小巫見大巫，但誰敢說考研比考托或考G更容易？），而是因為它逼著我們往深處發(fā)展。以翻譯和寫作為例，翻譯就是五句話，句中往往沒有生詞，考生翻譯成中文往往邏輯不通，語意含混；寫作只需200個詞，考生寫的往往是些Chinglish（中式英語）。出現(xiàn)這種情況，其根本原因是對詞的用法掌握不夠，一個句子、一篇文章不是詞的簡單組合，它要求詞與詞、句與句之間有一種協(xié)調(diào)，這就說明背單詞重要，背單詞的用法更重要。詞匯一:背單詞的方法A)詞根、詞綴法80%的單詞均由這種方法構(gòu)成。掌握這種方法不但對于記單詞非常有利，而且在猜詞上也非常有幫助。范例1：2conformuniforminformformtransformperformconform:1）(to,with)遵守、適應(yīng)、順從reform2）相似、一致、符合Inaschool,studentsareaskedtoconformtomanyrules.體驗：在社會中，人們被要求遵守法律。________________________________________________________________________________.衍生：conformability______形似：confer商談、(on)授予；confirm確認、批準；confine限制、監(jiān)禁；confuse使混亂、迷惑*inform:1）(of,about)通知、告訴、向…報告2）檢舉、告發(fā)Thesalesmanagerasksherstafftoinformhimofeverything.體驗：人們要求政府（government）報告國家財政狀況(NationalFinancialCondition)。______________________________________________________________________________.衍生：informative________；information________；形似：infer推斷；infect傳染；informal非正式的*perform:1）履行、完成、做2）演出、表演Theadultshouldperformtheirobligation（責(zé)任）totheirparents.3___；conformable________；conformation____體驗：父母應(yīng)該對他們的子女盡責(zé)。_________________________________________________________________________.衍生：*performance________；performable________；performer________；形似：*perfect完美的(adj.)、使完美(v.)；perfume香水；*reform:1）改革、改良、改造、改過自新、重新組成（動詞v.）2）改革、改良、改過自新（名詞n.）Chinahastakenplacegreatlyinmanywayssincesheperformed“ReformandOpeningupPolicy”.體驗：由于改革，這個工廠在很多方面都發(fā)生了巨大的變化。___________________________________________________________________________.衍生：形似：refer提到、參考、把…歸因于、叫人去…（以便得到援助）；refine精煉提純；refrain(from)克制、戒除transform:1）使改觀、使改變transportationModernartiststransformedoldartworkbyrepaintingthem.體驗：工人們通過努力hardworking使得這座城市煥然一新。_______________________________________________________________________.衍生：transformer________；transformation________形似：*transfer轉(zhuǎn)移、轉(zhuǎn)讓（v.）；遷移、換乘（n.）；transit通行、運輸；translate翻譯uniform:1）制服、校服2）相同的、均勻的、一致的Inanaverage*school,studentsareaskedtowearuniform.體驗：在一間普通的公司里，職員們employees被要求穿著制服。____________________________________________________________________________.衍生：uniformity________；uniformization________；形似：unification統(tǒng)一化、單一化；unify統(tǒng)一、使一致4B)意群、集團important______________________________________importance_____________________________________good__________________________________________bad___________________________________________responsible__________________________________C)拆分、讀音petrolphenomenonsentimental,soartendstovegetable/vegetation常見詞綴（前綴）（1-10否定;11-12-使得;13-14共同;其他）：1、anti-反、抗anti-Japanese(=against,opposite)anti-Fascistanti-missileantiaircraft注意：anticipate預(yù)料，預(yù)期；antique古董，古代的請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2004.71：Thiscouldmean,forexample,selectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithanti-freezefromanarcticfish,andinsertingitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.A.qualityB.propertyC.priorityD.quantity2、de-除去、否定、下、離開deceivedefrostdepartdeclinedecide決定；decent大方注意：decade十年（期）debate辯論；；的5請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)1--2003.40：ActorPierceBrosnanmayplaythedeadlysuperspyinthemovies,butinreallifeheisa___________fatherandalovinghusband.A.devastated練習(xí)2--2004.31：YoucanusetheCourseCalendartohelp____yourstudentsofimportantdatesinthecourse,suchastestdates.A.warn3、dis-否定disabledisagreedisappeardisappointdisapprovedischargeB.remindC.convinceD.depriveB.deservedC.desperateD.devoted注意：distinct獨特的；discourse論文、(on,upon)講述；display顯示、表現(xiàn)練習(xí)2003.35：Thethreedisrespectfulsonsbegantofeelworriedabouttheultimate____ofthefamily’sproperty.A.proposal練習(xí)2003.27：Nearlyeleventhousandpeoplehavebeenarrestedfordefyingthebanonstreettrading.A.criticizing4、il-不、非illegalilliterateB.neglectingC.blamingD.disclosingB.disposalC.removalD.salvation注意：illuminate照明、照亮；illusion幻覺；illustration說明，闡明請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)1--2004.32：Amongpicturebooksfor4-8-year-olds,severaloutstandingworksappearedthatcombinedoriginalstorieswith_____illustrations.A.imaginableB.imaginative6C.imagingD.imageless練習(xí)2—2002.40：Thefollowingaccountbytheauthor_______thedifferencebetweenEuropeanandAmericanreactions.A.illustrates5、im-不、非impartialimpatientimpossibleimbalanceimmatureB.acquiresC.demandsD.deletes注意：(使得…)impose加重；練習(xí)1--2004.24：請找出共性，猜測使用方法：impress壓?。籭mpulse推動；impact影響__________________________________________________________________Inspiteofaproblemwiththefaultyequipment,someveryusefulworkwasaccomplished.A.imperfect練習(xí)2--2003.16：Theverysightoftheimposingbuildingsassuredthesetouristsofthesignificantchangesinthiscity.A.instinctive6、in-不、非independentindirectindispensableincorrect注意：（使得…）inaugurate開始，就職；influence影響;incline使傾斜、傾向請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)1--2004.29：Fromobservers’estimatesofthebrightnessofthefireball,he___thatthebodyinthespacewasbetween40feetand260feetindiameter.A.deducedB.reducedC.inducedD.producedinevitableinfiniteinformalB.impressiveC.institutionalD.imaginaryB.temporaryC.emergencyD.reinstalled練習(xí)2--2003.21：Thenastylanguageoflocalofficialsmakesthemseemveryignorantandrude.A.artificialB.indecentC.humorous7D.lively7、ir-不、非irregularirrespectiveirrigate灌溉；注意：irritate激怒；請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________8、mis-誤mistakemisconductmisleadmisunderstandmisery痛苦；mission任務(wù)；mistress注意：mischief危害；miserable悲慘的；情婦請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________03年作文題目："Whatwillmoneybringus,fortuneormisfortune?"9、non-非、不nonsensenonexistentnon-nativespeaker請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________2004閱讀第5篇：Imaginehavingaverystronggluethatisnon-toxicandsoflexiblethatitcanpenetratethetiniestholesandcorners,stickingtoanysurface,evenunderwater.10、un-不、無undounemployedunexpectedunfairunforgettableunnecessaryunpleasantunprecedentedunintelligible注意：unite聯(lián)合/unit單元/unique獨一無二的/universal普遍的/university大學(xué)請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2004.20：Allinformationreportedtoorlikewiseobtainedbythecommissionisconsidered8unfortunateunlikeunquestionableunusualunveilconfidential.A.inasimilarwayC.inadirectway練習(xí)2002.20：PersonalityinAmericansisfurthercomplicatedbysuccessivewavesofimmigrationfromvariouscountries.A.uninterrupted11、em-使得embargoembarkembedembraceemergeemployB.successfulC.forcefulD.overwhelmingB.inanotherwayD.inanunauthorizedway請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2003.25：Thenewgovernmentembarkeduponaprogramofradicaleconomicreform.A.initiated12、en-使得enableencodeencounterencourageendangerendeavorendureenforceenhanceenjoyenlargeenlightenenrichensureentailentitle請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2002.18：Manyofthelocalresidentslefthomestowardoffthedangerofflooding.A.overcome13、con-共同concentrateconcludecondenseconferconfineconfirmconserve請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2002.35：Mrs.Browncouldn’tshakethe_______thatthesekidswereindeeptroubleanditwasuptohertohelpthem.A.conversionB.conviction9B.producedC.adoptedD.implementedB.encloseC.encounterD.avoidC.conservationD.convention練習(xí)2003.39：Tomwas___________ofacrimehedidn’tcommit.Hefoughtformanyyearstoclearhisname.A.convicted14、com-共同B.convincedC.conceivedD.condemnedcombinecommunicatecommutecompetecomposecompresscompromise請找出共性，猜測使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2001.18：Nextsemester,Susanmusttakethreecompulsorycourses.A.formalB.voluntaryC.practicalD.required前綴訓(xùn)練（with情態(tài)動詞：can,could,may,might,must,oughtto,need,dare）1、ab-脫離，離開abolish廢除、取消abnormal反常的abroad海外的abuse濫用練習(xí):在任何情況下，人們也不能放棄希望。在任何情況下inanycase2、auto-自己，獨自automatic自動的練習(xí):能can希望hope放棄abandon(vt.)automation自動化autonomy自治在過去10年，擁有自己的汽車可能僅僅是夢想。十年decade擁有havedream3、bi-自己的oftheirown汽車automobile僅僅是only夢想有二的，雙邊的bicycle=bike自行車；binary二進制練習(xí):雙邊關(guān)系的發(fā)展可能將會復(fù)蘇兩國落后的經(jīng)濟。雙邊的bilateral(adj.)發(fā)展developmenteconomy4、ex-由…出來，自10復(fù)蘇awake落后的lagged經(jīng)濟excel勝過；except除了；exclude除了；exile流放；export出口；expedite派出，加速練習(xí)2002.16:I’dliketotakethisopportunitytoextendmyheart-feltgratitudetothehost.A.increase練習(xí):B.prolongC.intensifyD.express除了Frank，他們肯定去過那里了。除了except肯定musthavebeen5、extra-超過，以外練習(xí)2001.33:Marysucceededinliving______herextraordinaryreputation.A.upto練習(xí):B.upC.downD.on老實講，完成這個工程可能需要花費一筆非常巨大的資金。老實講Tobehonest完成工程tocompletetheprogram的、特別的extraordinary資金capital6、hyper-超可能might花費cost非常hyperlink超級鏈接；hypermarket超市；hypersonic超聲的7、inter-在一起，交互interruptinteract互相影響；interchange交換；interpersonal人與人之間的打斷練習(xí):我必須打斷他們的談話，因為我擔(dān)心我們會遲到。打斷interrupt談話conversation擔(dān)心beafraidthat…遲到belate8、over-過度的，上面的overestimateoverflowoverheadoverlapovercoatovercomeoverdooverloadoverlookovernightoverseas練習(xí):overtakeoverthrowovertimeoverwhelming總的來說，人們應(yīng)該采取一些行動。11總的來說overall9、post-在…后應(yīng)該oughtto采取行動takemeasurespostpone使拖延(vt.)練習(xí):postgraduate研究生沒有人敢拖延這件重要的事情。沒有人none敢dare拖延postpone重要的important事情event10、pre-在…前predict預(yù)測preface前言prevent預(yù)防練習(xí):premise前提prepare準備prevail流行preview預(yù)習(xí)事實上，人們需要開始保護瀕危野生動物。事實上Infact需要need開始beginto保護preserve瀕危野生動物endangeredwildanimals11、pro-居前，領(lǐng)先progress進步prolong延長prominent卓越的promote促進propel鼓勵prospect展望練習(xí):旅游可能是促進本地經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的一個有效手段。