定語從句講與練

定語從句講與練定語從句是整個(gè)高中階段的重點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目。無論在書面表達(dá)還是在單項(xiàng)選擇中定語從句經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)?，F(xiàn)將其用法講解如下。一、基本概念所謂定語從句就是用一個(gè)句子來作定語?；緲?gòu)成是“先行詞+關(guān)系詞+從句部分”。這里有兩點(diǎn)需要強(qiáng)調(diào)：1.從句部分中不能再出現(xiàn)“先行詞”；2.關(guān)系詞的使用與先行詞有關(guān)，但主要是又從句的謂語動(dòng)詞來決定的。(1)誤：ItisthethingthatIamlookingforit.正：ItisthethingthatIamlookingfor.(2)IstillrememberedthedaythatIspentinthesmallvillage.IstillrememberedthedaywhenIstayedatthesmallvillage.上面兩句中，一個(gè)用that,因?yàn)閟pent是及物動(dòng)詞，而另一句中用when,因?yàn)閟tayed是不及物動(dòng)詞。二、關(guān)系詞的判定關(guān)系詞可以分成兩類：關(guān)系代詞（that,which,who,whom,whose,as）和關(guān)系副詞(when,where,why)。按照定語從句的要求：先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)某種成分，所以我們?cè)谂卸P(guān)系詞時(shí)可以這樣做：如果先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語、標(biāo)語等則考慮關(guān)系代詞；如果先行詞在從句中作狀語則用關(guān)系副詞（或介詞+which）。特別是在充當(dāng)賓語時(shí)，我們要注意從句的謂語動(dòng)詞，是及物動(dòng)詞的用關(guān)系代詞，是不及物動(dòng)詞的用關(guān)系副詞。如：1.Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_______wevisitedthreemonthsage?A.where B.when C.that D.what2.Ihavemanyfriends,______somearebusinessmen..A.ofthem B.fromwhich C.whoof D.ofwhom3.Aterribleearthquakehappenedinthatdistrictattheendof2004,______manycountriesintheworldpaidcloseattentiontothis.A.where B.when C.which D.what4.Heissuchalazyman_______nobodywantstoworkwith_______.A.as,him B.that,x C.as,x D.whom,him(Key:1.C2.D3.B4.C)三、定語從句的相關(guān)知識(shí)1.只用that的情況：=1\*GB3①先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾，先行詞被only,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等不定代詞修飾；=2\*GB3②先行詞是all,much,little,none,few,oneof等不定代詞；=3\*GB3③先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)；=4\*GB3④先行詞在主句中作表語，關(guān)系詞在從句中作表語時(shí)；=5\*GB3⑤當(dāng)主句中含有疑問詞which時(shí)。例如：=1\*GB3①Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.=2\*GB3②Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.=3\*GB3③Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?2.只用which的情況：=1\*GB3①在非限定性定語從句中；=2\*GB3②在關(guān)系詞前有介詞時(shí)；=3\*GB3③當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)；=4\*GB3④當(dāng)關(guān)系詞離先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)。3.whose可以指人或物，在從句中作定語。其結(jié)構(gòu)為“先行詞+whose+名詞+其它”。★whose+n.=the+n.ofwhich=ofwhich+the+n.這三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中我們認(rèn)為是相同的，可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如：(1)Thereisaroom,whosewindowfacestheriver.→Thereisaroom,thewindowofwhichfacestheriver.→Thereisaroom,ofwhichthewindowfacestheriver.(2)Hewrotemanystories,oneofwhichIlikeverymuch.4.as作關(guān)系代詞，用法比較復(fù)雜。如在句首作引導(dǎo)詞、在句中替代表示整句的先行詞、引導(dǎo)無賓句、引導(dǎo)系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句子等,常譯成“關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)……”。在考試中比較常見的是與such,so,thesame等連用的情況。如：Thebooksasyouboughtareuseful.Theschoolisjustthesameasitwas10yearsago.★such/so…as…和such/so…that…結(jié)構(gòu)不同。as引導(dǎo)定語從句，而that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。ItissuchagoodbookthatIlikeitverymuch.ItissuchagoodbookasIlikeverymuch.★thesame…that…與thesame…as…意義不同。thesame…that…就是指同一個(gè)，而thesame…as…指相似的另一個(gè)。如：ThisisthesamebookthatIoncelost.這就是我曾經(jīng)丟失的那本書。（指同一本書）ThisisthesamebookasIoncelost.這和我曾經(jīng)丟失的書是一樣的。（并不一定是同一本）5.