研究生英語精讀 李敦之等主編,第二冊,第六單元課后答案課件

Week10-11TextA1Lead-inExercisesPassageStudyWritingPractice2Theme-BasedDiscussionLead-inBackgroundInformation3Who,What,When,Where,Whywasthe

DeclarationofIndependence

Written?Who:ThomasJeffersonWhat:TheDeclarationofIndependence.When:July4,1776.Where:InPhiladelphia,PennsylvaniainsideofIndependenceHall.Why:ItwaswrittentodeclaretheirindependencefromBritain.5

ThomasJefferson(April13,1743(April2,1743O.S.)

–July4,1826)wasanAmericanFoundingFatherwhowastheprincipalauthoroftheUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence(1776)andthethirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1801–1809).AtthebeginningoftheAmericanRevolution,JeffersonservedintheContinentalCongress,representingVirginia.HethenservedasawartimeGovernorofVirginia(1779–1781).BackgroundInformation6BackgroundInformation

Justafterthewarended,frommid-1784Jeffersonservedasadiplomat,stationedinParis,initiallyasacommissionertohelpnegotiatecommercialtreaties.InMay1785,hebecametheUnitedStatesMinistertoFrance.

HewasthefirstUnitedStatesSecretaryofState(1790–1793)duringtheadministrationofPresidentGeorgeWashington.Uponresigninghisoffice,withhisclosefriendJamesMadisonheorganizedtheDemocratic-RepublicanParty.7Theme-basedDiscussion

TopicDiscussion

Video9PassageStudyDetailedStudyTextAnalysis10InCongress,July4,1776

TheunanimousDeclarationofthethirteenunitedStatesofAmericaDetailedStudy1776年7月4日，美利堅合眾國13個州的一致宣言。11在有關(guān)人類事務(wù)的發(fā)展過程中，當(dāng)一個民族必須解除其和另一個民族之間的政治聯(lián)系并在世界各國之間依照自然法則和上帝的意旨，接受獨立和平等的地位時，出於對人類輿論的尊重，必須把他們不得不獨立的原因予以宣布。咱們國事亂到這般田地，叫咱們不得不跟（英國）皇上分家，自起爐灶，除了老天爺以外，誰也不要管誰，所以這會子總應(yīng)向大家交個賬，說個明白，叫人家懂得這是怎么一回事，別疑心了咱們是在做什么坑崩拐騙蒙的好勾當(dāng)。13Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreator

withcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.DetailedStudy我們認(rèn)為下面這些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。14“咱們不會歪纏，就是這么幾名話。一則，你我大家比起人家都是一只鼻子兩只眼睛，不認(rèn)輸誰，說不定比人家還強的多著呢；二則，誰也別想貶卻咱們的身分資格；三則，一個人要怎么活就可以怎么活，要怎么玩就可以怎么玩，要到哪兒去就可以到哪兒去，只要不礙著旁人就得了。什么鳥政府不放咱們這樣，便是王八蛋?！?5DetailedStudy為了保障這些權(quán)利，人類才在他們之間建立政府，而政府之正當(dāng)權(quán)力，是經(jīng)被治理者的同意而產(chǎn)生的。當(dāng)任何形式的政府對這些目標(biāo)具有破壞作用時，人民便有權(quán)力改變或廢除它，以建立一個新的政府；其賴以奠基的原則，其組織權(quán)力的方式，務(wù)使人民認(rèn)為唯有這樣才最可能獲得他們的安全和幸福。還有，老百姓要什么政府就可自己做主，不干人家的鳥事。什么政府不給咱們這樣就得滾他的蛋，再扶一個出來頂替。17Prudence,indeed,willdictatethatGovernmentslongestablishedshouldnotbechangedforlightandtransientcauses;andaccordinglyallexperiencehathshewn,thatmankindaremoredisposedtosuffer,whileevilsaresufferable,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.DetailedStudy為了慎重起見，成立多年的政府，是不應(yīng)當(dāng)由於輕微和短暫的原因而予以變更的。過去的一切經(jīng)驗也都說明，任何苦難，只要是尚能忍受，人類都寧愿容忍，而無意為了本身的權(quán)益便廢除他們久已習(xí)慣了的政府。18但是，當(dāng)追逐同一目標(biāo)的一連串濫用職權(quán)和強取豪奪長期發(fā)生，證明政府企圖把人民置於專制統(tǒng)治之下時，那么人民就有權(quán)利，也有義務(wù)推翻這個政府，并為他們未來的安全建立新的保障。DetailedStudyButwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,pursuinginvariablythesameObjectevincesadesigntoreducethemunderabsoluteDespotism,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchGovernment,andtoprovidenewguardsfortheirfuturesecurity19DetailedStudy--SuchhasbeenthepatientsufferanceoftheseColonies;andsuchisnowthenecessitywhichconstrainsthemtoaltertheirformerSystemsofGovernment.——這就是這些殖民地過去逆來順受的情況，也是它們現(xiàn)在不得不改變以前政府制度的原因。21ThehistoryofthepresentKingofGreatBritainisahistoryofrepeatedinjuriesandusurpations,allhavingindirectobjecttheestablishmentofanabsoluteTyrannyovertheseStates.Toprovethis,letfactsbesubmittedtoacandidworld.

