英語(yǔ)辯論介紹課件

IntroductionofParliamentaryDebateIntroductionofParliamentary1I.Definitionofdebate:Debateiddefinedas“exchangeofreasoning”Inotherwords,itisaquestioningexplorationthatischanging,energeticanddynamic.II.Stylesofdebate:Parliamentarydebate:(1)thestandardAmericanstyle:hastwoteamsoftwocontestantsmakingatotalof6speechesbecauseonespeakerwillspeaktwicebygivinga“reply”speech.Partone:OverviewI.Definitionofdebate:Part2(2)thestandardBritishstyle:itbringsagreaterlevelofcomplexitybyhavingfourcompetingteams,twoteamsoneachsideeachcompromisingoftwopeoplemakingatotalof8speeches.Eachteamhasaspecificroletoplaydependingontheirorderofspeaking.Forexample;thesummingupforthewholesideisdonebythelastspeakerofthesecondteams.

(2)thestandardBritishstyle3I.DefinitionofMotion:Thereareanumberofdifferentwordstodescribemotions.Theycanbecalled,forexample:topics,subjects,resolutions,moots,proposals,propositionsorissues.Motionsareusuallywordedas—thishousebelievesthat…II.Purposeofmotion:Inparliamentarydebate,themotionindentifiesaproblemorsituationthatcouldbechanged.ThepurposeofthedebateistotestwhethertheproposedchangeofferedbyParttwo:PreparationI.DefinitionofMotion:Partt4affirmativesideintheirdefinitionofthemotionisworkableandreasonable.affirmativesideintheirdefi5Manner,Method,MatterManner,Method,Matter6Itisthedeliverystyleadebaterusestopersuadetheaudience.Itisinvolvedinphysicalandvocalaspects:Appearance(dressappropriately)Stance●physicalaspectGesturesEyecontactStyle(beyourselfbutplanforvariety)

UseofnotesPartThree:Manner-HowyoubehaveindebatingItisthedeliverystyleadeb7UseofnotesTips:(1)Don’tread(2)Dousenotes:toremindyouwhattosay,toremindyouwhentosayit,toremindyouhowtosayit.HowtoUseNotes:(1)Mainpoints:theheadingsnotafullscript(2)Theorderofthepoints:structureofspeechUseofnotes8(3)Thestyle:voice,speed,pause(toremindyouwhentousesoftcalmvoice,whentomoreaggressive,whentoslowdown)(4)Leavesomespaces(torenumbertheorderifnecessary)(5)Evidenceforeachmainpoint(smallcards,notpaper)(6)Havesparecardstowriterebuttalnotes(7)Difficultwordsforpronouncingorremembering(inbigletters)

(3)Thestyle:voice,speed,pa9

Volume(don’tshoutbutbeheard)Voice(varythepaceandpitch)Speed(don’tgabble:slowdown,clear,formal)Pauses●VocalaspectLanguage(keeplanguagesimple)signpostingrepetitionHumor

Vo10I.QualityofdefinitionTheaffirmativesidehaswhatiscalledits“burden”.Thatisthedutytoestablishadebatablecaseforthemotion.(1)Itisnecessarythatalldebatersagreeonwhatisbeingdebatedandthatwhatsbeingdebatedisunderstoodbytheaudience.(2)Itisnecessaryinparliamentarydebatingthatthemotionisinterpretedinawaythatthereisacasetoanswer.Thatistosay,theaffirmativesidemustinterpretthemotioninawaythatallowstheoppositiontochallengethemPartFour:Method-HowtodoitI.QualityofdefinitionPartF11II.TheclashTheoppositionmustchallengebydirectlyconfrontingtheaffirmativeside’scase.Theydonot,however,havetosticktotheexactconditionsofthecaseaslaidoutbytheaffirmative.Theycanextendornarrowatopicifithelpsthembutmustgiveclearreasonsfordoingso.Ifthenegativesidedoesnotchallengetheaffirmativeside’scase,theywillloseonMatteraswellasMethod.