關(guān)系副詞（1）在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語，指地點(diǎn)用where,指時(shí)間用when,指原因用why。同時(shí)關(guān)系副詞都可以換成“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)。這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是并不是“介詞+which”都能換成關(guān)系副詞。如果不是表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因時(shí)就不能換。如：=1\*GB3①Ididn’tgototheplacewhere/atwhichhehadoncestayed.=2\*GB3②Hedoesn’teattheapplefromwhichdelicioustastecanbefelt.第=1\*GB3①句中where可以換成atwhich，指地點(diǎn)，但第=2\*GB3②句中的fromwhich就不能，因?yàn)橄刃性~是物，不表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因。（2）當(dāng)先行詞是way,day,reason,time時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可以用that或省略。Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhich/xhetalks.(這里that,inwhich,x三種表達(dá)都可接受)ThisisthefirsttimeIhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.6.定語從句的一致問題。定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與先行詞保持一致。但是當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery,justtheone等修飾，表示“唯一”時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：HeisoneofthebeststudentswhoaregoodatEnglish.(從句的主語是students)HeistheonlyoneofthebeststudentswhoisgoodatEnglish.(從句的主語是one)7.定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別：簡單地說，強(qiáng)調(diào)句去掉Itis…that/who…這個(gè)框架后，將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分還原后意思完整。而定語從句中的that在從句中要充當(dāng)相應(yīng)的成分。如：Itisthehotelthatwevisitedlastyear.（定語從句。that在從句中作賓語）Itisinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語inthehotel。)★在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，我們經(jīng)?？梢赃@樣做：有介詞的是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，用that,沒有介詞的是定語從句。8.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別：定語從句的關(guān)系詞在從句中作相應(yīng)的成分，而同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不作任何成分，而且不能被省略，因?yàn)橥徽Z從句是對(duì)先行詞的解釋說明，不是限定。如：（1）Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.（同位語從句）本句的原形是：Wordthattheirarmywasdefeatedcame.但為了句子平衡，所以寫成上面的形式。（2）Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheirs.(定語從句。that在從句中作主語，相當(dāng)于ourwish。)9.幾個(gè)特殊句型。（1）Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotverygoodmarks.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.(2)Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?(3)Hestoodatthewindow,fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.(4)Itmayrain,inwhichcasethematchwillbeputoff.三、定語從句練習(xí)1.Putthebook_______itshouldbewhenyouhavefinishedreadingit.A.where B.inwhich C.attheplace D.theplacewhere2.Itwasabout600yearsago______thefirstclockwithfaceandanhourhandwasmade.A.that B.until C.before D.when3.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_______personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.it B.that C.when D.which4.Thengentleman_____youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.who B.aboutwhom C.whom D.withwhom5.Therich,for______moneywasnotaproblem,wantedtostayanexpensivehotel.A.their B.his C.whose D.whom6.ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,______over600yearsold.A.allofthem B.allofwhich C.allofit D.noneofwhich7.Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_____wevisitedthreemonthsago?A.where B.when C.that D.what8.Ihavemanyfriends,_______somearebusinessmen.A.ofthem B.fromwhich C.whoof D.ofwhom9.----Whydoesshealwaysaskyouforhelp?----Thereisnooneelse____,isthere?A.