會計(jì)英語整理課件

會計(jì)英語整理26、機(jī)遇對于有準(zhǔn)備的頭腦有特別的親和力。27、自信是人格的核心。28、目標(biāo)的堅(jiān)定是性格中最必要的力量泉源之一，也是成功的利器之一。沒有它，天才也會在矛盾無定的迷徑中，徒勞無功。--查士德斐爾爵士。29、困難就是機(jī)遇。--溫斯頓．丘吉爾。30、我奮斗，所以我快樂。--格林斯潘。會計(jì)英語整理會計(jì)英語整理26、機(jī)遇對于有準(zhǔn)備的頭腦有特別的親和力。27、自信是人格的核心。28、目標(biāo)的堅(jiān)定是性格中最必要的力量泉源之一，也是成功的利器之一。沒有它，天才也會在矛盾無定的迷徑中，徒勞無功。--查士德斐爾爵士。29、困難就是機(jī)遇。--溫斯頓．丘吉爾。30、我奮斗，所以我快樂。--格林斯潘。double-entrybookkeepingaccountingcycle/processfinancialstatementaccountingequationassetliabilityowners’equityrevenueexpensedividendretainedearningnetincome(loss)entry復(fù)式簿記會計(jì)循環(huán)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表會計(jì)恒等式資產(chǎn)負(fù)債所有者權(quán)益收入費(fèi)用股利留存收益凈利潤/凈損失分錄RecordingPhaseRelevantGlossarybusiness/sourcedocumentdebitcreditjournalspecial(general)journalcomputerizedaccountingsystemchartofaccountledgergeneral(subsidiary)ledgerposttrialbalancebalancesheetincomestatementaccountingperiod業(yè)務(wù)憑證/原始憑證借（方）貸（方）日記賬特種(普通)日記賬電算化會計(jì)系統(tǒng)賬戶表分類賬總(明細(xì))分類賬過賬試算平衡表資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表收益/利潤表會計(jì)期，會計(jì)年度RelevantGlossary(2)會計(jì)英語整理26、機(jī)遇對于有準(zhǔn)備的頭腦有特別的親和力。會計(jì)英1double-entrybookkeepingaccountingcycle/processfinancialstatementaccountingequationassetliabilityowners’equityrevenueexpensedividendretainedearningnetincome(loss)entry復(fù)式簿記會計(jì)循環(huán)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表會計(jì)恒等式資產(chǎn)負(fù)債所有者權(quán)益收入費(fèi)用股利留存收益凈利潤/凈損失分錄RecordingPhase

RelevantGlossarydouble-entrybookkeeping復(fù)式簿記R2business/sourcedocumentdebitcreditjournalspecial(general)journalcomputerizedaccountingsystemchartofaccountledgergeneral(subsidiary)ledgerposttrialbalancebalancesheetincomestatementaccountingperiod業(yè)務(wù)憑證/原始憑證借（方）貸（方）日記賬特種(普通)日記賬電算化會計(jì)系統(tǒng)賬戶表分類賬總(明細(xì))分類賬過賬試算平衡表資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表收益/利潤表會計(jì)期，會計(jì)年度RelevantGlossary(2)business/sourcedocument業(yè)務(wù)憑證/原3RecordingPhaseStep1AnalyzingbusinessdocumentsStep3PostingtoledgeraccountsStep2JournalizingtransactionsSpecialjournalGeneraljournalGeneralledger(Controlaccount)SubsidiaryledgerRecordingPhaseStep1Step3Ste4financialpositionadjustingentriesprepaidexpensedepreciationexpenseaccumulateddepreciationunearnedrevenueaccruedexpensenominal(temporary)accountreal(permanent)accountcloseproprietorshippartnershippost-closingtrialbalance財(cái)務(wù)狀況調(diào)整分錄預(yù)付費(fèi)用折舊費(fèi)用累計(jì)折舊預(yù)收收入應(yīng)計(jì)費(fèi)用虛賬戶（臨時(shí)賬戶）實(shí)賬戶（永久賬戶）結(jié)賬所有權(quán)，獨(dú)資合伙結(jié)賬后試算表1-2ReportingPhase