DetailedStudy當(dāng)今大不列顛國王的歷史，是接連不斷的傷天害理和強取豪奪的歷史，這些暴行的唯一目標(biāo)，就是想在這些州建立專制的暴政。為了證明所言屬實，現(xiàn)把下列事實向公正的世界宣布：

22當(dāng)今皇上喬治登基以來，政事就是一團糟，誰不服氣來同他辦交涉，就是一把拳頭叫你吃，這還有什么天理么？咱們同他算一下賬給你瞧。23DetailedStudyHehasforbiddenhisGovernorstopassLawsofimmediateandpressingimportance,unlesssuspendedintheiroperationtillhisAssentshouldbeobtained;andwhensosuspended,hehasutterlyneglectedtoattendtothem.

Hewon'tevenallowhisownadministratorstopassreallyimportantlawsuntilhegiveshispermission,andwhenhispermissionissought,henevergetsaroundeventoresponding.

25他禁止他的總督們批準(zhǔn)迫切而極為必要的法律，要不就把這些法律擱置起來暫不生效，等待他的同意；而一旦這些法律被擱置起來，他對它們就完全置之不理。咱們有什么呈文，非他親眼瞧過不成，呈文一上去，他卻向口袋里一放，裝著忘了，你同他提起，只給你一個不睬。26DetailedStudy

HehasrefusedtopassotherLawsfortheaccommodationoflargedistrictsofpeople,unlessthosepeoplewouldrelinquishtherightofRepresentationintheLegislature,arightinestimabletothemandformidabletotyrantsonly.

Hewon'tevenpasslawslotsofpeoplewantunlesstheygiveuptheirpricelessrightof

governmentalrepresentation--arightonlytyrantsworryaboutpeoplehaving.

27Hehascalledtogetherlegislativebodiesatplacesunusual,uncomfortable,anddistantfromthedepositoryoftheirPublicRecords,forthesolepurposeoffatiguingthemintocompliancewithhismeasures.DetailedStudyHehasmadeitsodifficultforlegislatureseventomeetthatbythetimetheydo,theyaresotiredtheyarewillingtopasswhateverhewants.29他把各州立法團體召集到特別的、極不方便的、遠(yuǎn)離政府檔案庫的地方去開會，其唯一的目的就是使他們疲于奔命，不得不順從他的旨意。他叫議會到那兒嶺外天邊三家村上去開會，樂得沒人肯去，讓他去一意橫行霸道。30HehasdissolvedRepresentativeHousesrepeatedly,foropposingwithmanlyfirmnesshisinvasionsontherightsofthepeople.

DetailedStudy他屢次解散各州的議會，因為這些議會曾堅定不移地反抗他對人民權(quán)利的侵犯。Hegetsridoflegislatorswhostanduptohimwhenhetreatspeopleunfairlyandcriminally.Hegetsridoflegislatorswhostanduptohimwhenhetreatspeopleunfairlyandcriminally.議員去找他，說什么好歹，他就是一溜不見，送他們回家。31Hehasrefusedforalongtime,aftersuchdissolutions,tocauseotherstobeelected;wherebytheLegislativepowers,incapableofAnnihilation,havereturnedtothePeopleatlargefortheirexercise;theStateremaininginthemeantimeexposedtoallthedangersofinvasionfromwithout,andconvulsionswithin.他在解散各州議會之后，又長期拒絕另選新議會；但立法權(quán)是無法取消的，因此這項權(quán)力仍由一般人民來行使。其實各州仍然處于危險的境地，既有外來侵略之患，又有發(fā)生內(nèi)亂之憂。議院封了，要叫開又不肯開，政事沒人管，成個無法無天的天下。32HehasendeavouredtopreventthepopulationoftheseStates;forthatpurposeobstructingtheLawsforNaturalizationofForeigners;refusingtopassotherstoencouragetheirmigrationshither,andraisingtheconditionsofnewAppropriationsofLands.他竭力抑制我們各州增加人口；為此目的，他阻撓外國人入籍法的通過，拒絕批準(zhǔn)其它鼓勵外國人移居各州的法律，并提高分配新土地的條件。他哄人家不要來咱們十三州。誰要來，也不讓有報紙看，人家一看也不肯來了，就是來了，也不給田地，不得不回去，有的索性就不來。33HehasobstructedtheAdministrationofJustice,byrefusinghisAssenttoLawsforestablishingJudiciarypowersDetailedStudy他拒絕批準(zhǔn)建立司法權(quán)力的法律，藉以阻撓司法工作的推行。