II.Theclash12III.Allocationoftasks(1)Americanparliamentarydebate

aformalcontestofreason,witandrhetoricalskillwhichsimulatesdebateinatheoreticalHouseofParliament.Twoteams,theGovernmentandtheOpposition,oftwodebaterseach,consideraresolutionproposedtotheHouse.III.Allocationoftasks131.1.Eachteamwillcompromisethefollowingmembers:1.1.1PrimeMinister:(PM)(7Minutes)Introducetheresolution/motion.DefineanyambiguouswordsinthemotionornarrowthemotiontospecificsGiveclearandprecisecasestatement.(Itshouldbeonesentencewhichindicateswhattheaffirmativesidewantstoproveduringthedebate)Supportcasewithseveralindependentarguments.

1.1.Eachteamwillcompromise141.1.2.LeaderofOpposition:(LO)(8Minutes):Evaluatethedefinition.AcceptorrejectthedefintionAnnounceoppositionstrategy/countercase.Introduceindependentanalysis.

RebutPMargument.1.1.2.LeaderofOpposition:(151.1.3.MemberofGovernment(MG)(8Minutes):Provideoverviews.AttackOppositionindependentanalysis.Rebuild/reviewGovernmentcase.Introducenewargument.1.1.3.MemberofGovernment(M161.1.4.MemberofOpposition:(MO)(8Minutes):Introducenewpointsandanalysis.CounterMemberofGovernment.1.1.4.MemberofOpposition:(M171.1.5.LeaderofOppositionRebuttal(LO)(4Minutes):NONEWARGUMENTSALLOWEDCompareandcontrastthetwocasesHighlightweaknessesbytheaffirmativesideEmphasizethestrengthsinthenegativeside’sarguments.Conclusion.1.1.5.LeaderofOppositionRe181.1.6.PrimeMinisterRebuttal(PMR)(5Minutes):

NONEWARGUMENTSALLOWED

Rebutthenegativeside’scaseSummarizeaffirmativeside’scase.Addresscrucialissues.Compareandcontrastthearguments.Conclusion.1.1.6.PrimeMinisterRebuttal19(2).PointofInformation(POI):2.1POISarecommentsmadebymembersdirectedatthespeechofthememberholdingthefloor;POIshouldbebrief,pertinentandpreferablywitty.Pointsoforderandpointsofpersonalprivilegeareprohibited.POI指在對(duì)方發(fā)言時(shí)，針對(duì)發(fā)言者正在申述的觀點(diǎn)提出本方觀點(diǎn)。POI要簡(jiǎn)短，切題，機(jī)智。嚴(yán)禁針對(duì)比賽規(guī)則和個(gè)人提出問(wèn)題。(2).PointofInformation(POI202.2A“PointofInformation”mustbeindicatedbyamemberofanopposingteamrisingfromhis/herseatandextendinghandtowardsthememberholdingthefloor.AmemberofferingaPointofInformationmaydrawattentiontotheofferbysaying“onthatpointSir/Madam,”orsimilar.

提出POI時(shí)要從座位上起立，將一只手指向發(fā)言的人。提問(wèn)者可以用類(lèi)似onthatpointSir/Madam的話引起發(fā)言者的注意。2.2A“PointofInformation”m212.3Amemberholdingthefloormustrespondtoanopposingmember,ormembersofferingPointsofInformation,inoneofthefollowingways:AcleargestureorhandsignalrejectingtheofferAverbalrejectionoftheofferAverbalacceptanceoftheoffer