旅游tourism本地的local可能might有效的effective手段way促進promote12、sub-,suc-,suf-,sup-submarine潛水艇練習(xí):次，亞，在下，低于substandard低于標(biāo)準的succeed繼承successive繼承的我們應(yīng)該繼承那些優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)，以此來獲得更大的發(fā)展。應(yīng)該should繼承succeedprogress13、super-在…上，加之superb極好的練習(xí):優(yōu)秀的excellent傳統(tǒng)tradition獲得gain發(fā)展superficial表面的supervise監(jiān)督對于孩子而言，父母應(yīng)該經(jīng)常監(jiān)督他們。12對于…而言asfaras…(be)concerned父母parentssupervise14、trans-橫過，變換transcribe轉(zhuǎn)錄transfect使傳染翻譯應(yīng)該oughtto監(jiān)督transfer轉(zhuǎn)移transform變形translatetransmute改變transmit傳送transparent顯然的transplant移植transport運輸練習(xí):在很多地方，人們需要從其他地點運輸一些水果和蔬菜。蔬菜vegetable需要need地點spots運輸transport水果fruit15、tri-使用在名詞或形容詞的開頭，表示“三”其他：triangletriangular16、under-在…下，次于undergraduate本科生underline強調(diào)undermine破壞underground地下的understand了解undertake承擔(dān)練習(xí):一個勇敢的人敢于經(jīng)受各種磨難和挑戰(zhàn)。勇敢的brave經(jīng)受undergo(vt.)各種sortsof磨難hardships常見詞綴（后綴）：(1-3動詞后綴4-6副詞后綴練習(xí)的句子中均帶有從句1、-en使…7-17名詞挑戰(zhàn)challenge18-形容詞)widen擴大broaden擴大strengthen加強sharpen使鋒利shorten縮短enrich豐富練習(xí)2001.24Floodshaveunderminedthefoundationoftheancientbridge.A.weakenedB.reachedC.spoiledD.covered練習(xí)：事實證明，學(xué)習(xí)研究生課程使得我們擴大了眼界，豐富了閱歷。事實fact證明prove研究生課程courseofMaster’sdegree擴大了widen眼界horizon豐富了enrich閱歷experience2、-ify…化13classify分類clarify澄清diversify使多樣magnify放大simplify簡化specify指定unify團結(jié)purify提純練習(xí)：我認為我們必須澄清這些問題。否則，后果將會很嚴重。認為believe3、-ize…化必須haveto問題problem后果outcomes嚴重seriouscivilize/civilise使文化idealise/idealize理想化dramatize戲劇化modernize現(xiàn)代化globalize使全球化industrialize使工業(yè)化練習(xí)：很明顯，經(jīng)濟全球化有利也有弊。明顯obvious練習(xí)2003.38：經(jīng)濟economy利advantages弊disadvantagesThereareoftendiscouragingpredictionsthathavenotbeen_______byactualevents.A.verifiedB.utilizedC.mobilizedD.modified4、-ly（參看副詞）carefully小心地beautifully美麗地quickly迅速地練習(xí)1--2004.21：Televisionadvertisementsdomorethanmerelyreflectdominantideologies.A.exactly練習(xí)2--2003.19：Presumably,excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoodshasseriousconsequencesashasbeenproved.Atheoretically練習(xí)3--2003.24：Itisanticipatedthatthiscontractwillsubstantiallyincreasesalesoverthenextthreeyears.A.apparently練習(xí)4--2002.21：Withoutquestion,people’slivesinChinahaveimproveddramaticallyinthe14B.faithfullyC.repeatedlyD.simplyB.PracticallyC.IncrediblyD.ProbablyB.slightlyC.considerablyD.steadilypasttwodecades.A.OutofthequestionB.NodoubtC.NaturallyD.Obviously練習(xí)：作為政府，小心地考慮這個問題是非常必要的。作為as政府government考慮take…intoaccount/considerationnecessary5、-ward(s)必要的forward向前backward后退upward向上downward向下leftward向左rightward向右練習(xí)：關(guān)于這個政策，一些人提出了他們的看法，即政府應(yīng)該延期執(zhí)行它。關(guān)于withregardto政策policy提出看法putforwardanargument延期postpone/putoff6、-wiselikewise同樣地otherwise否則clockwise順時針練習(xí)2004.20：Allinformationreportedtoorlikewiseobtainedbythecommissionisconsideredconfidential.A.inasimilarwayC.inadirectwayB.inanotherwayD.inanunauthorizedway練習(xí)：人們認為我們必須盡快解決這件事，否則它將會影響到今后的發(fā)展。認為agree必須haveto盡快assoonaspossible解決dealwith否則otherwise影響influenceon…badly今后的發(fā)展tomorrow’sdevelopment7、-cion,-sion,-tion動作、狀態(tài)preparation準備promotion提升suspicion懷疑tension緊張練習(xí)1--2004.33：Asskiesfillwithmillionsofmigratingbirds,Europeanscientistssaytheseasonalmiracleappearstodependonaseeming____:Thefatterthebird,themoreefficientlyitflies.15A.interruptioncontradictionB.descriptionC.qualificationD.