當(dāng)代研究生英語(yǔ)Unit The case against man

會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1當(dāng)代研究生英語(yǔ)UnitThecaseagainstmanBookOneContentWarming-upReadingWritingTextATextB第1頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneWarming-up第2頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne

Questions:

1)Inwhatwaysdoeshumanactivityinfluencetheenvironment?

Offersomeexamples.

2)HaveyouexperiencedthepressureofChina’slarge

population?Tellaboutyourexperiences.

3)ForhowlongdoyouthinkChinashouldinsistitsFamily

PlanningActivity?Why?

Groupdiscussion

第3頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne

THECASEAGAINSTMAN(PARTI)

IsaacAsimov第4頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneReading—TextATextStudyMainIdea&StructureSentenceAnalysisLanguagePointsUsefulExpressionTextTranslation第5頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneMainIdeaandStructureFirstreading:Scanthetextandtrytocatchthemainidea.Thefollowingwordsareforyourreferencetoorganizetheidea:

Mankindintricatewebdependentonsinglespecies

increasingexplosionSecondreading:readthepassageagainandtrytoidentifythestructureofthispassage.

ForyourreferenceForyourreference第6頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne

Mankindispartofanintricateweboflifeontheplanetanddependentontherestpartofthesystem.Inthepastthousandsofyears,mankindisthesinglespeciesthathasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Wehavetodosomethingtostophumanpopulationexplosion.MainIdea第7頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneStructurePara.8-11

Mainidea:Theentireplanetismadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportionswhichareinterdependent.Andmankindispartoftheintricateweboflife.Mainidea:

Livingthingsareinterrelatedandinterdependent,justasvarioustypesofcellscomposingofamanareinterrelatedandinterdependent..Mainidea:Thewildincreaseofhumanpopulationwilldestroytheecologyjustasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.Para.12-16

Para.1-7Para.17-20

Mainidea:Tostophumanpopulationexplosionisaproblemoftopprioritytobesolved;

第8頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneTextStudy

第9頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne

1Thefirstmistakeistothinkofmankindasathinginitself.Itisn’t.Itispartofanintricateweboflife.Andwecan’tthinkevenoflifeasathinginitself.Itisn’t.ItispartoftheintricatestructureofaplanetbathedbyenergyfromtheSun.2TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.Whenitfirstcameintobeing,itverylikelylackedwhatwewouldtodaycallanoceanandanatmosphere.Thesewereformedbythegradualoutwardmovementofmaterialasthesolidinteriorsettledtogether.3Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.Farwithinthesolidcrustthereareslow,continuingchanges,too,ofwhichhotsprings,volcanoes,andearthquakesarethemorenoticeablemanifestationshereonthesurface.Para.1-3第10頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnePara.4-64Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.Lifeformshavebecomemorecomplexandmorevariouseversince.5ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.Ifanyanimalisisolatedtotallyfromotherformsoflife,thendeathbystarvationwillsurelyfollow.Ifisolatedfromwater,deathbydehydrationwillfollowevenfaster.Ifisolatedfromair,whetherfreeordissolvedinwater,deathbyasphyxiationwillfollowstillfaster.IfisolatedfromtheSun,animalswillsurviveforatime,butplantswoulddie,andifallplantsdied,allanimalswouldstarve.6Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.Thenatureoftheatmospherehasbeenchangedbyplantactivity(whichaddstotheairthefreeoxygenitcouldnototherwiseretain).Thesoilisturnedbyearthworms,whileenormousoceanreefsareformedbycoral.第11頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnePara.7-97Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).8Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amaniscomposedof

50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentireleg,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.9Inthesameway,onaplanetaryscale,thechoppingdownofanentireforestmaynotthreatenEarth’slifeingeneral,butitwillproduceseriouschangesinthelifeformsoftheregionandeveninthenatureofthewaterrunoffand,therefore,inthedetailsofgeologicalstructure.Aseriousdeclineinthebeepopulationwillaffectthenumbersofthoseplantsthatdependonbeesforfertilization,thenthenumbersofthoseanimalsthatdependonthoseparticularbee-fertilizedplants,andsoon.第12頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnePara.9-1110Orconsidercellgrowth.Cellsinthoseorgansthatsufferconstantwearandtear—asintheskinorintheintestinallining—growandmultiplyalllifelong.Othercells,notsoexposed,asinnerveandmuscle,donotmultiplyatallintheadult,underanycircumstances.Stillotherorgans,ordinarilyquiescent,asliverandbone,standreadytogrowifthatisnecessarytoreplacedamage.Whentheproperrepairsaremade,growthstops.11Inamuchlooserandmoreflexibleway,thesameistrueofthe“planetorganism”(whichwestudyinthesciencecalledecology).Ifcougarsgrowtoonumerous,thedeertheyliveon