RelevantGlossaryfinancialposition財(cái)務(wù)狀況1-2Repo5AlistoftheaccounttitlesintheledgerwiththeirrespectivedebitandcreditbalancesWhyweneedatrialbalance?Toserveasageneralchecktodetermineifthedebitsandcreditsinthegeneralledgerareequal.Toshowallgeneralledgeraccountbalancesononeconciserecord.TrialbalanceKnowledgePointsAlistoftheaccounttitlesi6Possibleerrorsevenatrialbalancedoesbalance:Failingtorecordorenteraparticulartransaction.Enteringatransactionmorethanonce.Enteringoneormoreamountsinthewrongaccounts.Makingacompensatingerrorthatexactlyoffsetstheeffectofanothererror.Trialbalance(continued)Possibleerrorsevenatrialb7Fourtypesofadjustingentries:Apportioningrecordedcosts(prepaidexpense,depreciationexpense);Apportioningrecordedrevenue(unearnedrevenue);Accruingunrecordedexpense(accruedexpense);Accruingunrecordedrevenue(accruedrevenue).AccrualBasisV.S.CashBasisaccounting

權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制收付實(shí)現(xiàn)制AdjustingProceduresRevenueisrecognizedwhenearnedratherthanwhencashiscollectedandexpensesarerecognizedwhengoodsandservicesareusedratherthanwhentheyarepaidfor.Revenueisrecognizedwhenmoneyisreceivedandexpensesarerecognizedwhenmoneyispaid.Fourtypesofadjustingentrie8NormalaccountsandrealaccountsClosingProceduresIncomestatementaccountsBalancesheetaccountsrevenueexpensedividendsassetsliabilitiescapitalretainedearningsNormalaccountsandrealaccou9Basicprinciples:

historicalcost歷史成本原則revenuerealization收入實(shí)現(xiàn)原則matching配比原則consistency一致性原則fulldisclosure充分披露原則objectivity客觀性原則GAAPmustbefollowedbypubliclyownedcorporations:auditingGAAParechangedandrefined.Basicprinciples:10Business(source)documentOfferingdetailedinformationAssigningresponsibilityVerifyingtheaccountingrecordsBusiness(source)documentOffe11financialreportaccountingcalculationoperatingresultcashflowstatementnotestothefinancialstatementcreditorsgovernmentdepartmentfinanceandsecurityinstitutionmanagementAccountingStandardsforBusinessEnterprise財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告會計(jì)核算經(jīng)營成果現(xiàn)金流量表會計(jì)報(bào)表附注債權(quán)人政府職能部門金融和證券機(jī)構(gòu)（企業(yè)）管理層企業(yè)會計(jì)準(zhǔn)則2-1Introduction

RelevantGlossary12financialreport財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告2-1Introdshot-termliquiditylong-termsolvencycapitalstructureprofitabilityworkingcapitalcontingencyaccountformreportform“T”account2-1Introduction

RelevantGlossary短期償債能力長期償債能力資本結(jié)構(gòu)盈利能力營運(yùn)資本，營運(yùn)資金或有事項(xiàng)賬戶式報(bào)告式T形賬13shot-termliquidity2-1Introduaccountingtreatmentcurrentperiodpriorperiodunusualitemshistoricalcostmarketvaluemeasurementcurrencyinflationpurchasingpower2-1Introduction

RelevantGlossary會計(jì)處理當(dāng)期前期非常項(xiàng)目歷史成本市場價(jià)值（市價(jià)）計(jì)量貨幣通貨膨脹購買力14accountingtreatment2-1Introdshort-terminvestmentnotes/accountsreceivableprovisionforbaddebtsnetvaluefixedassetconstructioninprogressdeferredtaxondebit/creditshort-termloans(payable)notes/accountspayable短期投資應(yīng)收票據(jù)/賬款壞賬準(zhǔn)備凈值固定資產(chǎn)在建工程遞延稅款借項(xiàng)/貸項(xiàng)短期借款應(yīng)付票據(jù)/賬款2-2TheBalanceSheetandNotes