練習(xí)2--2002.45.Evenatdiscountedprices,thesepowerfulAIDSdrugsarefarbeyond_______formostoftheworld’s40millionHIV-infectedpeople.A.reachimagination8、-ness狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)fitness恰當(dāng)性awareness知道seriousness嚴肅B.controlC.comprehensionD.kindness慈善illness疾病sickness疾病brightness亮度consciousness意識darkness黑暗練習(xí)2004.18：Herstoryshowshowgentlestubbornnessandanindifferencetohonorsandfamecanleadtogreatachievements.A.persuasion9、-ance-enceB.determination性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)C.devotionD.reservationimportance重要性significance重要性confidence信心preference偏愛、優(yōu)先選擇練習(xí)2003.45：“Sinceweareexchanging___________,Itoohaveasecrettoreveal,”saidMary.A.transferences10、-ty,-ityB.transactions抽象名詞reality現(xiàn)實cruelty殘酷specialtyC.confidencesD.promisesvitality重要性ability能力專業(yè)activity活identity身份maturity成熟性練習(xí)2002.20:opportunity機會unity團結(jié)一致PersonalityinAmericansisfurthercomplicatedbysuccessivewavesofimmigrationfromvariouscountries.A.uninterruptedoverwhelming11、-ment運動16B.successfulC.forcefulD.movement移動government政府development發(fā)展achievement成就movement運動amusement娛樂活動enrichment豐富increment上升練習(xí)2002.19：TheStateCouncilwilllaydownnewrulesthataimtomakemanagementcompatiblewithinternationallyacceptedconventions.A.conferences12、-ism主義B.conversationsC.practicesD.formationsidealism理想主義realism現(xiàn)實主義capitalism資本主義socialism社會主義練習(xí)2003.22:Weshouldn’ttreatchildrenaspeersorfriends,butguidetheminmakingtheirchoices,evenifitmeanswithsomediscipline.A.persuasionB.punishmentC.rewardsD.criticism13、-an,-al,-ant/-ent,-ee（被動）/-er（主動）,-ian，-ist（人，主義者ism匹配）American美國人African非洲人musician音樂家politician政治家vegetarian素食主義者professional專家assistant助理peasant農(nóng)夫student學(xué)生employer/employee雇主/雇員trainer/trainee培訓(xùn)員/培訓(xùn)學(xué)員artist藝術(shù)家學(xué)家14、-age性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、行為breakage破壞marriage婚姻percentage百分比postage郵資sewerage污水練習(xí):在大城市，水的需求量越來越大。這將會導(dǎo)致這些城市缺水。scientist科學(xué)家economist經(jīng)濟學(xué)家psychologist心理需求量demandfor越來越多becomeincreasing缺shortage15、-ology學(xué)科、論、研究將會might導(dǎo)致leadto短biology生物學(xué)；oceanology海洋資源學(xué)；philology語言學(xué)；psychology心理學(xué)練習(xí)2002.38Technologyhas_______thesharing,storageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.17A.finished練習(xí):B.furnishedC.functionedD.facilitated正如人們所見，科技在帶給人們利益的同時，也產(chǎn)生了一些危害。正如人們所見Itiswellwitnessthat…不但…而且notonly…butalso技術(shù)technology帶來bringabout16、-ship性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)利益benefits產(chǎn)生pose危害riskshardship苦難friendship友誼leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力；membership成員relationship關(guān)系練習(xí)2004.閱讀4：Yetmultipleauthorship---howevergooditmaybeinotherways---presentsforjournalsandfortheinstitutionsinwhichtheseauthorswork.17、-hoodchildhood童年brotherhood兄弟關(guān)系neighborhood四鄰練習(xí)2004文章3：DiegoChiapello,legallyblindsincebirth,isn’toneofItaly’sfamous“mama’sboys”wholivewiththeirparentsintoadulthood.46.