淺析空白票據(jù)的產(chǎn)生和效力論文

淺析空白票據(jù)的產(chǎn)生和效力論文內(nèi)容提要：商人基于交易便捷的需要發(fā)明了空白票據(jù)，各國為了維護票據(jù)交易秩序，在原則上規(guī)定欠絕對應(yīng)記載事項的票據(jù)歸于無效的同時，或承認或明確規(guī)定了票據(jù)空白制度，從而形成票據(jù)法上的空白票據(jù)制度。由于空白票據(jù)的不完全性導(dǎo)致它在流通過程中產(chǎn)生種種問題，本文從空白票據(jù)的產(chǎn)生和效力方面，區(qū)分空白票據(jù)不同階段不同情況加以論述，并指出我國空白票據(jù)法律制度存在的問題。關(guān)鍵詞：空白票據(jù),公示催告,掛失止付空白票據(jù)是發(fā)票人在簽發(fā)票據(jù)時，有意將票據(jù)上應(yīng)記載的事項不記完全，留待持票人以后補充，又稱為空白授權(quán)票據(jù)。所以說空白票據(jù)它是行為人有意識地、故意地做不完全記載并授予他人補充權(quán)。由于該種票據(jù)存在記載事項空缺，因而英美法稱為未完成票據(jù)或不完整票據(jù)。一、空白票據(jù)的產(chǎn)生空白票據(jù)在流通中最容易導(dǎo)致交易的不安全性，所以在票據(jù)產(chǎn)生的初期，世界各國都不承認空白票據(jù)的存在，因為它與票據(jù)的文義性、要式性相違背。比如日本明治十五年的匯票本票條例，明治三十二年商法第四編票據(jù)章則均不承認空白票據(jù)。我國臺灣票據(jù)法在1962年5月28日修正前亦不承認空白票據(jù)的效力。舊中國的票據(jù)法亦沒有關(guān)于票據(jù)的規(guī)定。今天法律之所以在一定程度上認可空白票據(jù)完全是因為商業(yè)實踐行為的促成，由于經(jīng)濟上的需要，出票人在出票時不能確定某項必要記載事項，又必須將票據(jù)交出，于是先行簽發(fā)票據(jù)而將不能確定的事項留待持票人日后填補。由此可見，空白票據(jù)是建立在票據(jù)關(guān)系人之間高度信任的基礎(chǔ)上的，如果沒有對他人遵守誠實信用的信任，空白票據(jù)出票人是不會毫不理性地預(yù)留空白而授權(quán)他人日后填補的。同時，商人們使用空白票據(jù)獲得了交易的便捷、迅速和利益的最大化。如果等確定了交易的一切內(nèi)容或雙方滿意的交易條件成熟再簽發(fā)票據(jù)的話，可能會因此失去許多交易的機會，還可能導(dǎo)致交易成本增大，這顯然不符合市場經(jīng)濟快速效率的原則?；诮灰椎男枰瞻灼睋?jù)得以長期大量的使用。各國為了維護票據(jù)交易秩序，在原則上規(guī)定欠絕對應(yīng)記載事項的票據(jù)歸于無效的同時，或承認或明確規(guī)定了票據(jù)空白制度，從而形成票據(jù)法上的空白票據(jù)制度?，F(xiàn)今我國的《票據(jù)法》第86條規(guī)定：“支票上的金額可以由出票人授權(quán)補記，未補記前的支票，不得使用?！钡?7條第1款規(guī)定：“支票上未記載收款人名稱的，經(jīng)出票人授權(quán)可以補記?！钡珜R票、支票沒有相關(guān)的規(guī)定，應(yīng)視為不允許授權(quán)他人補充?！镀睋?jù)法》只規(guī)定和承認空白支票的形式，行為人簽發(fā)空白支票的行為為有效的行為。我們要看到我國《票據(jù)法》雖然承認空白支票的行為，但是但是該行為限定在出票行為上，不允許空白背書、空白保證、空白承兌等行為。同時還對空白的事項進行了限制，即空白事項僅為金額和收款人名稱。二、空白票據(jù)的效力現(xiàn)實生活中空白票據(jù)大量被使用，所以確定空白票據(jù)的效力是一個非常重要的問題，在此，個人認為應(yīng)區(qū)分以下不同情況來分別對待：1、補充完全前的法律效力空白票據(jù)補充權(quán)未行使之前，因欠缺絕對應(yīng)記載事項，票據(jù)上的權(quán)利義務(wù)于未確定的狀態(tài)，票據(jù)義務(wù)人無法履行義務(wù)，持票人無法行使相關(guān)權(quán)利。另外，關(guān)于持票人對空白票據(jù)提出付款請求權(quán)問題，由于票據(jù)內(nèi)容空缺，票據(jù)權(quán)利不確定，持票人提出的付款請求權(quán)顯然沒有依據(jù)，所以不發(fā)生法律上的效力。對出票人也有一定的約束，出票人一經(jīng)交付空白支票，就不得要求返還，也不能擅自撤回補充權(quán)或變更空白票據(jù)的內(nèi)容。這里還有一個補充完全前的空白票據(jù)遺失或者被盜后發(fā)生的效力問題。我國票據(jù)法規(guī)定，票據(jù)喪失，失票人可以及時通知票據(jù)的付款人掛失止付。有人會想到利用公示催告程序來補救，筆者認為不可，因為持票人還未行使補充權(quán)便不慎遺失或被盜，這時該票據(jù)行為還沒有完成，該票據(jù)也不是有效票據(jù)，不能空白背書，而我國公示催告程序申請的原因必須是可以背書轉(zhuǎn)讓的票據(jù)被盜、遺失或滅失。所以，失票人不能依公示催告程序來補救。既然不能公示催告，那么是不是可以向法院提起訴訟呢？依照我國民事訴訟法的規(guī)定，必須有具體的訴訟請求才能提起訴訟。而空白票據(jù)事項欠缺，權(quán)利處在不確定的狀態(tài)下，法院無法確定付款人應(yīng)履行的義務(wù)，所以也不能通過普通訴訟來獲得救濟，但是，如果有人拾得空白票據(jù)不返還，失票人可以向法院起訴。所以，失票人只能及時通知付款人掛失止付，不能依公示催告程序和訴訟程序來補救。2、補充完整的票據(jù)的效力補充完整的票據(jù)的效力要分成兩種情況來對待，一般情況下，空白票據(jù)經(jīng)補充權(quán)人作了必要的補充后，就成為了完全票據(jù)，具有與自始完全票據(jù)同樣的法律效力。