totheFinancialStatements

RelevantGlossary15short-terminvestment短期投資2-2Tadvancesfromcustomersaccruedpayroll/welfaredividends/profitspayabletaxespayableotherdutiableestimableliabilitiesprovisionforexpensespaid-incapitalcapitalreservesurplusreserveundistributedprofitRelevantGlossary(2)預(yù)收賬款應(yīng)付工資/福利費(fèi)應(yīng)付股利/利潤應(yīng)交稅金其他應(yīng)交款預(yù)計(jì)負(fù)債預(yù)提費(fèi)用實(shí)收資本資本公積盈余公積未分配利潤16advancesfromcustomersRelevanTohelpexplain,evaluateandpredictshort-termliquiditycapitalstructureandlong-termsolvencytheoperatingperformanceTheFunctionsoftheBalanceSheetKnowledgePoints17Tohelpexplain,evaluateandallowingtheuserstotellataglancethattotalassetsarebeingfinancedbytwosources——bythecreditorsandbytheowners.Assets=Liabilities+Owners’equityFormoftheBalanceSheetAccountFormReportFormallowingtheusersseeclearlythatowners’equity,thedifferencebetweenassetsandliabilities,istheresidualclaimtotheequityofabusiness.Assets-Liabilities=Owners’equity18allowingtheuserstotellatLimitationoftheBalanceSheetCannotreflectthecurrentvalueofabusinessElementsreportedathistoricalcostthemeasurementcurrencyisinstableAllcompaniesdonotclassifyandreportalllikeitemssimilarly:incomparablebetweendifferentcompaniesSomerelevantinformationisomitted19LimitationoftheBalanceSheeprofitdistributionrealizationconceptrevenuerecognitionIASB:InternationalAccountingStandardBoardFASB:FinancialAccountingStandardBoardconceptualframeworkmatchingconcept利潤分配實(shí)現(xiàn)原則收入確認(rèn)國際會計(jì)準(zhǔn)則理事會（美國）財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會概念框架配比原則2-3TheIncomeStatement

RelevantGlossary20profitdistribution利潤分配2-3Thedirectmatchingdepreciationandamortizationexpenditureoperatingrevenue/costoperatingtaxesandsurchargessellingexpenseadministrativeexpensefinancialexpensenon-operatingincome/expenseincometaxsingle-stepformmultiple-stepformRelevantGlossary(2)直接配比折舊與攤銷支出，花費(fèi)營業(yè)收入/成本營業(yè)稅金及附加銷售費(fèi)用管理費(fèi)用財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用營業(yè)外收入/支出所得稅單步式多步式21directmatchingRelevantGlossaTohelpexplain,evaluateandpredicttheoperatingresultsandprofitability;Tohelpexplain,evaluateandpredictsolvency;Tohelpthemanagementmakeoperatingdecisions;Tohelpevaluatethemanagement’sperformance.TheFunctionsoftheIncomeStatementKnowledgePoints22Tohelpexplain,evaluateandSimpleandconvenienttoprepare,butFailstodisclosesomeimportantinformation,andisinconvenienttocompareandanalyze.FormoftheIncomeStatementSingle-stepFormMulti-stepFormProvidesmorecomprehensiveinformationabouttheformationofprofit,andisconvenienttocompareandanalyze;butMayleadstomisunderstandingsourcesofincomeorlossandisdifficulttoholdunifiedviewsonitemsclassification.23SimpleandconvenienttoprepaCashreceiptsandcashdisbursements/paymentsCashequivalentliquidityOperating/investing/financingactivityWorkingcapitaldepositFinancialinstrumentEquityfinancingDebtfinancingDirectmethodIndirectmethodnoncurrent現(xiàn)金收支現(xiàn)金等價(jià)物流動(dòng)性，變現(xiàn)能力經(jīng)營/投資/籌資活動(dòng)營運(yùn)資本，營運(yùn)資金存款，押金，保證金金融工具權(quán)益融資債務(wù)融資直接法間接法非流動(dòng)的2-4TheStatementofCashFlowsRelevantGlossary24CashreceiptsandcashdisbursSometimesnetincomedoesn’ttellusaccuratelytheeconomicperformanceofacompanyforaperiod.TheCFstatementcanprovideadditionalinformationabout3categoriesofactivities.Pro-formaCFstatementcanhelpusanalyzewhethertheplansareconsistentandworkable.WhyweneedtheStatementofCF?KnowledgePoints25Sometimesnetincomedoesn’ttTheStructureofCFstatementCFfromoperatingactivitiesCashinflow:providinggoodsandservicesCashoutflow:purchasinginventory;payingwages,taxes,utilities,rent,etc.CFfrominvestingactivitiesCashinflow:sellinglong-termassets,financialinstrumentsnotintendedfortradingpurposes;collectingloans26TheStructureofCFstatementCCashoutflow:purchasinglong-termassets,financialinstrumentsnotintendedfortradingpurposes;makingloansCFfromfinancingactivitiesCashinflow:obtainingcashfromowners(issuingshares)andcreditors(borrowing)Cashoutflow:repayingcashtoowners(payingdividendsandprofit)andcreditors(payingdebtandinterestexpense)TheStructureofCFstatement27Cashoutflow:purchasinglong-CFFromOperatingActivitiesDirectmethodOperatinginflows-Operatingoutflows=NetcashflowfromoperationsAdvantages:intuitivelyunderstandable.Disadvantages:notsuggestwhythenetoperatingCFdiffersfromthenetincome.Anillustration28CFFromOperatingActivitiesDioperatingcyclecurrentassetsintangibleassetsreceivablesprepaymentsinventoryfinishedgoodssemifinishedgoodsgoodsinprocessContainerLow-valueandperishablearticles經(jīng)營周期流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)無形資產(chǎn)應(yīng)收款預(yù)付款存貨產(chǎn)成品半成品在產(chǎn)品包裝物低值易耗品3-1Assets,LiabilitiesandEquity