他跟法官通同作弊，就不肯出錢多用幾個官吏，人家有案子，三年兩載還不見個動靜，不發(fā)下來，只好認(rèn)倒霉空手回去。

34Hehasmadejudgesreliantonhimfortheirjob,theircontinuingemployment,andtheirincomesandpaychecks.

DetailedStudy他把法官的任期、薪金數(shù)額和支付，完全置于他個人意志的支配之下。

法官有什么不順從他的意旨，就得滾蛋，官俸又不發(fā)，叫他們先來孝敬老天爺，不然也別想拿一個大。35HehaserectedamultitudeofNewOffices,andsenthitherswarmsofOfficerstoharrassourpeople,andeatouttheirsubstance.他建立新官署，派遣大批官員，騷擾我們?nèi)嗣瘢⒑谋M人民必要的生活物質(zhì)。

他濫設(shè)了許多新的官職，派了大批的官吏到這邊來箝制我們的人民，并且蠶食我們的民脂民膏。

高興起了，就添了什么司什么員，安排一些不見經(jīng)傳的人小，錢向咱們老百姓腰包里拿，不管你情愿不情愿。36Hehaskeptamongus,intimesofpeace,StandingArmieswithouttheConsentofourlegislatures.DetailedStudy他在和平時期，未經(jīng)我們的立法機關(guān)同意，就在我們中間維持常備軍。一個好好的太平天下，養(yǎng)了一大班丘八，驚擾百姓，咱們怎么抗議也沒用。37HehasaffectedtorendertheMilitaryindependentofandsuperiortotheCivilpower.DetailedStudy他力圖使軍隊獨立于民政之外，并凌駕于民政之上。

他放著這些丘八作惡為非，橫行霸道，不掛腰刀的人只好聽他們排比。38

Hehascombinedwithotherstosubjectustoajurisdictionforeigntoourconstitution,andunacknowledgedbyourlaws;givinghisAssenttotheirActsofpretendedLegislation:DetailedStudy他同他人勾結(jié)，把我們置于一種既不符合我們的法規(guī)也未經(jīng)我們法律承認(rèn)的管轄之下，而且還批準(zhǔn)他們炮制的各種偽法案：

他放貪官污吏到處作孽，一朝權(quán)在手，無惡不作，干起以下的事來：39ForQuarteringlargebodiesofarmedtroopsamongus:以便任其在我們中間駐扎大批武裝部隊；叫一些毫無用處人人討厭的丘八駐扎民家里

Forprotectingthem,byamockTrial,frompunishmentforanyMurderswhichtheyshouldcommitontheInhabitantsoftheseStates:不論這些人對我們各州居民犯下何等嚴(yán)重的謀殺罪，他可用假審判來庇護他們，任其逍遙法外

；丘八殺人，便做個圈套，放他們逍遙法外。40ForcuttingoffourTradewithallpartsoftheworld:他可以切斷我們同世界各地的貿(mào)易

；管人家的事。

ForimposingTaxesonuswithoutourConsent:未經(jīng)我們同意便向我們強行征稅；征苛捐雜稅，也不問一問咱們繳的稅項有個繳稅的道理沒有。41Fordeprivingusinmanycases,ofthebenefitsofTrialbyJury:在許多案件中剝奪我們享有陪審制的權(quán)益；把人捉將官里去，人家要叫百姓陪審，不讓陪審。FortransportingusbeyondSeastobetriedforpretendedoffences以莫須有的罪名把我們押送海外受審；