持票人可以向所有票據(jù)債務(wù)人行使票據(jù)權(quán)利，也可以通過背書或交付的方式轉(zhuǎn)讓給他人；票據(jù)義務(wù)人不得以原來未記載完整為由對抗持票人，也不能以補充的事項不符合原訂立合同來對抗持票人。另一種情況就是補充權(quán)被濫用時的效力。所謂的補充權(quán)濫用也有三種類型：一種是補充權(quán)人超越授權(quán)補記范圍；二是補充權(quán)人沒有被授權(quán)的意思而進行的補記；三是補充權(quán)人的不作為。不管屬于哪種情形，補充權(quán)人濫用補充權(quán)時，票據(jù)義務(wù)人都可以采取對人抗辯來維護自己的權(quán)益。具體來說，首先，取得票據(jù)時知道有補記權(quán)濫用的情形存在，或者因重大過失而未查知補記權(quán)濫用的持票人，票據(jù)義務(wù)人可以以補記權(quán)濫用對抗取得票據(jù)者。其次，對抗濫用補記權(quán)人。持票人沒有按照授權(quán)補充協(xié)議或違反產(chǎn)生補記權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)范圍對空白票據(jù)進行補記的，授權(quán)人可以對持票人提出抗辯。再次，不得對抗善意持票人。為了維護善意持票人的權(quán)利，對取得票據(jù)時無惡意也無重大過失的善意持票人，出票人不能以補充權(quán)濫用為由進行抗辯。3、空白票據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)讓的效力空白票據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)讓的效力主要問題就是講空白票據(jù)是否可以背書轉(zhuǎn)讓，轉(zhuǎn)讓效力怎樣的問題，這兩個問題也是空白票據(jù)效力的核心問題。未記載完全的空白票據(jù)屬于未完成票據(jù)，不具有完成票據(jù)的所有機能和效力。由于經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和商業(yè)生活的需要，不管理論上還是實踐上世界其他國家的票據(jù)立法和司法實踐都承認空白票據(jù)背書轉(zhuǎn)讓的效力，允許空白票據(jù)的流通。它的轉(zhuǎn)讓與普通票據(jù)相同，可以是背書轉(zhuǎn)讓，也可以是交付轉(zhuǎn)讓。但是我國《票據(jù)法》規(guī)定未經(jīng)補記的空白票據(jù)“不得使用”。這里的不得使用不應(yīng)該解釋為不得背書轉(zhuǎn)讓，相反，應(yīng)肯定其背書轉(zhuǎn)讓的效力。因為票據(jù)具有文義性，所以無法判斷已經(jīng)補充的票據(jù)究竟是何時補充的，同時何時補充也不影響其所產(chǎn)生的法律后果。對于實踐中調(diào)整票據(jù)當事人之間的關(guān)系，確認票據(jù)上的權(quán)利義務(wù)歸屬是十分必要的。三、結(jié)語綜上所述，我國當前的空白票據(jù)規(guī)則在適用范圍上過于狹窄，不僅只限于空白支票，而且對于空白票據(jù)的保護也僅限于出票階段，使得那些因商業(yè)慣例行事的誠信商人得不到應(yīng)有的保障；對于補記事項也限于金額和收款人，對持票人失票救濟方面我國票據(jù)法沒有明確的規(guī)定等方面存在很多的不足，加上長期的思想偏見和我國司法實踐的某些失誤,導(dǎo)致有的學(xué)者及從事金融、司法實踐的同志對我國《票據(jù)法》及《上海市票據(jù)暫行規(guī)定》上述關(guān)于空白支票的規(guī)定有著不正確認識和理解。如:我國的票據(jù)法雖然沒有明確禁止簽發(fā)空白票據(jù),但是從銀行結(jié)算管理的角度,是禁止開具空白支票的。例如中國人民銀行《關(guān)于不得簽發(fā)空白支票的補充規(guī)定》要求‘健全內(nèi)容管理制度,禁止開具空白支票’;應(yīng)該認為,簽發(fā)空白轉(zhuǎn)賬支票是違法的?！痹谧鳛槲覈痉芍坏摹镀睋?jù)法》已經(jīng)十分明確地肯定空白支票合法性、有效性的情況下,尚以中國人民銀行的行政性規(guī)章為依據(jù)來認定空白支票存在的違法性,不能不說是一個理論認識上的偏差。對我國市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生看來了嚴重的影響，因此需要完善相關(guān)的法律制度。Summary:MerchantTransactionconvenienttoinventablankbills,billscountriesinordertomaintaintradeorder,theprincipleslaidoweabsolutelyshouldinvalidatemattersdescribedinnotesatthesametime,ortherecognitionorclearlydefinedsystemofblankbill,therebyformingbillblanknotessystemlaw.Becauseofincompletebillsblankcausesittohaveallkindsofproblemsinthecirculationprocess,thisarticlefromtheproductionandeffectivenessofblankbillsofdifferentcircumstancesindifferentstagesofblankbillstobeaddressed,andnotedthatthelegalsystemofblankbillProblems.Keywords:blankbill,thepublicnotice,lostinstrumentBlankbillinvoiceatthetimeofissuanceofbills,willbeinterestedinthematterdescribedinthebilldonotrememberexactly,supplementedlaterleftholder,alsoknownasablankauthorizationticket.Soitisablankbillperpetratorconsciouslyandintentionallydonotfullydocumentedandgiveotherstherighttosupplement.Becauseofthiskindofbillmattervacanciesrecorded,andthereforecalledcommonlawbillsunfinishedorincompletebills.First,ablankbillBlankbillsincirculationthemosteasilyleadtounsafesextrade,soearlyinthenotesproduced,theworlddoesnotrecognizetheexistenceofblanknotes,becauseofthecontextitnotes,contrarytotheformulaof.Forexample,JapanMeijififteenyearsofdraftregulationspromissorynotes,commercialMeijithreeyearsinChapterIVofthebilldidnotrecognizeblankbills.NegotiableInstrumentsinTaiwanbeforeMay28,1962amendednoracknowledgetheeffectivenessofblanknotes.OldChinaNegotiableInstrumentshasnoprovisionsonthebill.Today,thelegalreasonwhyacertainextentrecognitionblankbillssimplybecausethebusinesspracticebehaviorcontributedbecauseofeconomicnecessity,thedrawerwhentheticketisnotnecessarytodeterminewhetheraparticularitemsmentioned,itmusthandoverthebills,sofirstmattersissuedbillsbutwillnotdeterminethefutureoftheleftholderfilled.Thus,theblankbillisbasedonahighdegreeoftrustbetweenthenotesontherelationshipbetweenman,ifnotcompliedwithtrustandgoodfaithofothers,blankbillsdrawerisnotnorationalreservationblankandauthorizefuturefilled.Atthesametime,merchantsuseblankbillstogetaconvenienttransactions,quicklyandmaximizebenefits.Ifeverythingisdeterminedandothertransactionoramutuallysatisfactorytradingconditionsareripeforre-issuanceofnotes,youmaylosetheopportunityofmanytransactionsmayalsoleadtoincreasedtransactioncosts,whichisclearlyincompatiblewiththeprinciplesofmarketeconomy,rapidefficiency.Itneeds-basedtransactions,blankbillstoalargenumberoflong-termuse.Statesinordertomaintaintradeordernotes,inprinciple,theprovisionsdescribedinbillsowedabsolutelymattersshouldinvalidatethesametime,ortherecognitionorclearlydefinedsystemofblankbill,therebyformingablankvouchersystemonNegotiableInstruments.TodayChina's"NegotiableInstrumentsLaw"Article86stipulates:"Theamountonthecheckmaybeauthorizedbythedraweruprecords,checksnotremembertheformercomplement,notuse."Article87,paragraph1,states:"Norecordsonthechecknameofthepayee,thedrawerauthorizationmayberecorded."butfordrafts,checksnorelevantprovisions,shallbedeemednotallowedtoauthorizeotherstoadd."NegotiableInstruments"andonlyrequiresrecognitionintheformofablankcheck,behaviorperpetratorissuingablankcheckforvalidbehavior.WewanttoseeChina's"NegotiableInstruments"Whileacknowledgingthatthebehaviorofablankcheck,butbuttheactdefinesthebehavioroftheticketdoesnotallowablankendorsement,guaranteeblankblankacceptancesbehavior.Italsomatterstoblanktherestrictionthatonlytheamountofwhitematterandpayeename.Second,theeffectivenessofblankbillsInreallifealotofblankbillsareused,determiningtheeffectivenessofablankbillisaveryimportantissueinthis,personallyIthinkweshoulddifferentiatethefollowingcircumstancestobetreatedseparately:1,beforethefullcomplementoflegaleffectBeforeblankbilldoesnotexercisetherighttosupplement,becauseofthelackofabsolutetobestatedonthebillofrightsandobligationsinundeterminedconditionobligorbillscannotfulfillitsobligations,theholdercannotexercisetherelevantrights.Further,theholderoftherighttodemandpaymentmadeblankbillissueduebillscontentvacanciesrightsbilluncertain,paymentclaimssubmittedholderclearlyunfounded,thelegaleffectdoesnotoccur.Againstthedrawertherearecertainconstraintsupondeliverydrawerblankcheck,itmaynotrequirethereturncannotbewithdrawnwithouttherighttosupplementorchangethecontentsofablankbill.Thereisalsoasupplementaryeffectproblemcompletelylostorstolenblankbillbeforeafter.ProvisionsofNegotiableInstruments,lostnegotiableinstruments,theholdermaynotifythepayertostoppaymentonthelostinstrument.Somepeoplemaythinkofusingpublicnoticeproceduretoremedy,Ibelieve,too,becausetheholderhasnotexercisedtherighttosupplementitislostorstolen,thenthebehavioroftheinstrumentisnotyetcomplete,theinstrumentisnotavalidticket,cannotbeablankendorsement,andthereasonofthepublicnoticeproceduremustbeabletoapplyforendorsementofbillsstolen,lostordestroyed.Therefore,thelossofvotescannotberemediedbypublicnoticeprocedure.SinceIcannotthepublicnotice,itisnotabletoaccesstothecourtsdo?AccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCivilProcedureLaw,theremustbespecificclaimtosue.Theblankbillstoinadequate,claimedinanuncertainstate,thecourtcannotdeterminethedutypayershouldfulfill,soitcannotbeobtainedthroughthenormallitigationrelief,butifsomeonedoesnotreturntheLostBlankbills,lostticketmayapplytothecourt.So,peoplecanonlylosevotespromptlynotifythepayerlostinstrument,notinaccordancewiththeprescribedprocedureandproceedingstoremedy.2,theeffectivenessofthefullcomplementofinstrumentsEffectfullcomplementofinstrumentstobedividedintotwocasestobetreated,undernormalcircumstances,blankbillssupplementedownersmadethenecessarycomplementlater,becameafullbill,beginningwiththefullbillhasthesamelegaleffect.Theholdermayexerciseallrightsbilldebtorsmaybetransferredtoanotherpersonbywayofendorsementordelivery;obligorshallnotbebasedontheoriginalbilldidnotrecordthecompletegroundagainsttheholder,nortosupplementthematterdoesnotmeettheoriginalconclusioncontractagainsttheholder.Inothercases,theeffectivenessofsupplementsbeingabusedwhen.Theso-calledsupplementaryrightsabusealsohasthreetypes:oneistherightcomplementofpeoplebeyondtheauthorizedrangeuprecords;thesecondistherighttomakesupplementarynotehasnotbeenauthorizedbythemeaningcarriedout;thethirdistherighttosupplementhisinaction.Nomatterwhatpartofthecase,therighttoabusesupplementsupplementstemporaryobligorbillscantakeonhumandefensestoprotecttheirowninterests.Specifically,first,whenthebillsgettoknowthesituationrightuprecordsofbuseexists,orduetogrossnegligencebutnotrightuprecordscheckontheabuseoftheholder,theobligationtofillthebillcanrememberrightabuseagainstthebillweremade.Secondly,thepeopleagainsttheabuseoftherighttofillinmind.Noauthorizationholderinaccordancewiththebasisoftherangeofsupplementalagreementsorviolatetherighttoproducecomplementmindblankbillswereuprecords,theauthorizedpersonmayfileacounter-holder.Again,cannotchallengeanybonafideholder.Inordertosafeguardtherightsofbonafideholderofthenotesmadenomalicewhennogrossnegligencebonafideholder,thedrawercannotabusetherighttosupplementthegroundsofdefense.3,theeffectivenessofthetransferofablankbillEffectivenessofthemainproblemsisthetransferofablankbillbillscantellwhetherablankendorsement,theeffectivenessofhowthetransferissue,thetwoissuesarealsothecoreissueoftheeffectivenessofblankbills.Undocumentedcompletelyblankbillsbelongunfinishedbills,donothavealltheperformanceandeffectivenessofthecompletenotes.Duetotheneedofeconomicdevelopmentandbusinesslife,whetherintheoryorbilllegislationandjudicialpracticeonthepracticeofothercountriesintheworldhaverecognizedtheeffectivenessofblankendorsementofbillsthatallowtheflowofblanknotes.Ittransfersthesamewithordinarybills,maybetransferredbyendorsement,itcanbedeliveredforsale.ButChina's"NegotiableInstruments"providesablankbillwithoutuprecords"shallnotbeused."Shallnotbeusedhereshouldnotbeconstruedasendorsementmaynot,onthecontrary,theeffectivenessoftheirendorsementshouldbeaffirmed.Becausethebillhasacontext,andsowasunabletodeterminewhetherabillhasbeenaddedwhenaddedatthesametimewhenthesupplementdoesnotaffectthelegalconsequencesitproduces.Forthepracticetoadjusttherelationshipbetweenthepartiestotheinstrumenttoconfirmtherightsandobligationsvestedonthebillitisnecessary.Third,theconclusionInsummary,thecurrentrulesoftheblankbillistoonarrowinscope,notlimitedtojustablankcheck,butalsofortheprotectionofblankbillsislimit