RelevantGlossary29operatingcycle經(jīng)營周期3-1Assets,specificidentificationfirst-infirst-out(FIFO)last-infirst-out(LIFO)weightedaveragemovingaveragelowerofcostormarket(LCM)sharesinvestmentbondsinvestmentcostmethodequitymethodRelevantGlossary(2)個(gè)別計(jì)價(jià)法先進(jìn)先出法后進(jìn)先出法加權(quán)平均法移動(dòng)平均法成本與市價(jià)孰低法股權(quán)投資債券投資成本法權(quán)益法30specificidentificationRelevanatapremiumordiscount/inpremiumordiscountfacevalue/parvalueprincipalinterestfixedassetsfinancedbyleasingresidualvaluestraightlinemethodworkingcapacity(oroutput)methodaccelerateddepreciationmethodRelevantGlossary(3)溢價(jià)或折價(jià)發(fā)行票面價(jià)值，面值本金利息融資租入固定資產(chǎn)殘值直線法工作量法（產(chǎn)量法）加速折舊法31atapremiumordiscount/Relevpatentnonpatentedtechnologytrademarkcopyrightsrighttousesitesgoodwillcurrentliabilitieslong-termliabilitiesfinancialinstitutionRelevantGlossary(4)專利非專利技術(shù)商標(biāo)著作權(quán)土地使用權(quán)商譽(yù)流動(dòng)負(fù)債長期負(fù)債金融機(jī)構(gòu)32patentRelevantGlossary(4)專利3BasicoperatingrevenueotheroperatingrevenueLong-termprojectcontractThecompletedprogressmethodThecompletedcontractmethodReturnofsalesSalesallowancesSalesdiscountOutlayNormcostingPlannedcostingCostvariance主營業(yè)務(wù)收入其他業(yè)務(wù)收入長期工程合同完工進(jìn)度法完工成本法銷售退回銷售折讓銷售折扣費(fèi)用、花費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/定額成本法計(jì)劃成本法成本差異3-2Revenue,ExpensesandProfit

RelevantGlossary33Basicoperatingrevenue主營業(yè)務(wù)收入3OperatingprofitOperatingrevenueOperatingcostPeriodicexpenseTurnovertaxIncometaxSurtaxFeeInvestmentprofitExternalinvestmentInvestmentlossNon-operatingincomeNon-operatingexpenseRelevantGlossary(2)營業(yè)利潤營業(yè)收入營業(yè)成本期間費(fèi)用流轉(zhuǎn)稅所得稅附加稅費(fèi)，酬金投資收益對外投資投資損失營業(yè)外收入營業(yè)外支出34OperatingprofitRelevantGlossReadingMaterial:

TheFormsofBusinessOrganizationsThree/Fourforms:SoleproprietorshipPartnershipGeneralpartnershipLimitedpartnershipCorporation35ReadingMaterial:

TheFormsReadingMaterial:

TheFormsofBusinessOrganizationsThree/Fourforms:SoleproprietorshipPartnershipGeneralpartnershipLimitedpartnershipCorporation36ReadingMaterial:

TheFormsownedandmanagedbyoneperson;theindividualproprietorhastheultimateresponsibilityandauthorityforalldecisions;nolegalformalitiesarenecessarytocreateit;lowtaxesandfees;personallyliableforthedebts(limitlessliability).

Soleproprietorship37ownedandmanagedbyonepersopartnersagreetoshareintheprofits,lossandassets;agreementupondutiesandliabilitiesofthepartnersandafiduciaryrelationshipexistsbetweenthem;Eachpartnerispersonallyliableforthedebts(limitlessliability)

Generalpartnership38partnersagreetoshareinthesimilartoageneralpartnershipincertainaspectsandsimilartoacorporationinothers;oneormoreofthepartnershasonlylimitedliabilityforpartnershipdebtsandobligationsandlimitedauthorityofparticipatinginmanagement.

Limitedpartnership39similartoageneralpartnershCreatedunderaparticularbusinessstatute;Ownedbyoneormoreshareholders,whomaybenaturalpersonsorotherlegalentities;Itsexistenceisentirelydistinctfromthatofitsowners;Shareholdersaregenerallynotliableforcorporateobligations(limitedliability);Strictstatutoryformalities.