把人無端趕出國外，事案是此地發(fā)的，叫人家到天邊海外去受審。42ForabolishingthefreeSystemofEnglishLawsinaneighbouringProvince,establishingthereinanArbitrarygovernment,andenlargingitsBoundariessoastorenderitatonceanexampleandfitinstrumentforintroducingthesameabsoluteruleintotheseColonies:他在一個鄰省廢除了英國法律的自由制度，并建立專制政府，擴大其疆域，使其立即成為一個樣板和合適的工具，以便向這里各殖民地推行同樣的專制統(tǒng)治；放幾個壞蛋充我們鄰國的官員，慢慢的擴展，希望有一天把咱們也吞下去，同他們一般腐敗。把憲法當(dāng)做把戲，人人說好沒人說壞的法律，他偏取消，讓他一人去瞎干。43FortakingawayourCharters,abolishingourmostvaluableLawsandalteringfundamentallytheFormsofourGovernments:他取消我們的許多特許狀，廢除我們最珍貴的法律并從根本上改變我們各州政府的形式；把憲法當(dāng)做把戲，人人說好沒人說壞的法律，他偏取消，讓他一人去瞎干。44ForsuspendingourownLegislatures,anddeclaringthemselvesinvestedwithpowertolegislateforusinallcaseswhatsoever.他終止我們立法機構(gòu)行使權(quán)力，宣稱他們自己擁有在任何情況下為我們制定法律的權(quán)力。

他把議院關(guān)了門，就象他一個人獨干比別人干得好?，F(xiàn)在一不做二不休，索性跟咱們開戰(zhàn)，咱們還認(rèn)什么皇上，做什么臣子？45HehasabdicatedGovernmenthere,bydeclaringusoutofhisProtectionandwagingWaragainstus.他放棄設(shè)在這里的政府，宣稱我們已不屬他保護之列，并向我們發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭。他宣布我們已不屬他保護之列，并對我們作戰(zhàn)，從而放棄了在這里的政務(wù)。他宣布我們不在其保護范圍之內(nèi)并且對我們作戰(zhàn)，這樣，他就已經(jīng)放棄了在這里的政權(quán)了。

46Hehasplunderedourseas,ravagedourcoasts,burntourtowns,anddestroyedthelivesofourpeople.他在我們的海域大肆掠奪，蹂躪我們沿海地區(qū)，焚燒我們的城鎮(zhèn)，殘害我們?nèi)嗣竦纳Ｋ殉且矡?，人也殺了，比狗還不如，在海上還要興師問罪。47HeisatthistimetransportinglargeArmiesofforeignMercenariestocompletetheworksofdeath,desolation,andtyranny,alreadybegunwithcircumstancesofCruelty&Perfidyscarcelyparalleledinthemostbarbarousages,andtotallyunworthytheHeadofacivilizednation.他此時正在運送大批外國傭兵來完成屠殺、破壞和肆虐的勾當(dāng)，這種勾當(dāng)早就開始，其殘酷卑劣甚至在最野蠻的時代都難以找到先例。他已完全不配當(dāng)一個文明國家的元首。

他雇些荷蘭雜種來打咱們，教他們只要打得過咱們，可以隨意搶掠，什么萬國公法都不顧了。48HehasconstrainedourfellowCitizenstakenCaptiveonthehighSeastobearArmsagainsttheirCountry,tobecometheexecutionersoftheirfriendsandBrethren,ortofallthemselvesbytheirHands.他在公海上俘虜我們的同胞，強迫他們拿起武器來反對自己的國家，成為殘殺自己親人和朋友的劊子手，或是死于自己的親人和朋友的手下。

咱們自己人在海上給他捉去，不管愿意不愿意，就迫著拿起槍把殺咱們同胞。49Hehasexciteddomesticinsurrectionsamongstus,andhasendeavoredtobringontheinhabitantsofourfrontiers,themercilessIndianSavageswhoseknownruleofwarfare,isanundistinguisheddestructionofallages,sexesandconditions.他在我們中間煽動內(nèi)亂，并且竭力挑唆那些殘酷無情、沒有開化的印第安人來殺掠我們邊疆的居民；而眾所周知，印第安人的作戰(zhàn)規(guī)律是不分男女老幼，是非曲直，一律格殺勿論的。