2.3Amemberholdingthefloor222.4IfaPOIisaccepted,thepointshouldbephrasedasclarification,orcomment,andmadeintwosentences(orless)within15seconds.Thespeakeracceptingitmustframeananswerorresponsetoitwithinthecontextofhis/herspeech.2.5POImaybeofferedduringthefirstfourconstructivespeeches,POImaynotbeofferedduringthefirstandlastminutesofconstructivespeeches.POImaynotbeofferedduringfinalrebuttal(總結(jié)陳詞階段）speeches.2.4IfaPOIisaccepted,the232.6EachdebatershouldattempttotakeatleasttwoPOIduringaspeech.TheopposingsideshouldattempttoriseatleastfourtimesforPOISineachconstructivespeeches2.6Eachdebatershouldattemp24II.TheBritishParliamentaryDebate:Fourteamsoftwodebatersparticipateineachround.Theteamssupportingthemotionarereferredtoasthe“Proposition.”Theteamsarguingagainstthemotionareknownasthe“Opposition”teams.TwoteamsrepresenttheProposition:theOpeningPropositionandtheClosingProposition.TwoteamsrepresenttheOpposition:theOpeningOppositionandtheClosingOpposition.Eachoftheseteamscompetesagainstallotherteamsintheroundandwillberanked1stthrough4thattheconclusionofthedebate.II.TheBritishParliamentary25(1)SpeakerOrderNo.1:OpeningPropositionTeam,1stspeaker:"PrimeMinister"or“LeaderoftheProposition”—7minutesNo.2:OpeningOppositionTeam,1stspeaker:"LeaderoftheOpposition“:--7minutesNo.3:OpeningPropositionTeam,2ndspeaker:"DeputyPrimeMinister"or"DeputyLeaderoftheProposition“—7minutesNo.4:OpeningOppositionTeam,2ndspeaker"DeputyLeaderoftheOpposition"–7minutesNo.5:ClosingPropositionTeam,1stspeaker"MemberoftheProposition""–7minutesNo.6:ClosingOppositionTeam,1stspeaker"MemberoftheOpposition"–7minutes(1)SpeakerOrder26No.7:ClosingPropositionTeam,2ndspeaker:"PropositionWhip“—7minutesNO.8:ClosingOppositionTeam,2ndspeaker:"OppositionWhip"–7minutes(2)SpeechtimingEachspeechwillbe7minutes.PointsofInformationareallowedafterthefirstminuteandbeforethelastminuteofallspeeches.

No.7:ClosingPropositionTea271:00Singleringofabell(POIsallowed)6:00Singleringofabell(POIsnolongerallowed)7:00Doubleringofabell(Conclusionofspeakingtime)7:15Continuousringing(Conclusionofgraceperiod)