Corporation40CreatedunderaparticularbusConsiderationsoftheselectionofthemostadvantageousformoforganization:Continuityofexistence連續(xù)性的存在Transferabilityofownershipinterest所有權(quán)的移植Capitalandcreditrequirements資本和信貸需求TaxconsiderationsTheFormsofBusinessOrganizations41ConsiderationsoftheselectiSoleproprietorship:thedeathofthesoleproprietor,maybegrantingtheheirstherighttocontinue.Generalpartnership:thedeathorwithdrawalofageneralpartnerortheexpirationofthetermofthepartnership.Limitedpartnership:thedeathofwithdrawofageneralpartnerwillnotresultinaterminationifthereisatleastonegeneralpartner;alimitedpartnerwillnotaffectthecontinuityofthepartnership.Corporation:perpetualexistenceContinuityofexistence42Soleproprietorship:thedeathSoleproprietorship:maybetransferredatanytimeonlyiftheproprietorcanfindareceiver.Generalpartnership:maybetransferredfreely.Limitedpartnership:alimitedpartner’sownershipinterestisfreelytransferableexceptforlimitationfromagreementorsecuritieslaws.Corporation:permitsthegreatestflexibility,butinsomecases,securitieslawsmayrestrictthetransferability.Transferabilityofownershipinterest43Soleproprietorship:maybetrSoleproprietorship:limitedtohisownpersonalresourcesinhisabilitytoobtainloans.Generalpartnership:thepartners’contributionsconstitutetheinitialcapitalinvestment;limitedinthesources;mustpledgetheirpersonalassetsascollateralforborrowing.Limitedpartnership:obtaincapitalfromthelimitedpartners;similartoacorporation;apledgeofpartnershipassetsmaybesufficientforborrowing.Corporation:theabilitytoattractcapitalandcreditisstrong;usingvarioussecuritiestoraisecapital.Capitalandcreditrequirements44Soleproprietorship:limitedtSoleproprietorship:allbusinessincomeorlossistreatedastheindividual’sincomeorlossandtaxedaccordingly.Generalpartnership:individualtax.Limitedpartnership:likegeneralpartnership.Corporation:doubletaxation(corporateincometaxandpersonalincometax).Taxconsiderations45Soleproprietorship:allbusinSizeofexpectedfuturecashflowCashisimportanttoafirmandtheexpectationthatthefirmwillgeneratecashinthefutureisoneofthefactorsthatgivesthefirmitsvalueSalesarenotthesameascashinflows(sellingoncredit);andpurchasesarenotthesameascashoutflows(purchasingoncredit)Thehighertheexpectedcashinflowsandthelowertheexpectedcashoutflows,thehigherthefirm’sstockpricewillbe.Factorsaffectingafirm’svalue46SizeofexpectedfuturecashfTimingoffuturecashflowsAllotherfactorsbeingequal,thesoonercompaniesexpecttoreceivecashandthelatertheyexpecttopayoutcash,themorevaluablethefirm.Factorsaffectingafirm’svalue(2)47TimingoffuturecashflowsFacRiskoffuturecashflowsWhenthedegreeofriskassociatedwithfuturecashflowsgoesdown,stockpricegoesup.Whenthedegreeofriskassociatedwithfuturecashflowsgoesup,stockpricegoesdown.Companieswhoseexpectedfuturecashflowsaredoubtfulwillhavelowervaluesthancompanieswhoseexpectedfuturecashflowsarevirtuallycertain.Factorsaffectingafirm’svalue(3)48RiskoffuturecashflowsFactoFinancialobligationFinancialdistressCurrentratioQuickratio/acid-testratioQuickassetsReceivablesturn&daysreceivablesPayableturn&dayspayableInventoryturn&daysinventoryDebtratioDebt-to-equityratioEquitymultiplierInterestcoverage財(cái)務(wù)責(zé)任財(cái)務(wù)困境流動(dòng)比率速動(dòng)比率/酸性測試比率速動(dòng)資產(chǎn)應(yīng)收賬款周轉(zhuǎn)率&平均收賬期應(yīng)付賬款周轉(zhuǎn)率&平均付款期存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率&存貨周轉(zhuǎn)天數(shù)負(fù)債比率負(fù)債權(quán)益比權(quán)益乘數(shù)利息保障倍數(shù)RelevantGlossary49Financialobligation財(cái)務(wù)責(zé)任RelevaEBIT(earningsbeforeinterestandtax)BookvalueCapitalizationratioBenchmarkProfitmarginROS(returnsonsales)ROI(returnoninvestment)ROA(returnsonassets)ROE(returnsonequity)Financialleverage息稅前利潤賬面價(jià)值資本比率基準(zhǔn)銷售利潤率銷售收益率投資收益率/投資回報(bào)率資產(chǎn)收益率權(quán)益報(bào)酬率/凈資產(chǎn)收益率財(cái)務(wù)杠桿RelevantGlossary(2)50EBIT(earningsbeforeinterestPreferreddividendEPS(earningspershare)DividendyieldPayoutratioRetentionratioAssetturnoverCommonstockFairmarketvalueP/EratioM/B(market-to-bookvalue)Tobin’sQReplacementvalueDuPontframeworkRelevantGlossary(3)優(yōu)先股股利每股收益股利收益率股利支付率留存比率資產(chǎn)周轉(zhuǎn)率普通股公平市價(jià)，公允價(jià)值市盈率市值與賬面價(jià)值比托賓Q值重置價(jià)值杜邦分析框架51PreferreddividendRelevantGloRatiosstandardizenumbersandfacilitatecomparisons.Ratiosareusedtohighlightweaknessesandstrengths.WhyAreFinancialRatiosUseful?52RatiosstandardizenumbersandShort-termLiquidity:Canwemakerequiredpayments?Long-termSolvencyandCapitalStructure:Rightmixofdebtandequity?Profitability:Dosalespricesexceedunitcosts,andaresaleshighenough?Efficiency:rightamountofassetsvs.sales?Growth:Howfastisthecompanygrowing?MarketValueRatio:DoinvestorslikewhattheyseeasreflectedinP/EandM/Bratios?ImportantFinancialRatio53Short-termLiquidity:CanwemCurrentratioQuickratioQuickasset=Currentassets-InventoriesReceivablesturn&daysreceivablesInventoryturn&daysinventoryAmountofworkingcapitalShort-termLiquidity54CurrentratioShort-termLiquidNetworthtototalassetsDebtratioDebtratioDebt-to-equityratioEquitymultiplierInterestcoverageLong-termSolvencyandCapitalStructure:55NetworthtototalassetsLong-NetProfitmarginROS(returnsonsales)ROA(returnsonassets)ROE