他唆使印第安生番，給他們槍火，教他們打死咱們的男女老少。

50IneverystageoftheseOppressionsWehavePetitionedforRedressinthemosthumbleterms:OurrepeatedPetitionshavebeenansweredonlybyrepeatedinjury.APrince,whosecharacteristhusmarkedbyeveryactwhichmaydefineaTyrant,isunfittobetherulerofafreepeople.在遭受這些壓迫的每一階段，我們都曾以最謙卑的言辭吁請予以糾正。而我們一次又一次的情愿，卻只是被報以一次又一次的傷害。一個君主，當(dāng)他的品格已打上了暴君行為的烙印時，是不配作自由人民的統(tǒng)治者的。在他施行這些高壓政策的每一個階段，我們都曾經(jīng)用最謙卑的詞句吁請改革；然而，我們屢次的吁請，結(jié)果所得到的答復(fù)卻只是屢次的侮辱。一個如此罪惡昭彰的君主，其一切的行為都可以確認(rèn)為暴君，實不堪做一個自由民族的統(tǒng)治者。51“每回他這樣干，咱們就不服同他反抗，每回咱們不服同他反抗，他還是照舊這樣干下去。一個人老是這樣蠻橫不講理，還有什么身分，就是不配來管咱們有身分失，應(yīng)當(dāng)滾蛋?！?2NorhaveWebeenwantinginattentionstoourBritishbrethren.Wehavewarnedthemfromtimetotimeofattemptsbytheirlegislaturetoextendanunwarrantablejurisdictionoverus.我們不是沒有顧念我們英國的弟兄。我們時常提醒他們，他們的立法機關(guān)企圖把無理的管轄權(quán)橫加到我們的頭上?！霸蹅兿蛴酥v理，總是不得要領(lǐng)。差不多天天咱們忠告他們，他們那邊那些官僚違法越權(quán)，侵犯咱們。53Wehaveremindedthemofthecircumstancesofouremigrationandsettlementhere.Wehaveappealedtotheirnativejusticeandmagnanimity,andwehaveconjuredthembythetiesofourcommonkindredtodisavowtheseusurpations,whichwouldinevitablyinterruptourconnectionsandcorrespondence.我們也曾把我們移民來這里和在這里定居的情況告訴他們。我們曾懇求他們天生的正義感和雅量，念在同種同宗的分上，棄絕這些掠奪行為，因為這些掠奪行為難免會使我們之間的關(guān)系和來往中斷。咱們老同他們講，咱們是誰，咱們在做什么事，咱們?yōu)槭裁催^海而來。咱們同他們講公道，告訴他們，如果長此下去，咱們有一天要自己做自己打算，他們才知道利害。

54Theytoohavebeendeaftothevoiceofjusticeandofconsanguinity.Wemust,therefore,acquiesceinthenecessity,whichdenouncesourSeparation,andholdthem,asweholdtherestofmankind,EnemiesinWar,inPeaceFriends.可他們對這種正義和同宗的呼聲也同樣充耳不聞。因此，我們不得不宣布脫離他們，以對待世界上其他民族的態(tài)度對待他們：同我交戰(zhàn)者，就是敵人；同我和好者，即為朋友。但是越和他們講理，越無理可講?？梢砸姷盟麄儾桓蹅円换飪?，就是同咱們?yōu)殡y，咱們就得同他們拚個高低，打完了再做道理。

55We,therefore,theRepresentativesoftheunitedStatesofAmerica,inGeneralCongress,Assembled,appealingtotheSupremeJudgeoftheworldfortherectitudeofourintentions,do,intheName,andbyAuthorityofthegoodPeopleoftheseColonies,solemnlypublishanddeclare,因此，我們，在大陸會議下集會的美利堅聯(lián)盟代表，以各殖民地善良人民的名義，并經(jīng)他們授權(quán)，向全世界最崇高的正義呼吁，說明我們的嚴(yán)正意向，同時鄭重宣布；

因此，咱們決定，咱們代表十三州府的百姓在議會上議決：

56ThattheseunitedColoniesare,andofRightoughttobeFreeandIndependentStates,thattheyareabsolvedfromallAllegiancetotheBritishCrown,andthatallpoliticalconnectionbetweenthemandtheStateofGreatBritain,isandoughttobetotallydissolved;這些聯(lián)合一致的殖民地從此是自由和獨立的國家，并且按其權(quán)利也必須是自由和獨立的國家，它們?nèi)∠磺袑τ跏倚е业牧x務(wù)，它們和大不列顛國家之間的一切政治關(guān)系從此全部斷絕，而且必須斷絕；咱們合眾國就是以前的十三州府，從此以后是自由國，照理就早該如此；咱們不認(rèn)皇上，同他一刀兩斷，再也不聽英國人的吩咐；