aredecimated,andsomeofthecougarsdieofstarvation,sothattheir“propernumber”isrestored.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thenthedeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,andbotharethebetterforit.(Ifthecougarsareallkilledoff,deerwouldmultiplytothepointwheretheydestroytheplantstheyliveoff,andmorewouldthendieofstarvationthanwouldhavediedofcougars.)第13頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnePara.12-1412Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.Thisisthedreaddiseaseofcancer,andunlessthatgrowinggroupofcellsissomehowstopped,thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.13Inecology,thesamewouldhappenif,forsomereason,oneparticulartypeoforganismbegantomultiplywithoutlimit,killingitscompetitorsandincreasingitsownfoodsupplyattheexpenseof

thatofothers.That,too,couldendinthedestructionofthelargersystem—mostoralloflifeandevenofcertainaspectsoftheinanimateenvironment.14Andthisisexactlywhatishappeningatthismoment.Forthousandsofyears,thesinglespeciesHomosapiens,towhichyouandIhavethedubioushonorofbelonging,hasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Inthepastcoupleofcenturies,therateofincreasehasitselfincreasedexplosively.第14頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnePara.15-1815AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatsucharatethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth‘spopulationestimatedatabout4000million(26timeswhatitwasinCaesar’stime),itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.16ThepresentrateofincreaseofEarth’sswarminghumanpopulationqualifiesHomosapiensasanecologicalcancer,whichwilldestroytheecologyjustassurelyasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.17Thecure?Justwhatitisforanycancer.Thecancerousgrowthmustsomehowbestopped.18Ofcourse,itwillbe.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthwillstop,asacancerousgrowthinamanwillstopifnothingisdone.Themandiesandthecancerdieswithhim.Andanalogously,theecologywilldieandmanwilldiewithit.第15頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne19Howcanthehumanpopulationexplosionbestopped?Byraisingthedeathrateorbyloweringthebirthrate.Therearenootheralternatives.Thedeathratewillrisespontaneouslyandfinallycatastrophically,ifwedonothing—andthatwithinafewdecades.Tomakethebirthratefall,somehow(almostanyhow,infact),issurelypreferable,andthatisthereforethefirstorderofmankind’sbusinesstoday.20Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjustice(fortheremaybenoposteritytojudge)asthemassmurdereroflifegenerally,hisownincluded,andmassdisrupteroftheintricateplanetarydevelopmentthatmadelifeinitspresentglorypossibleinthefirstplace.Para.19-20第16頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneSentenceAnalysis第17頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne1.Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsof

thesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiation

fromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsin

organizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwe

call“l(fā)ife”.(Para.4,Line1-3)versatile:havinggreatdiversityorvariety豐富多變的，多功能的e.g.

aversatilenewmachinedevelop:causetogrow形成TheSVOstructureoftheabovesentence:pounds…Thepartafter“compounds”isitspostmodifier(后置定語(yǔ)),meaning:

thesecompoundsweresufficientlyversatileinorganization,somuchsothattheywerequalifiedtobecalled“l(fā)ife”byus.第18頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne譯文：在20億到30億年前期間，一部分地球表面的水在太陽(yáng)能的作用下，形成了結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的化合物，這些化合物靈活多變，足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。Thewordingof“develop”intranslation:

…developedenginetrouble發(fā)生故障

…developaverylargeliftforce產(chǎn)生升力…developedapracticallightningrod發(fā)明避雷針…developedatheoryofmagnetism提出理論…developthecapabilities提高能力

…

developedtuberculosis患上結(jié)核病

…

developthenaturalsubstances開發(fā)資源…developthedeposit開采礦床第19頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne2.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thenthedeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.(Para.11,Line4-5)

multiply:increaseinnumberbygivingbirthtooffspring;breed繁殖e.g.Whenanimalshavemorefood,theygenerallymultiplyfaster.

inturn:inorderofonefollowinganother依次e.g.