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribes“mama’sboys”?A.Ordinary.練習(xí)2003.34:Howstrangeitisthatthehabithedevelopedinhischildhoodstill________him.A.takesto練習(xí):B.clingstoC.attendstoD.addstoB.Optimistic.C.Dependent.D.Desirable.falsehood錯誤，虛妄對于一個國家，維持良好的周邊鄰里關(guān)系是非常重要的。對于Of國家nation維持maintain鄰里neighborhood良好stableimportant18、-ible,-able,-ble可…的，能…的重要的unbelievable不可信的tolerable可忍受的capable能干的comfortable舒服的18comparable可比的readable易讀的responsible負責(zé)的accessible易受影響的compatible兼容的feasible可行的sensible明智的visible顯著的19、-alnational國家的exceptional例外的20、-enGolden金色的21、-fulwoolen羊毛wooden木制的充滿…的，具有…性質(zhì)的cupful一滿杯fearful可怕的armful一抱之量awful可怕的handful少數(shù)的的helpful有益的；peaceful平靜的playful愛玩耍useful有益plentiful大量的wonderful奇妙的thoughtful有思想性的，體貼的22、-ic,-ical類似…的，具有…的academic理論的pessimistic悲觀的practical現(xiàn)實的23、-ish似…的，有…的Swedish瑞realistic現(xiàn)實的childish幼稚的British英國的foolish愚蠢的greenish綠色的典的24、-ive25、-less有…性質(zhì)的，有…作用的，屬于…沒有…的blameless無可指責(zé)的dauntless無所畏懼的hopeless沒有希望的homeless無家可歸的26、-like…般的27、-y-ly如…的,有…特征的cowardly膽怯的curly卷曲的daily每天hourly每小時lovely可愛的manly男子氣的monthly每月的sisterly像姐妹般的smelly臭氣熏天的weekly每周的yearly每年28、-ous,-ious充滿…的arduous辛勤的dangerous危險的famous著名的jealous妒嫉的joyous快樂的cautious謹慎的courteous有禮貌的conscious有意識的；tedious/monotonous單調(diào)的19練習(xí)2004.19Wehavearesponsibilitytoensureournation’scontinuedprosperityandthemostsensiblewaytodothisisbyinvestmentinbasicscientificresearch.A.effective2003.32Amongpicturebooksfor4-8-year-olds,severaloutstandingworksappearedthatcombinedoriginalstorieswith_____illustrations.A.imaginable2002.17Chinesefarmersaremostlylivingasimpleandthriftylifeasitistoday.A.miserable2002.24Asaresultofsophisticatedtechnologies,thisdevicehasseveraladvantagesoverlikeproducts.A.traditional2002.26Whentakeninlargequantitiessomedrugscancausepermanentbraindamage.A.lastingB.seriousC.terribleD.temporaryB.intelligentC.industriousD.advancedB.economicalC.luxuriousD.sensibleB.imaginativeC.imagingD.imagelessB.efficientC.significantD.reasonable語法部分語法一冠詞、名詞、代詞1、冠詞--(不定冠詞:aoran;定冠詞:the;零冠詞)1.1不定冠詞的用法A)a用在輔音consonant前；an用在元音vowel(a,e,i,o,u)前。判斷使用哪一個，不應(yīng)僅僅憑借單詞的第一個字母判斷，發(fā)音是關(guān)鍵。Unusual;usual__smartidea,__island,__universitystudent,__honestguy,play__one-actplay__importantroleB)a=any表示種類的總稱Asnakeisadangerousanimal.C)a=thesameEx:Thebirdsofafeatherflocktogether.（物以類聚，人以20群分。）D)“have(ortake)+a+抽象名詞,與其動詞同義Let’shaveadrink.挑錯:1)對學(xué)生而言，他的同學(xué)不但是朋友，還是老師。Toastudent,oneofhisclassmatesisafriendandatutor.2)原油是一種廣泛使用的古代能源。CrudePetroleumistheancientsourceofenergy.3)經(jīng)理的原則就是確保每一個行動或決定都能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)一個精心布置的目標(biāo)。Theprincipleofmanageristoensurethateveryactionordecisionachievesacarefullyplannedgoal.1.2定冠詞的用法A)由于上下文的關(guān)系,某名詞所指的東西已經(jīng)很明顯或已經(jīng)被描述過,該名詞前加the。Showmethemoney.(Astrangespiderbithimonboard.Thespiderisblackwidow.)B)用作短語或從句所修飾的名詞之前。Itisthebookstoreofmyown.（of修飾）Thisistherightplace(that)Iamlookingfor.（定語從句）IsittheonlyreasonIagreewiththeaboveidea?