(returnsonequity)=ROI(returnoninvestment)Returnoncommonshareholders’equityProfitability56NetProfitmarginProfitabilityEPS(earningspershare)DividendyieldPayoutratioRetentionratioProfitability(2)57EPS(earningspershare)ProfitTotalassetturnoverFixedassetturnoverReceivablesturn&daysreceivablesInventoryturn&daysinventoryEfficiency58TotalassetturnoverEfficiencySalesgrowthProfitgrowthAssetgrowthEquitygrowthSustainablegrowthrateGrowth59SalesgrowthGrowth59MarketpriceP/Eratio:Howmuchinvestorsarewillingtopayfor$1ofearnings?Market-to-book(M/B)value:Howmuchinvestorsarewillingtopayfor$1ofbookvalueequity?Tobin’sQMarketValueRatio60MarketpriceMarketValueRatioComparisonwithindustryaveragesisdifficultforafirmthatoperatesinmanydifferentdivisions.“Average”performanceisnotnecessarilygood,perhapsthefirmshouldaimhigher.Seasonalfactorscandistortratios.“Windowdressing”techniquescanmakestatementsandratioslookbetter.Potentialproblemsandlimitationsoffinancialratioanalysis61ComparisonwithindustryaveraDifferentoperatingandaccountingpracticescandistortcomparisons.Sometimesitishardtotellifaratiois“good”or“bad”.Difficulttotellwhetheracompanyis,onbalance,instrongorweakposition.Potentialproblemsandlimitationsoffinancialratioanalysis(2)62DifferentoperatingandaccounDoPontSystemROEROA×EquitymultiplierNetprofitmarginTotalassetturnover×÷NetincomeSales÷SalesTotalassetsProfitabilityofTA＝ProfitabilityofSales×EfficiencyProfitabilityofequity＝××LeverageEfficiencyProfitabilityofSales63DoPontSystemROEROA×EquityDoPontSystem(2)TheDoPontsystemtellsusthatROEisaffectedbythreethings:1.operatingprofitability(asmeasuredbynetprofitmargin)2.assetuseefficiency(asmeasuredbytotalassetturnover)3.financialleverage(asmeasuredbytheequitymultiplier)64DoPontSystem(2)TheDoPontsyDoPontSystem(3)Weaknessineitheroperatingprofitabilityorassetuseefficiency(orboth)willshowupinadiminishedreturnonassets,whichwilltranslateintoalowerROE.FromtheDuPontframework,itappearsthattheROEcouldbeleveragedupbyincreasingtheamountofdebtinthefirm.However,noticethatincreasingdebtalsoincreasesinterestexpense,whichreducesprofitmargins,whichactstoreduceROE.65DoPontSystem(3)WeaknessineauditAuditingCPA:CertifiedPublicAccountantsAuditprocedureAuditevidenceAuditobjectiveAudittestAuditopinionAuditoffinancialstatementInternalauditc.n./v.審計(jì)，檢查，審查u.n.審計(jì)，審計(jì)學(xué)注冊會計(jì)師審計(jì)程序?qū)徲?jì)證據(jù)審計(jì)目標(biāo)審計(jì)測試審計(jì)意見財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表審計(jì)內(nèi)部審計(jì)RelevantGlossary66auditc.n./v.審計(jì)，檢查，審查RelevantComplianceauditOperationalauditIndependentAuditingStandardsIndependentauditor/publicaccountantTaxserviceManagementserviceAccountingserviceAttestationserviceAssuranceservice合規(guī)性審計(jì)經(jīng)營審計(jì)獨(dú)立審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則獨(dú)立審計(jì)師/公共會計(jì)師納稅服務(wù)咨詢服務(wù)會計(jì)服務(wù)鑒證服務(wù)保證服務(wù)RelevantGlossary(2)67Complianceaudit合規(guī)性審計(jì)RelevantDescribeAuditingAuditingshouldbedonebyacompetent,independentperson.Auditingistheaccumulationandevaluationofevidenceaboutinformationtodetermineandreportonthedegreeofcorrespondencebetweentheinformationandestablishedcriteria審計(jì)是由勝任的獨(dú)立人員，為確定并報(bào)告特定信息與既定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間的符合程度，而收集和評價(jià)有關(guān)這些信息的證據(jù)的過程。68DescribeAuditingAuditingshouAccumulatingEvidenceandEvaluatingEvidenceEvidenceisanyinformationusedbytheauditortodeterminewhethertheinformationbeingauditedisstatedinaccordancewiththeestablishedcriteria.證據(jù)是審計(jì)師用來確定被審信息是否按既定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)表述的所有資料。69AccumulatingEvidenceandEvalCompetent,IndependentPersonTheauditormustbequalifiedtounderstandthecriteriausedandmustbecompetenttoknowthetypesandamountofevidencetoaccumulatetoreachtheproperconclusionaftertheevidencehasbeenexamined.審計(jì)師必須具備理解所用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的能力，能夠了解應(yīng)收集的證據(jù)種類與數(shù)量，以期在檢查相關(guān)證據(jù)后得出恰當(dāng)?shù)膶徲?jì)結(jié)論。