Weshookhandsinturnwitheachofthepeopleontheline.bringdown:reduce,injure,capture,orkill減少、打傷、捕獲、殺死e.g.Withoneshothebroughtdownthewolf.譯文:如果美洲獅死得過(guò)多，那么鹿的數(shù)量就會(huì)迅速得到增長(zhǎng)，美洲

獅反過(guò)來(lái)就會(huì)迅速繁衍，直到新增加的美洲獅將鹿的數(shù)量再一

次減少。第20頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne3.Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.(Para.12,Line1-2)Thisisacompoundsentencewithaconj.“and”:Theneateconomy...is...disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowing...theneateconomyofgrowth:thebalancedandinterrelateddevelopment(ofanorgan).“economy”means“avoidanceofwaste”;and“neat”means“tidy;ingoodorder,withnothingoutofplace”.disrupt:interruptthe,bringdisorderto擾亂,干擾e.g.Thewardisruptedeconomy.譯文:某些有機(jī)組織(比如人)內(nèi)的凈增長(zhǎng)有時(shí)候會(huì)受到干擾，有機(jī)體中的部分細(xì)胞開始無(wú)限制地增長(zhǎng)——這究竟是因?yàn)槭裁丛颍覀兩胁坏枚?/p>

第21頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne4....thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.(Para.12,Line4-5)outoftrue:nothavingtheexactpositionorcorrectshapeorbalance;

deformed位置不正；形態(tài)不正；不均衡

e.g.Theaxleisoutoftrue,thereforetheyhavetofixitagain.Hefoundthattheslantingdoorisoutoftrue.Twoofthepictureshangingonthewallareoutoftrue.譯文:瘋長(zhǎng)的癌細(xì)胞將會(huì)擾亂整個(gè)身體的結(jié)構(gòu)，最終導(dǎo)致有機(jī)體本身的死亡。第22頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne5.Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjustice(fortheremaybenoposteritytojudge)asthemassmurdereroflifegenerally,hisownincluded,andmassdisrupteroftheintricateplanetarydevelopmentthatmadelifeinitspresentglorypossibleinthefirstplace.(Para.20)

fail:lack;beunsuccessfulin缺乏，失敗

e.g.Ouryouthneverfailedaninvinciblecourage.thebar:thelawcourtsystem法庭e.g.Johnwasalawyer’ssonandwasdestinedtospendhiscareer

asamemberofthebar.standatthebarof...justice:bepresentatacourtoflawandtried第23頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneinthefirstplace:originally;atfirst起初，首先e.g.Whydostrikesoccursofrequentlyincoalminesinthefirst

place?Itwasn’tmyideatogotothatschoolinthefirstplace.Dad

shovedmein.譯文:如果人類處理不好這一問(wèn)題，那就會(huì)作為大規(guī)模殺害生靈（包括殺害自身）的兇手，以及大規(guī)模破壞地球錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的進(jìn)化發(fā)展（是這種進(jìn)化發(fā)展最初形成了目前生命的繁榮景象）的罪魁禍?zhǔn)锥艿匠橄笳x法庭的審判——因?yàn)榈侥菚r(shí)可能已沒有子孫后代來(lái)審判他了第24頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneLanguagePoints

第25頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneadj.containingmanysmallpartsordetailsthatallworkorfittogether錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的近義詞complex,complicatede.g.Iwasunabletofindouttheintricatewindingsofthelabyrinth.我無(wú)法找出迷宮中撲朔迷離的路線。Thisisanovelwithanintricateplot.這是一本情節(jié)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的小說(shuō)。intricatepatterns花紋精致的圖案anintricateproblem錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題anintricateknot復(fù)雜難解的結(jié)anintricateintrument復(fù)雜精細(xì)的儀器intricatedirections難懂的使用說(shuō)明intricate第26頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneversatileadj.goodatdoingalotofdifferentthingsandabletolearnnewskills

quicklyandeasily多才多藝的

e.g.averyversatileauthor多才多藝的作家aversatileman多面手He'saveryversatileperformer;hecanact,sing,dance,and

playthepiano.