1:0028(3)SpeakerRoles:No.1:“PrimeMinister”or“LeaderoftheProposition”:topresentacasesupportingthemotion.TheprimaryroleofOpeningPropositionteam,initiatedinthisspeech,istoestablishthefoundationformeaningfuldebateonthemotion.No.2:“LeaderoftheOpposition"TheOpeningOpposition'sprimaryteamroleistocounterthefirstPropositionteam'scasethroughdirectorindirectrefutationand/orprovidesubstantiveargumentsagainstthemotion.(3)SpeakerRoles:29No.3:"DeputyPrimeMinister”:ThisspeakershouldrefutetheLeaderoftheOpposition'sspeech,andfurtherdeveloptheOpeningPropositionteam'scase.No.4:"DeputyLeaderoftheOpposition"Thisspeakersupportshisorherteammate,answeringobjectionsfromtheothersideandintroducingadditionalargumentsorsupport.No.3:"DeputyPrimeMinister”:30No.5:"MemberoftheProposition":supportthepositiondevelopedbytheOpeningPropositionteambyintroducinganextension.AsuccessfulextensionwilldevelopadistinctargumentidentityfortheClosingPropositionteamwhilesupportingtheOpeningPropositionteam.TheMemberofthePropositionmayalsorefutetheargumentsmadebytheDeputyLeaderoftheOpposition.No.5:"MemberoftheProposit31No.6:"MemberoftheOpposition":shouldsupportthepositiondevelopedbytheOpeningOppositionteamandmustalsointroduceanextension.AswiththeMemberProposition,theMemberOpposition’sextensionwillbemostsuccessfulifitestablishesauniqueargumentidentitythatdistinguishestheClosingfromtheOpeningOppositionwhilecontinuingthegeneraldirectionofargumentinitiatedbytheOpeningOpposition.TheMemberOppositionmayalsodirectlyorindirectlyrefutetheargumentsoftheMemberProposition.No.6:"MemberoftheOppositio32No.7:"PropositionWhip“:summarizestheProposition’sargumentsandsummarizestherefutationoftheOppositionside.WiththeexceptionofrefutingtheMemberOpposition’sextension,thespeakershouldnotintroducepositive(new)matter.No.8:"OppositionWhip":summarizesoppositiontotheextensionandmakesreplytoeachteam'spositioninthedebate.Thisspeakershouldnotintroducepositive(new)matter.No.7:"PropositionWhip“:33Cautions:TheLeaderofthePropositionshouldprovideanyclarificationoftermsatthebeginningofhisorherspeech.Alldebatesshallcommence30minutesafterthemotionhasbeenannounced.Debatersmayconsultanywrittenmaterialsduringthepreparationtime.Debatersmayrequestapointofinformation(eitherverballyorbyrising)atanytimeafterthefirstminute,andbeforethelastminute,ofanyspeech.Cautions:34IntroductionofParliamentaryDebateIntroductionofParliamentary35I.Definitionofdebate:Debateiddefinedas“exchangeofreasoning”Inotherwords,itisaquestioningexplorationthatischanging,energeticanddynamic.II.Stylesofdebate:Parliamentarydebate:(1)thestandardAmericanstyle:hastwoteamsoftwocontestantsmakingatotalof6speechesbecauseonespeakerwillspeaktwicebygivinga“reply”speech.Partone:OverviewI.Definitionofdebate:Part36(2)thestandardBritishstyle:itbringsagreaterlevelofcomplexitybyhavingfourcompetingteams,twoteamsoneachsideeachcompromisingoftwopeoplemakingatotalof8speeches.Eachteamhasaspecificroletoplaydependingontheirorderofspeaking.Forexample;thesummingupforthewholesideisdonebythelastspeakerofthesecondteams.

(2)thestandardBritishstyle37I.DefinitionofMotion:Thereareanumberofdifferentwordstodescribemotions.Theycanbecalled,forexample:topics,subjects,resolutions,moots,proposals,propositionsorissues.Motionsareusuallywordedas—thishousebelievesthat…II.Purposeofmotion:Inparliamentarydebate,themotionindentifiesaproblemorsituationthatcouldbechanged.ThepurposeofthedebateistotestwhethertheproposedchangeofferedbyParttwo:PreparationI.DefinitionofMotion:Partt38affirmativesideintheirdefinitionofthemotionisworkableandreasonable.affirmativesideintheirdefi39Manner,Method,MatterManner,Method,Matter40Itisthedeliverystyleadebaterusestopersuadetheaudience.Itisinvolvedinphysicalandvocalaspects:Appearance(dressappropriately)Stance●physicalaspectGesturesEyecontactStyle(beyourselfbutplanforvariety)

UseofnotesPartThree:Manner-HowyoubehaveindebatingItisthedeliverystyleadeb41UseofnotesTips:(1)Don’tread(2)Dousenotes:toremindyouwhattosay,toremindyouwhentosayit,toremindyouhowtosayit.HowtoUseNotes:(1)Mainpoints:theheadingsnotafullscript(2)Theorderofthepoints:structureofspeechUseofnotes42(3)Thestyle:voice,speed,pause(toremindyouwhentousesoftcalmvoice,whentomoreaggressive,whentoslowdown)(4)Leavesomespaces(torenumbertheorderifnecessary)(5)Evidenceforeachmainpoint(smallcards,notpaper)(6)Havesparecardstowriterebuttalnotes(7)Difficultwordsforpronouncingorremembering(inbigletters)