（同位語從句）C)加在很多形容詞前，表示一類人富人與窮人_____________；青年人與老年人_____________;聰明人_______________.D)階級、黨派的名詞前。工人階級theworkingclass；共產(chǎn)黨TheCommunistParty；E)宇宙間[第一無二]的天體名詞之前。Thesun,TheMilkyway（銀河系）F)用在方位或方向等名詞前。Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.G)樂器前要加the。thepiano/violin/guitar/flute長笛/pipes蘇格蘭風(fēng)笛H)最高級形容詞或序數(shù)詞的前面必須加the。Thefirstreasonis“Nothingisconstantexceptchange”.I)一些專有名詞（一定要關(guān)注：閱讀的細節(jié)題目出處）ThePacific,TheMayFlower,TheTimes.21改錯：1)受過教育的人能夠充分利用他們的所學(xué)。Educatedarecapableoftakeadvantageof(makegooduseof)whattheyhavelearned.2)一條鐵路從東到西，穿過整個城市。Arailwaygoesthroughthecityasawholefromeasttowest.1.3零冠詞A)用于專有名詞、抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞我來自中國。重要性值得關(guān)注。IamfromChina.Importanceisworthnoting.鋼鐵是非常重要的資源。Steelandironareveryimportantresources.B)用于稱呼、節(jié)假日、季節(jié)、月份、星期Mr.Brown,SpringFestival,InWinter,InJanuary,OnMondayC)School,church,hospital等字，不加冠詞表示愿有用途或意思;若指建筑物本身要加冠詞。Afterchurch,anarmyofChristiansleftthechurch.D)固定詞組atschool,indanger,gotobed,bybus,onfoot,lieinhospital.2.名詞2.1名詞的數(shù)的概念A(yù))有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)但是意義為單數(shù)（形復(fù)意單）學(xué)科名稱：mathematics,linguistics,politics;專有名詞：theUnitedStates,TheUnitedNationsB)由兩個部分所組成的物件名稱常用復(fù)數(shù)形：trousers,pants,***這些名詞做主語時要用復(fù)數(shù)動詞，但前有a(good)pairof用單數(shù)動詞。Thescissorsaren’tsharp.A(good)pairofscissorsisonthedesk.C)不加s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞有兩種：必須加定冠詞的集體名詞：thepolice不必須加冠詞的集體名詞：peopleD)集體名詞指單一的集體時用單數(shù)動詞，指個別的組成分子時用復(fù)數(shù)動詞：Myfamilyisalargeone.Myfamilyareallverywell.22E)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)用：抽象名詞做普通名詞用：Hehasdonemeakindness(=anactofkindness)F)抽象名詞的慣用法：of+抽象名詞=形容詞：ofuse=useful,athingofvalue=avaluablething2.2所有格名詞的構(gòu)成和用法：A)人或動物名詞在詞尾加(’s)或(’)：[單數(shù)名詞+‘s]Theboy’snewshirt;thehorse’stail；[復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾有s+(‘)]Girls’school；[復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾無s+(‘s)]women’shospitalB)無生命的名詞的所有格不可在詞尾加’s或‘,必須用of表示：thetitleofthebook***上述情況的例外：一種情況為：當(dāng)表時間、距離、長度、重量和價格的名詞：aweek’sholidays;tenmiles’walk;atastone’sthrow；擬人化的名詞：fortune’scruelty,science’sinfluence;heaven’swill；。另一種情況為：人物和動物名詞的所有格也可用of表示：theparentsofthechild=thechild’sparents2.3雙重所有格：當(dāng)a(n),this,these,that,some,any,no…等詞與所有格名詞修飾同一名詞時，兩者不能同時放在該名詞前面，要用雙重所有格的形式，即：a(this,that,…)+名詞+of+所有格名詞AdaughterofMrs.Brown’shasarrived.2.4名詞作同位語：A)同位語和它前面的名詞是指同一人或事物：Aneighbor,FredBrick,isonthetelephone.B)為了加強語氣，同位語也可變動位置：Anusualpresent,abookonethics,awaithim=Anunusualpresentawaithim,abookonethics.C)不定式短語亦可作同位語：Theappealtojointhemovementwaswellreceived.D)That引導(dǎo)的名詞從句可以做同位語：Iagreewiththeoldsayingthatnopain,nogain.23練習(xí)：1)Twentyyearsinprisonarearidiculouslyharshpenaltyforanactionthatwas,afterall,agreeduponbybothpeopleinvolved.(2004.83)2)Basicknowledgesofmathematicandelectronicswasusedtodevelopthestudents’intelligence.3)Infact,thereisnoanyinformationsabouttheincreaseofpetrolcost.3.代詞3.1人稱代詞的分類：人稱代詞主格第一人稱第二人You稱復(fù)數(shù)s陽性單數(shù)第三人中性稱Themselve復(fù)數(shù)TheyTheyThemTheirTheirss(1)人稱代詞的格：i.ii.