他是個(gè)多才多藝的演員，會(huì)演戲，唱歌，跳舞，還會(huì)彈鋼琴。adj.havingmanydifferentuses有多種用途的，萬(wàn)能的e.g.Nylonisaversatilematerial尼龍是一種有多種用途的材料Silliconisahighlyversatilesubstance.硅是一種用途極為廣泛的物質(zhì)。第27頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne例題:Hewilleasilygetanotherjob;Heisso____.A.productiveB.versatileC.professionalD.progressive句意：他這么多才多藝，會(huì)很容易找到另外一份工作的。B.versatile第28頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnedecimatevt.todestroyalargepartofsomething大量毀滅近義詞：eliminate,annihilatee.g.Thepopulationhasbeendecimatedbydisease.疾病導(dǎo)致大量人的死亡。Studentnumbershavebeendecimatedbycutsingrants.助學(xué)金削減后，學(xué)生人數(shù)大大減少。Thewheatcropwillbedecimatedwithoustrongspringrains.

春天如果不下幾場(chǎng)大雨麥子可就要?dú)Я?。?9頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnemultiplyv.toincreasegreatlyormakesomethingincreasegreatly(使)大大增加e.g.Ourchancesofsuccesshadmultipliedseveraltimesover.我們成功的機(jī)會(huì)已大大增加。Wemustmultiplyoureffortstoclearupthemystery.我們必須加倍努力來(lái)澄清這一神秘的事件。v.todeacalculationinwhichyouaddanumbertoitselfaparticularnumberoftimes乘，使相乘

multiplysth.

bysth.e.g.3multipliedby4is12.3乘以4等于12。第30頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneV.tobreed繁殖，增殖近義詞：reproduce,procreatee.g.Thebugscaneasilymultiplytogiveanastyboutoffood

poisoning.這些病菌繁殖迅速，容易引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的事物中毒。Rabbitsmultiplyquickly.兔子繁殖很快。

第31頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnedubiousadj.tonotbesurewhethersomethingisgoodortrue不能確定，疑惑近義詞：doubtful,dubitablee.g.I’malittlebitdubiousabouttheideaoflendingJimmycar.我有點(diǎn)拿不定注意是不是該把車借給吉姆。Ifeeldubiousaboutwhattodonext.

我不知道下一步該怎么辦。adj.makingyoudoubtwhethersomeoneorsomethingishonest,safe

etc.不大可靠的，令人生疑的e.g.Helookslikeadubiouscharacter.他看起來(lái)象是個(gè)不大可靠的人。Thisdealsoundshighlydubioustome.這筆交易在我看來(lái)十分靠不住。第32頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneswarmn.alargegroupofinsects,especiallybees,oranimals,orpeoplemovingtogether(昆蟲或動(dòng)物中的)一大群，(尤指)蜂群，或人群e.g.Thelocustswarmhasdestroyedallthecropsandvegetables.蝗蟲群毀壞了所有的莊稼和蔬菜。

Swarmsofsightseers蜂擁而來(lái)的觀光客vi.成群地行進(jìn)；徘徊e.g.Thechildrencameswarmingin.孩子們蜂擁著進(jìn)來(lái)了。Ashegotofftheplane,reportersswarmedonhim.他一下飛機(jī)，記者們蜂擁著向他擠去。Insectsswarmedroundthelamp.小飛蟲成群地在燈的周圍打轉(zhuǎn)。第33頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneVt.tobefullofamovingcrowdofpeopleoranimals擠滿(移動(dòng)的人群或動(dòng)物)

e.g.Passagersswarmedthedeck.乘客擠在甲板上。例題:ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld'slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople______intotheofficesandfactories,seekingaday'sworkforaday'spay.

A.swarmB.strideC.separateD.slipA.swarm第34頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnespontaneousadj.happeningordonewithoutbeingplannedororganized自動(dòng)的，自發(fā)的，一時(shí)沖動(dòng)的e.g.Heisspontaneoustoofferhelp.他主動(dòng)提供幫助。Thecrowdgaveaspontaneouscheerwhentheresultwas

announced.宣布結(jié)果時(shí)人群立即爆發(fā)出一陣歡呼聲。aspontaneousmovement無(wú)意識(shí)的動(dòng)作aspontaneousanswer脫口而出的答案

spontaneousbehavior自然的舉止spontaneouscombustion自燃第35頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne例題:1.