Anindependentmentalattitude:Thecompetenceoftheindividualperformingtheauditisoflittlevalueifheorsheisbiasedintheaccumulationandevaluationofevidence.審計(jì)師還應(yīng)具備獨(dú)立的精神態(tài)度，要是一個(gè)具備勝任能力的審計(jì)師，在收集和評價(jià)證據(jù)時(shí)帶有偏見，其審計(jì)的價(jià)值也將蕩然無存。

70Competent,IndependentPersonTDistinguishbetweenauditingandaccountingAccountingistherecording,classifying,andsummarizingofeconomiceventsforthepurposeofprovidingfinancialinformationusedindecisionmaking會計(jì)是對經(jīng)濟(jì)事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行記錄、分類和匯總，其目的是為決策提供所需的財(cái)務(wù)信息。Auditingisdeterminingwhetherrecordedinformationproperlyreflectstheeconomiceventsthatoccurredduringtheaccountingperiod.審計(jì)是確定所記錄的信息是否恰當(dāng)?shù)胤从沉藭?jì)期間內(nèi)所發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)事項(xiàng)。71DistinguishbetweenauditingaEconomicDemandforAuditingInformationriskreflectsthepossibilitythattheinformationuponwhichthebusinessriskdecisionwasmadewasinaccurate.Auditingcanhaveasignificanteffecton(reduce)informationrisk.信息風(fēng)險(xiǎn)反映的是制定經(jīng)營風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策所依據(jù)的信息不正確的可能性。72EconomicDemandforAuditingInCPAServicesScopeAttestationServicesOtherAssuranceServicesAssuranceServicesNonassuranceServicesManagementConsultingTaxServicesAccountingServices保證服務(wù)鑒證服務(wù)73CPAServicesScopeAttestationAssuranceServices（保證服務(wù)）Assuranceservicesareindependentprofessionalservicesthatimprovethequalityofinformationfordecisionmakers.保證服務(wù)是一種能為決策者提高信息質(zhì)量的獨(dú)立專業(yè)服務(wù)。AssuranceservicescanbeperformedbyCPAsorbyavarietyofotherprofessionals.(forexample,ConsumersUnion)注冊會計(jì)師事務(wù)所和其他各類職業(yè)組織都可以執(zhí)行保證服務(wù)。（例如，消費(fèi)者協(xié)會）74AssuranceServices（保證服務(wù)）Assur