主格：He,notshe,isinthewrong.(主語)；賓格：Telluswhatyouwant.（賓語）；EveryonepresentsexceptmelikedtheItItsItsItself陰性HeSheHimHerHisHerHersHimselfHerselfYourYoursYourselve單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)IWe賓格MeOur物主代詞反身代詞所有格MyOur所有代詞MineOursMyselfOurselvesYourselfplay.(介詞的賓語)iii.所有格：作為形容詞后接名詞：Johnhascuthisfinger;apparentlytherewasabrokenglassonhisdesk；代詞用法代替所有形容詞+名詞，以避免重復(fù)：Thiswatchismine.[mine寫成mywatch即重復(fù)]；作為雙重所有格：公式如下：a,an,some,any,no,another,each,such,several,which,what,this,these,that,those+名詞+of+所有代詞24Itisnobusinessofyours.AfriendofminehasgonetoJapan.(2)反身代詞：當(dāng)主語和賓語為同一人或物時，該用反身代詞。IamteachingmyselfEnglish.Shesawherselfinthelooking-glass.///Shekilledherself.(主語、賓語為同一人)；Shekilledher.（主語、賓語為兩人）；為了加強語氣也可有如下的用法：Isawhimdoithimself.Imyselfsawhimdoit.3.2指示代詞：A)this,these,that,those的用法：this,these表示較近的人或物；that,those表示較遠的人或物。1)this,that可以代替前面所提過的短語、從句或句子，以避免重復(fù)。Itwasraininghard,andthiskeptusindoors；2)that,those為避免重復(fù)可代替前面所說過的名詞。Thisclimateislikethat(=theclimate)ofKorea.3.3It的用法：A)it可以代替前面說過的名詞。Hetookastoneandthrewit(=thestone)B)也可以用來代替前面已經(jīng)說過的短語或從句。HeistryingtowinascholarshiptoOxford.Hewon’tfinditeasy.Headvisedmetodoso,butIthoughtitquiteuseless.C)指時間、天氣、距離、溫度、季節(jié)等。Itisfinetoday.Whatahardwinteritis!Itisfivemilesthere.D)指談?wù)撝械娜?、物或事情等。Someonewasmovingstealthilyabouttheroom;itwasaburglar.E)代替中性名詞（如baby,child），亦可指動物。Thechildlostits(=hisorher)way.Acowisausefulanimal.Itgivesusmilk.F)It作形式主語或形式賓語，代替真正的主語或真正賓語。形式主語：It’sapitytomakeafoolofyou.(Tomakeafoolofyouisapity)Itdoesn’tmatterwhatyoudo.Itwasconsideredimpossibleforanyonetoescape.Itwaseasygettingtheequipmentloaded.形式賓語：Ifinditexcitingworkinghere.(Ifindworkinghereexciting.25Workinghereisexciting)Hemadeithisbusinesstosettlethematter.Iowe（歸功于）ittoyouthatthejuryacquitted（宣告無罪）me.Itis/was+所要強調(diào)的成分+that(orwhich,who,whom,where)：強調(diào)的部分可以是主語、賓語或副詞短語。washethat(orwho)fellillduringthevoyage.ItItwasduringthevoyagethathefellill.***that之前所指的是人時，可用who,是物時，可用which;是時間時，可用when。3.4關(guān)系代詞:who,whose,whom,which和that引導(dǎo)定語從句1)Thefilmwhich/that/(that)Isawlastnightisaboutayoungdoctor.2)Theengineer,whosebrotherismyfriend,isnotworkinginthelargestship-buildingcompanyinourprovince.3.5疑問代詞：who,whom,whose,which和what及其用法1）在特殊疑問句中Whatisyourname?Whoiscomingtodinner?2)在復(fù)合句中Whowillbeinchargeoftheworkisnotdecidedyet.（引導(dǎo)主語從句）Doyouknowwhoiscomingtogiveusthelectureonmoderndramatoday?（引導(dǎo)賓語從句）練習(xí)：1)2004.81Thefarmerknowssomethingthatthewholecivilizedmankindseemstohaveforgotten,2)2004.87Theyarenewcomersanddon’trealizewhattakesittostartandrunabusinesshere.3)2003.P2.6Thedetailedstudyoffossils,ratherlikeacrimeinvestigation,itinvolvesthepiecingtogetherofmanydiversefragmentsofevidence.4)2003.P2.826WhiletherootsofsocialpsychologylieintheintellectualsoilofthewholeWesterntradition,it’spresentfloweringisrecognizedtobecharacteristicallyanAmerican5)2002.P2.1.Thenewtechnologyhasmadepossibleforthedoctortomakediagnoseswithoutseeingthepatientinperson.語法二形容詞（含數(shù)詞形容詞）、副詞1、形容詞1.1Some/Any：A)一般Some用于肯定句（修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞）；一些人