Hisofferofhelpwasquite____;hehadn’tbeentoldtomakeit.A.hesitantB.reluctantC.spontaneousD.individual

句意：他提出幫忙完全是自發(fā)的，沒有人要求他這么做。2.NothingHelensaysisever_______.Shealwaysthinkscarefully

beforeshespeaks.(2005年1月六級(jí)真題50題)

A.simultaneousB.homogenousC.spontaneousD.rigorous

句意：海倫的話很少是自發(fā)的，她總是經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮才開口。C.spontaneousC.

spontaneous第36頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnecatastrophen.aterribleeventinwhichthereisalotofdestructionormanypeople

areinjuredordie毀滅性大災(zāi)難e.g.thecatastropheofaworldwideconflict世界性沖突的大災(zāi)難。Theoilspillthreatensanunparalleledecologicalcatastrophe.漏油事故造成一場(chǎng)前所未有的生態(tài)大災(zāi)難。n.aneventorsituationwhichisextremelybadforthepeopleinvolved麻煩，困境，不利的局面e.g.Itisaminorcatastrophe,isn’tit?只是個(gè)小災(zāi)難，對(duì)吧?Ifthecontractiscancelled,itwillbeacatastropheforeveryone

concerned.合同如果取消，將對(duì)各方面都不利。第37頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneUsefulExpression

第38頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnecomeintobeingbebornorcomeintoexistence形成，產(chǎn)生同義詞：cometolife,comeaboute.g.Anewrulewillsooncomeintobeing.一個(gè)新規(guī)則很快就要出臺(tái)了。Acarcomesintobeingthroughaseriesofcomplexoperations.汽車經(jīng)過(guò)一連串的復(fù)雜作業(yè)程序而制成。Whendidtheworldcomeintobeing?世界是什么時(shí)候形成的？第39頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnebecomposedoftobeformedfromagroupofsubstancesorparts由……組成e.g.Wateriscomposedofhydrogenandoxygen.水由氫和氧組成。Theboardshallbecomposedofeightdirectors.Eachdirectorshallbeappointedorrecalledbyhisownside.

董事會(huì)由八名董事組成，各方的董事將由各方自行任命或罷免。TheHKSAR'sexecutiveauthoritiesandlegislatureshallbecomposedofpermanentresidentsofHongKong.香港特別行政區(qū)的行政機(jī)關(guān)和立法機(jī)關(guān)由香港永久性居民組成。第40頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnewearandteardecreaseinvalueofanassetduetoobsolescenceoruse磨損，消耗近義詞：depreciatione.g.Thestaircarpetgetsalotofwearandtearandwillsoonneed

replacing.鋪在樓梯上的地毯磨損得很厲害，因而很快就要更換。Theinsurancepolicydoesnotcoverdamagecausedbynormal

wearandtear.

保險(xiǎn)單內(nèi)容不包括正常使用所導(dǎo)致的損壞。

Thisclothisdesignedtostanduptoalotofwearandtear.

這種布料十分耐用。第41頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOnebringdown

1.toflyanaircraftdowntothegroundandstop使得飛機(jī)降落e.g.HebroughttheCessnadowninahay-meadowbytheriver.他把那架塞斯納小型飛機(jī)降落在河邊的牧草場(chǎng)。Thepilotbroughthiscrippledplanedowninafield.

駕駛員把失靈的飛機(jī)降落在田地里。2.tomoveyourarmoraweapon,tooletc.

quicklydownwards

放下，使向下e.g.Hebroughtdowntheaxewithathud.他砰的一聲用斧子砍了下去。3.toshootataplane,birdoranimal;sothatitfallsontheground射下，打落e.g.Abomberhadbeenbroughtdownbyanti-aircraftfire.一架轟炸機(jī)被高射炮火擊落。第42頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne4.bringdownthegovernment/presidentetc.推翻政府，總統(tǒng)等e.g.Thescandalmaybringdownthegovernment.

這一丑聞可能導(dǎo)致政府垮臺(tái)。5.toknocksomeoneoverinagameoffootball,rugbyetc.(比賽中)被撞倒e.g.Klinsmannwasbroughtdownontheedgeofthearea.克林斯曼在球場(chǎng)邊緣被撞倒了。第43頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneliveliveon:靠吃……生活e.g.