AnattestationservicesisonetypeofassuranceservicesprovidedbyCPAs,inwhichtheCPAfirmissuesareportaboutthereliabilityofanassertionthatismadebyanotherparty.鑒證服務(wù)是注冊會計(jì)師提供的一種保證服務(wù)，在這種服務(wù)中，會計(jì)師事務(wù)所就另一主體所做的書面認(rèn)定之可靠性而出具一個(gè)書面報(bào)告。AttestationServices（鑒證服務(wù)）75AnattestationservicesisonAuditingreportWrittendocumentAuditopinionIndependentAuditingStandardsTruthfulnessLegitimacyLawofPRConCPAsThirdpartyTheintroductoryparagraphThescopeparagraph審計(jì)報(bào)告書面文件審計(jì)意見獨(dú)立審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則真實(shí)性合法性中國注冊會計(jì)師法第三方引言段范圍段RelevantGlossary(1)76Auditingreport審計(jì)報(bào)告RelevantGl77TheopinionparagraphDual-datedAnexplanatoryparagraphAnunqualifiedopinionStandardunqualifiedreportUnqualifiedwithadditionalexplanatorylanguageAqualifiedopinionAnadverseopinionAdisclaimerofopinion意見段注明雙重報(bào)告日期的解釋段無保留意見標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無保留意見審計(jì)報(bào)告帶解釋段的無保留意見審計(jì)報(bào)告保留意見否定意見無法表示意見RelevantGlossary(2)77Theopinionparagraph意見段Rele77KnowledgePointsTheResponsibilityofCPAContentsandFormatsofAuditReportTypesofAuditOpinionandPreparationofAuditReportAnUnqualifiedOpinionAQualifiedOpinionAnAdverseOpinionADisclaimerOfOpinionKnowledgePointsTheResponsibi78謝謝你的閱讀知識就是財(cái)富豐富你的人生71、既然我已經(jīng)踏上這條道路，那么，任何東西都不應(yīng)妨礙我沿著這條路走下去。——康德

72、家庭成為快樂的種子在外也不致成為障礙物但在旅行之際卻是夜間的伴侶?！魅_

73、堅(jiān)持意志偉大的事業(yè)需要始終不渝的精神?！鼱柼?/p>

74、路漫漫其修道遠(yuǎn)，吾將上下而求索?！?/p>

75、內(nèi)外相應(yīng)，言行相稱?！n非謝謝你的閱讀知識就是財(cái)富71、既然我已經(jīng)踏上這條道路，那么，79會計(jì)英語整理26、機(jī)遇對于有準(zhǔn)備的頭腦有特別的親和力。27、自信是人格的核心。28、目標(biāo)的堅(jiān)定是性格中最必要的力量泉源之一，也是成功的利器之一。沒有它，天才也會在矛盾無定的迷徑中，徒勞無功。--查士德斐爾爵士。29、困難就是機(jī)遇。--溫斯頓．丘吉爾。30、我奮斗，所以我快樂。--格林斯潘。會計(jì)英語整理會計(jì)英語整理26、機(jī)遇對于有準(zhǔn)備的頭腦有特別的親和力。27、自信是人格的核心。28、目標(biāo)的堅(jiān)定是性格中最必要的力量泉源之一，也是成功的利器之一。沒有它，天才也會在矛盾無定的迷徑中，徒勞無功。--查士德斐爾爵士。29、困難就是機(jī)遇。--溫斯頓．丘吉爾。30、我奮斗，所以我快樂。--格林斯潘。double-entrybookkeepingaccountingcycle/processfinancialstatementaccountingequationassetliabilityowners’equityrevenueexpensedividendretainedearningnetincome(loss)entry復(fù)式簿記會計(jì)循環(huán)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表會計(jì)恒等式資產(chǎn)負(fù)債所有者權(quán)益收入費(fèi)用股利留存收益凈利潤/凈損失分錄RecordingPhaseRelevantGlossarybusiness/sourcedocumentdebitcreditjournalspecial(general)journalcomputerizedaccountingsystemchartofaccountledgergeneral(subsidiary)ledgerposttria