(3)Thestyle:voice,speed,pa43

Volume(don’tshoutbutbeheard)Voice(varythepaceandpitch)Speed(don’tgabble:slowdown,clear,formal)Pauses●VocalaspectLanguage(keeplanguagesimple)signpostingrepetitionHumor

Vo44I.QualityofdefinitionTheaffirmativesidehaswhatiscalledits“burden”.Thatisthedutytoestablishadebatablecaseforthemotion.(1)Itisnecessarythatalldebatersagreeonwhatisbeingdebatedandthatwhatsbeingdebatedisunderstoodbytheaudience.(2)Itisnecessaryinparliamentarydebatingthatthemotionisinterpretedinawaythatthereisacasetoanswer.Thatistosay,theaffirmativesidemustinterpretthemotioninawaythatallowstheoppositiontochallengethemPartFour:Method-HowtodoitI.QualityofdefinitionPartF45II.TheclashTheoppositionmustchallengebydirectlyconfrontingtheaffirmativeside’scase.Theydonot,however,havetosticktotheexactconditionsofthecaseaslaidoutbytheaffirmative.Theycanextendornarrowatopicifithelpsthembutmustgiveclearreasonsfordoingso.Ifthenegativesidedoesnotchallengetheaffirmativeside’scase,theywillloseonMatteraswellasMethod.

II.Theclash46III.Allocationoftasks(1)Americanparliamentarydebate

aformalcontestofreason,witandrhetoricalskillwhichsimulatesdebateinatheoreticalHouseofParliament.Twoteams,theGovernmentandtheOpposition,oftwodebaterseach,consideraresolutionproposedtotheHouse.III.Allocationoftasks471.1.Eachteamwillcompromisethefollowingmembers:1.1.1PrimeMinister:(PM)(7Minutes)Introducetheresolution/motion.DefineanyambiguouswordsinthemotionornarrowthemotiontospecificsGiveclearandprecisecasestatement.(Itshouldbeonesentencewhichindicateswhattheaffirmativesidewantstoproveduringthedebate)Supportcasewithseveralindependentarguments.

1.1.Eachteamwillcompromise481.1.2.LeaderofOpposition:(LO)(8Minutes):Evaluatethedefinition.AcceptorrejectthedefintionAnnounceoppositionstrategy/countercase.Introduceindependentanalysis.

RebutPMargument.1.1.2.LeaderofOpposition:(491.1.3.MemberofGovernment(MG)(8Minutes):Provideoverviews.AttackOppositionindependentanalysis.Rebuild/reviewGovernmentcase.Introducenewargument.1.1.3.MemberofGovernment(M501.1.4.MemberofOpposition:(MO)(8Minutes):Introducenewpointsandanalysis.CounterMemberofGovernment.1.1.4.MemberofOpposition:(M511.1.5.LeaderofOppositionRebuttal(LO)(4Minutes):NONEWARGUMENTSALLOWEDCompareandcontrastthetwocasesHighlightweaknessesbytheaffirmativesideEmphasizethestrengthsinthenegativeside’sarguments.Conclusion.1.1.5.LeaderofOppositionRe521.1.6.PrimeMinisterRebuttal(PMR)(5Minutes):

NONEWARGUMENTSALLOWED

Rebutthenegativeside’scaseSummarizeaffirmativeside’scase.Addresscrucialissues.Compareandcontrastthearguments.Conclusion.1.1.6.PrimeMinisterRebuttal53(2).PointofInformation(POI):2.1POISarecommentsmadebymembersdirectedatthespeechofthememberholdingthefloor;POIshouldbebrief,pertinentandpreferablywitty.Pointsoforderandpointsofpersonalprivilegeareprohibited.POI指在對(duì)方發(fā)言時(shí)，針對(duì)發(fā)言者正在申述的觀點(diǎn)提出本方觀點(diǎn)。POI要簡(jiǎn)短，切題，機(jī)智。嚴(yán)禁針對(duì)比賽規(guī)則和個(gè)人提出問(wèn)題。(2).PointofInformation(POI542.2A“PointofInformation”mustbeindicatedbyamemberofanopposingteamrisingfromhis/herseatandextendinghandtowardsthememberholdingthefloor.AmemberofferingaPointofInformationmaydrawattentiontotheofferbysaying“onthatpointSir/Madam,”orsimilar.

提出POI時(shí)要從座位上起立，將一只手指向發(fā)言的人。提問(wèn)者可以用類(lèi)似onthatpointSir/Madam的話引起發(fā)言者的注意。2.2A“PointofInformation”m552.3Amemberholdingthefloormustrespondtoanopposingmember,ormembersofferingPointsofInformation,inoneofthefollowingways:AcleargestureorhandsignalrejectingtheofferAverbalrejectionoftheofferAverbalacceptanceoftheoffer

2.3Amemberholdingthefloor562.4IfaPOIisaccepted,thepointshouldbephrasedasclarification,orcomment,andmadeintwosentences(orless)within15seconds.Thespeakeracceptingitmustframeananswerorresponsetoitwithinthecontextofhis/herspeech.2.5POImaybeofferedduringthefirstfourconstructivespeeches,POImaynotbeofferedduringthefirstandlastminutesofconstructivespeeches.POImaynotbeofferedduringfinalrebuttal(總結(jié)陳詞階段）speeches.2.4IfaPOIisaccepted,the572.6EachdebatershouldattempttotakeatleasttwoPOIduringaspeech.TheopposingsideshouldattempttoriseatleastfourtimesforPOISineachconstructivespeeches2.6Eachdebatershouldattemp58II.TheBritishParliamentaryDebate:Fourteamsoftwodebatersparticipateineachround.Theteamssupportingthemotionarereferredtoasthe“Proposition.”Theteamsarguingagainstthemotionareknownasthe“Opposition”teams.TwoteamsrepresenttheProposition:theOpeningPropositionandtheClosingProposition.TwoteamsrepresenttheOpposition:theOpeningOppositionandtheClosingOpposition.Eachoftheseteamscompetesagainstallotherteamsintheroundandwillberanked1stthrough4thattheconclusionofthedebate.II.TheBritishParliamentary59(1)SpeakerOrderNo.1:OpeningPropositionTeam,1stspeaker:"PrimeMinister"or“LeaderoftheProposition”—7minutesNo.2:OpeningOppositionTeam,1stspeaker:"LeaderoftheOpposition“:--7minutesNo.3:OpeningPropositionTeam,2ndspeaker:"DeputyPrimeMinister"or"DeputyLeaderoftheProposition“—7minutesNo.4:OpeningOppositionTeam,2ndspeaker"DeputyLeaderoftheOpposition"–7minutesNo.5:ClosingPropositionTeam,1stspeaker"MemberoftheProposition""–7minutesNo.6:ClosingOppositionTeam,1stspeaker"MemberoftheOpposition"–7minutes(1)SpeakerOrder60No.7:ClosingPropositionTeam,2ndspeaker:"PropositionWhip“—7minutesNO.8:ClosingOppositionTeam,2ndspeaker:"OppositionWhip"–7minutes(2)SpeechtimingEachspeechwillbe7minutes.PointsofInformationareallowedafterthefirstminuteandbeforethelastminuteofallspeeches.

No.7:ClosingPropositionTea611:00Singleringofabell(POIsallowed)6:00Singleringofabell(POIsnolongerallowed)7:00Doubleringofabell(Conclusionofspeakingtime)7:15Continuousringing(Conclusionofgraceperiod)

1:0062(3)SpeakerRoles:No.1:“PrimeMinister”or“LeaderoftheProposition”:topresentacasesupportingthemotion.TheprimaryroleofOpeningPropositionteam,initiatedinthisspeech,istoestablishthefoundationformeaningfuldebateonthemotion.No.2:“Leadero