Atthattime,welivedonwildfruit.那段時(shí)間我們靠吃野果為生。livefor:為……而生活；盼望e.g.Aftershediedhehadnothingtolivefor.她去世後,他便沒有了生活目標(biāo)。liveoff:以……為食料；靠……過(guò)日子e.g.Inordertoliveoffagarden,youpracticallyhavetoliveinit.

為了靠果園生活，你得住進(jìn)里邊去。liveout:不住宿在工作或?qū)W習(xí)的地方；e.g.Idoubtifshe'llliveoutthewinter.我看她活不過(guò)今年冬季。liveupto:遵守，符合，不辜負(fù)(期望)e.g.Wewillneverfailtoliveuptowhatourparentsexpectofus.我們決不辜負(fù)我們的父母對(duì)我們的期望。第44頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneturnturnaway:回絕，拒絕e.g.Somerefugeeswereturnedaway.Thereweretoomanyhungrymouthstofeedalready.

一些難民們被打發(fā)走了，因?yàn)樾枰峁┦澄锏酿嚸裉嗔恕urnback:折回,折轉(zhuǎn),改變方向e.g.Turnbacktopagesix,please.請(qǐng)翻回到第六頁(yè)。turnin:上床睡覺；交還，上交e.g.Iwanttoturninearlytonightandgetagoodnight'srest.今晚我要早睡，好好地休息一夜。turnout:制造，生產(chǎn)；結(jié)果，原來(lái)是e.g.Ifthedayturnsoutwet,wemayhavetochangeourplans.

萬(wàn)一下雨的話，我們估計(jì)得改變計(jì)劃。第45頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneattheexpenseof

1.Involvingtheridiculeofsb.Else;involvingacut,lossorreductionmadesomewhereelse嘲諷別人；在別處遭受傷害、損失或削減e.g.Don’tyouknowthey’relaughingattheexpenseofyourparents?你難道不知道人家在拿你父母取笑嗎？Nowtheministerhopestoencouragefixedcapticalinvestment

attheexpenseofconsumerspending.現(xiàn)在部長(zhǎng)希望以削減消費(fèi)性開銷鼓勵(lì)固定資本投資。2.withthelossofsth.以（損害……）為代價(jià)；喪失e.g.Highproductionratesareoftenachievedattheexpenseof

qualityofwork.高產(chǎn)率往往是以犧牲產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量為代價(jià)的。Ithasachievedspeedattheexpenseofaccuracy.獲得了速度但喪失了精確性。第46頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneTextTranslation第47頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne譯文

狀告人類1第一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤是把人看作是某種獨(dú)立的事物。其實(shí)并不是。人是復(fù)雜的生命網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)中的一部分。我們甚至不能將生命本身視為某種獨(dú)立的事物。它確實(shí)不是。生命是一顆沐浴著太陽(yáng)能的行星上的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分。

2地球自從呈目前的形狀近50億年以來(lái)，已經(jīng)歷了一場(chǎng)巨大的演變。在形成的初期，地球上很可能沒有我們今天稱之為海洋和大氣層之類的東西。當(dāng)?shù)厍虻膬?nèi)部固體緊壓在一起時(shí)，物質(zhì)的逐漸向外運(yùn)動(dòng)就形成了海洋和大氣層。