57andthatasFreeandIndependentStates,theyhavefullPowertolevyWar,concludePeace,contractAlliances,establishCommerce,andtodoallotherActsandThingswhichIndependentStatesmayofrightdo.作為自由獨立的國家，它們完全有權(quán)宣戰(zhàn)、締和、結(jié)盟、通商和采取獨立國家有權(quán)采取的一切行動。咱們既然自由，自由國能干什么咱們就能干什么，尤重要的是宣戰(zhàn)、議和、營商等等。58—AndforthesupportofthisDeclaration,withafirmrelianceontheprotectionofDivineProvidence,wemutuallypledgetoeachotherourLives,ourFortunes,andoursacredHonor.我們堅定地信賴神明上帝的保佑，同時以我們的生命、財產(chǎn)和神圣的名譽彼此宣誓來支持這一宣言。

咱們拿圣經(jīng)罰咒，大家一心一力，有首有尾，不顧利害，不論成敗，不計吉兇，就是財破人亡，到斷頭臺上，還是這樣做去。59TheInfluenceofTheDeclarationofIndependence60DomesticInfluenceDeclarationdeclaredtheindependenceof13coloniesinNorthAmericafromBritain,whichmarkedthebirthofUnitedStatesofAmerica,thereupon,declarationisoneofthemostimportanthistoricaldocuments(TheArticlesofConfederationandThe1787FederalConstitution).61DomesticInfluenceDeclarationlaidthemassbasefortherevolution.Mobilizedalltherevolutionaryforces.InspiredthefightingspiritofNorthAmericanpeople.BecametheflagofindependenceforNorthAmericans.Promotedthevictoryofthewar.“Wemustallnowhangtogether,orwewillallsurelyhangseparately’”62DomesticInfluenceDeclarationlaidtheideologicalbasisfortherevolution.(Liberty,EqualityandSovereigntyofthePeople.)Negatedthefeudalhierarchyandtheabsolutelytyranny.NegatedthelegalityabouttheBritishruletocolonies.CrystallizedthoughtsofadvancedpeopleinNorthAmerica.Guidingandinspiringinfluenceonthewar63DomesticInfluenceDeclarationinfluencedthefutureofAmerica.“Allmenarecreatedequal’’asthebasicprincipleofnations,aspeople'sbeliefsandideal,haveinfluencedgenerationbygeneration.Whethertoabolishsegregationortoimprovethestatusofwomen,peoplewilltakeDeclarationastheweapon.(IHAVEADREAM)64InternationalInfluenceRevolutionaryspiritTwofirstsDestroyedthetheoreticalfoundationoffeudalismDeclarationinfluenceddirectlyontheFrenchRevolution,promotedthestruggleofanti-feudalisminEuropean,andindependencemovementinLatinAmericaandAsia.65InternationalinfluenceInfluenceonotherproclamationsConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesProclamationofIndependenceoftheDemocraticRepublicofVietnamIHaveaDream66InternationalinfluenceForChina,thedemocraticandrepublicthoughtswereacceptedbybourgeoisenlightenmentthinkers,whichlaidtheideologicalbasisforbourgeoisrevolutionandthenpromotedChina’snationalliberationmovement.67stableWordStudye.g.Riceisthestaplefoodofmorethanhalftheworld’spopulation.Astaplefood,product,oractivity

Astorageroome.g.PoliticalreportinghasbecomeastapleofAmericanjournalism.68onthevergeof

WordStudye.g.TheRussians,hewasinstructed,weredecayedtheFrenchdegeneratetheBritishonthevergeofcivilwar.onthevergeofdeathOnTheVergeOfCollapsee.g.

Hisownranksareturningagainsthimandhisgovernmentisonthevergeofcollapse.69bringforthWordStudyComeintobeing;producee.g.1)Hebroughtforthaproblemforourdiscussion.

2)Fourscoreandsevenyearsago,ourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinent,anewnation,conceivedinLiberty,anddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.70nucleusWordStudythecentralpartofanatomorcellise.g.1)Neutronsandprotonsareboundtogetherinthenucleusofanatom.2)MattCummingsandJeffersonformthenucleusoftheteam.asmallgroupofindispensablepersonsorthings

71rejectWordStudydonotaccept;refuse;attackanddestroyatransplantedorgane.g.1）Therejectionofsuchinitiativesbynomeansindicatesthatvotersareunconcernedabouttheenvironment.2）Bepreparedforlotsofrejectionsbeforeyoulandajob.

3）Itwasfearedhisbodywasrejectingakidneyhereceivedinatransplantfouryearsago.72

fool-proofWordStudye.g.Isthereonefool-proofstrategythatwillguaranteethevictoryoftheteam?proofagainsthumanmisuseorerror;notliabletofailuree.g.Afool-proofdesign;afool-proofsystem73

miscarryWordStudyUnsuccessful;failede.g.1)He'sveryartfulbutsometimesmiscarries2)Mylettershavemiscarried.3)Shemiscarriedinthethirdmonthofherpregnancy.

74implication

WordStudybyimplication

e.g.1)TheAttorneyGeneralwasawareofthepoliticalimplicationsofhisdecisiontoprosecute.thingsthatarelikelytohappenasaresult2)Nowhisauthorityand,byimplication,thatofthewholemanagementteamareunderthreatasneverbefore.3)Theseideasandtheirpsychologicalandmoralimplicationsrunthroughhisfiction.752)Shehadconceivedtheideaofaseriesofnovels,eachofwhichwouldrevealsomeaspectofChineselife.

conceiveWordStudy

imagineorbelievesthe.g.1)Ijustcan'tevenconceiveofthatquantityofmoney.

thinkofaplanandworkouthowitcanbedone

conceivesachild

e.g.3)Womenshouldgiveupalcoholbeforetheyplantoconceive.76clamorWordStudymakelouddemandsinanoisyorangrywaye.g.1)Tpelsomeonetodosthbyinsistentclamoring

e.g.2)Thecitizensclamoredthemayorintobuildinganewpark77irrespectiveWordStudy

inspiteofeverything;withoutregardtodrawbackse.g.“Irrespectiveofwhetheryouwantmoney,youshouldhavecontrolofthecompanyforthesakeofthemission,”hesays.e.g.Irrespectiveoftheeventualoutcome,however,thecasehasfar-reachingimplicationsforthefinancialreformlegislationCongressisconsidering.78

resorttoWordStudytohavetodoanactioninordertoachievesthe.g.1)Theskiresortsareexpandingtomeetthegrowingnumberofskiersthatcomehere.dosomethingas/inalastresorte.g.2)Internationaldisputesshouldbesettledonpeachbasis,withoutresortingtotheuseorthreatofforce79ponderWordStudye.g.2)itisnecessaryforustoponderuponthisphenomenonandtoexplorethestrategyfortheconstructionofyouthcultureunderthecontextofpost-modernism.reflectdeeplyonasubject

e.g.1)Heponderedoverthedifficultiesinvolved.80ExercisesReadingComprehension

Vocabulary

ClozeTranslationClozeClozeCloze81Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformofthewordsyouhavelearnedinthetextwithoutreferringtheoriginal.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(1)Itisthepeoplewhoe______thesovereignwiththeauthoritytorepresentthemontheirbehalf.Vocabularyndow

82(2)

Withcourage,wecanconqueradversity.Withm___________,wecantolerateunhappyrelationships.Vocabularyagnanimity(3)Histeamusedamethodcalledt__________genesilencingtochangethegeneticstructureofthethreemosquitospeciesresponsibleforspreadingmalaria.ransient834)Nowitisbecomingclearthatsomeofthepresident’sclosestcolleaguesdonotsharehispersonalfrugalityandpublicr________.Vocabularyectitude5)Ateachstop,IhaveemphasizedpresidentObama’smessagethatourstrategyworkingwithyoumaybeinanewphase,butwep_______ourfullandcontinuingcommitmenttoIraqandtheIraqipeople.etition846)It'saninventionofab_________agewhichablindandignorantpopulationwillacceptonlytoitsownvexation,hindrance,andconstraint.Vocabularyarbarous7)Thismeanstheinternetwillberegulatedmorethroughasetofclearrulesandlesswitha_____,intransparentdecisions.buse858)Onaccountofyourhealth,youmuste________toshiftoffthecareofyourchildren.Vocabularyndeavor9)Theirageandexperiencee_____oldpeopletotherespectofyoungpeople..ntitle86Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.10)Thedata,however,donotconsistentlyshowthatlowadolescentself-esteemcausesorevencorrelateswiththea________ofalcoholorother.Vocabularyddiction87Chooseanappropriatewordfromthefollowinglisttofillineachofthefollowingblanks.EachwordcanbeusedonlyONCE.Changetheformwherenecessary.Clozeadvanceunhappyfavorbattlealthoughvarioustraditioneffortcomposeincludedifferencedraftunrestalarmbananniversarycommemoratecoloniesheadrebellion

88

IndependenceDayisthenationalholidayoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica(1)________________thesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencebytheContinentalCongressonJuly4,1776,inPhiladelphia,Pmemoratingcolonies

AtthetimeofthesigningtheUSconsistedof13(2)_______undertheruleofEngland’sKingGeorgeIII.89

Asthe(3)_________grewinthecolonies,KingGeorgesentextratroopstohelpcontrolany(4)___________.In1774the13coloniessentdelegatestoPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniatoformtheFirstContinentalCongress.Thedelegateswere(5)__________withEngland,butwerenotyetreadytodeclarewar.

unrestrebellionunhappy90

InApril1775astheKing’stroops(6)_________onConcordMassachusettsPaulReverewouldsoundthe(7)________that“TheBritisharecoming,theBritisharecoming”asherodehishorsethroughthelatenightstreets.The(8)________ofConcordandits“shotheardroundtheworld”wouldmarktheunofficialbeginningofthecolonieswarforIndependence.advancedalarmbattle91ThefollowingMaythecoloniesagainsentdelegatestotheSecondContinentalCongress.Foralmostayearthecongresstriedtoworkoutits(9)_________withEngland,againwithoutformallydeclaringwar.ByJune1776their(10)_______hadbecomehopelessandacommitteewasformedto(11)_________aformaldeclarationofindependence.(12)__________byThomasJefferson,thecommittee(13)__________JohnAdams,BenjaminFranklin,PhilipLivingstonandRogerSposedifferenceeffortsHeadedincluded92ThomasJeffersonwaschosentowritethefirst(14)_____whichwaspresentedtothecongressonJune28.After(15)________changesavotewastakenlateintheafternoonofJuly4th.Ofthe13colonies,9votedin(16)_______oftheDeclaration,2-PennsylvaniaandSouthCarolinavotedNo,DelawareundecidedandNewYorkabstained.favourdraftvarious93And(17)________thesigningoftheDeclarationwasnotcompleteduntilAugust,the4thofJulyhasbeenacceptedastheofficial(18)___________ofUnitedStatesindependence.ThefirstIndependenceDaycelebrationtookplacethefollowingyear-July4,1777.Bytheearly1800sthe(19)__________ofparades,picnics,andfireworkswereestablishedasthewaytocelebrateAmerica’sbirthday.Andalthoughfireworkshavebeen(20)_______inmostplacesbecauseoftheirdanger,mosttownsandcitiesusuallyhavebigfireworkdisplaysforalltoseeandenjoy.althoughanniversarytraditionsbanned94A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.B.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.Translation95TheDeclarationofIndependence:DraftedbyThomasJeffersonbetweenJune11andJune28,1776,theDeclarationofIndependenceisatoncethenation’smostcherishedsymboloflibertyandJefferson’smostenduringmonument.Here,inexaltedandunforgettablephrases,JeffersonexpressedtheconvictionsinthemindsandheartsoftheAmericanpeople.

《獨立宣言》是托馬斯·杰斐遜于1776年6月11日至6月28日之間起草的，《宣言》很快成了全美國最寶貴的自由的象征和杰佛遜最不朽的作品。在宣言中，杰佛遜用崇高和難忘的語言,表達(dá)了美國人民的心中的信念。96ThepoliticalphilosophyoftheDeclarationwasnotnew;itsidealsofindividuallibertyhadalreadybeenexpressedbyJohnLockeandtheContinentalphilosophers.WhatJeffersondidwastosummarizethisphilosophyin“self-evidenttruths”andsetforthalistofgrievancesagainsttheKinginordertojustifybeforetheworldthebreakingoftiesbetweenthecoloniesandthemothercountry.

《獨立宣言》的政治哲學(xué)并非首次提出,在此之前，約翰·洛克和大陸會議的代表們早已提出崇尚個人自由的理想。杰弗遜只是概括這一“不言自明的真理”哲學(xué),并歷數(shù)英王喬治三世的罪行以向世人證明殖民地人民早該擺脫英國的統(tǒng)治。97（2）TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1)但是，許許多多的國旗還在歐洲飄揚，邊境依然劍拔弩張，大批軍隊正在屯積新的裝備。(amultitudeof)

ButamultitudeofflagsstillwaveinEurope,withthefrontiersstillexasperatingandgreatarmiesaccumulatingfreshstoresofeq