3地球形成之后，海洋、大氣層以及堅(jiān)固的地殼之間也并非相互獨(dú)立。它們之間總有相互作用：蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化，等等。在堅(jiān)固的地殼內(nèi)很深之處也有不斷的緩慢變化，其中溫泉、火山、以及地震是在地球表面上較為引人注目的地質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。第48頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne4在20億到30億年前期間，一部分地球表面的水在太陽(yáng)能的作用下，形成了結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的化合物，這些化合物靈活多變，足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。生命形式從那時(shí)起就變得更為復(fù)雜，更為豐富多彩。5但是生命形式和地球上許多無(wú)生命的部分一樣，是地球結(jié)構(gòu)中的一部分。它是整個(gè)地球體系中不可分割的一部分。如果把任何動(dòng)物與其他的生物形式完全隔離開，那么該動(dòng)物肯定要餓死。要是沒有水，由于脫水很快就會(huì)死亡。要是沒有空氣，不論是充分的空氣還是溶于水的空氣，動(dòng)物會(huì)因窒息死得更快。要是沒有太陽(yáng)，動(dòng)物可能會(huì)存活一段時(shí)間，但是植物會(huì)枯死，如果所有植物枯死，那么所有的動(dòng)物將會(huì)餓死。6反過(guò)來(lái)情況也一樣。地球的無(wú)機(jī)世界是由生命造就成形的。大氣層的性質(zhì)已經(jīng)被植物活動(dòng)所改變（植物活動(dòng)給空氣增添了大量的游離氧氣，而這是通過(guò)其他方式所不能獲取的）。蚯蚓翻松土壤，珊瑚形成一個(gè)個(gè)巨大的海礁。第49頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne7整個(gè)地球，加上太陽(yáng)能，形成了一個(gè)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜、相互聯(lián)系的巨大系統(tǒng)。整個(gè)星球是一種由無(wú)機(jī)部分和各種各樣的有機(jī)生命構(gòu)成的生命形式(正如我們自己身體那樣，既是由各種各樣的有機(jī)部分構(gòu)成，又是由骨骼中的無(wú)機(jī)晶體和血液中的無(wú)機(jī)水分所構(gòu)成)。8事實(shí)上，我們可以將上述類推繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。人是由各種類型的細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的，這些細(xì)胞多達(dá)50萬(wàn)億，它們之間相互聯(lián)系，相互依賴。如果喪失某些細(xì)胞，比如說(shuō)失去構(gòu)成整條腿的那些細(xì)胞，將會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響有機(jī)體的其余部分；如果某一器官(如心臟或腎)中較少的細(xì)胞受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，可能會(huì)最終導(dǎo)致所有50萬(wàn)億細(xì)胞的死亡。9同樣，從全地球的規(guī)?？紤]，砍掉一整片森林不會(huì)在總體上對(duì)地球生命構(gòu)成威脅，但是這樣做會(huì)對(duì)該地區(qū)的生態(tài)形式造成嚴(yán)重的影響，甚至?xí)斐伤牧魇?，因此引起地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)微變化。蜜蜂數(shù)量的大量減少將影響依賴蜜蜂授粉的那些植物的數(shù)量，然后又影響到靠蜜蜂授粉的植物生存的動(dòng)物的數(shù)量，依此類推。

第50頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne10還可以以細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)為例。不斷受到磨損的器官的細(xì)胞（如皮膚、腸內(nèi)壁）自始至終都在不斷發(fā)育、增長(zhǎng)。另外一些較為隱蔽的細(xì)胞，如神經(jīng)細(xì)胞、肌肉細(xì)胞，在成年之后再也不會(huì)增長(zhǎng)。還有一些器官，通常為肝臟和骨骼之類的靜止器官，在需要替換受損部位的時(shí)候隨時(shí)可以生長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)完成適當(dāng)?shù)男迯?fù)任務(wù)以后，便停止生長(zhǎng)。11同樣，“行星有機(jī)體”(這正是我們?cè)谏鷳B(tài)學(xué)中研究的)也是如此，只不過(guò)是按照一種較為松散、更加靈活的方式運(yùn)行罷了。如果美洲獅的數(shù)量太多，它們賴以生存的鹿就會(huì)被過(guò)度捕殺，一些美洲獅就會(huì)餓死。這樣一來(lái)，美洲獅就恢復(fù)到一個(gè)“適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)量”。如果美洲獅死得過(guò)多，那么鹿的數(shù)量就會(huì)迅速得到增長(zhǎng)，美洲獅反過(guò)來(lái)就會(huì)迅速繁衍，直到新增加的美洲獅將鹿的數(shù)量再一次減少。如果排除外界的干擾，食肉動(dòng)物和被吃動(dòng)物都保持一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)量，這樣對(duì)雙方都有好處。(如果美洲獅被斬盡殺絕，鹿肯定會(huì)大量繁衍，直到吃光它們賴以生存的植物。這樣，更多的鹿會(huì)餓死，而不是葬身獅腹。)第51頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne12某些有機(jī)組織(比如人)內(nèi)的凈增長(zhǎng)有時(shí)候會(huì)受到干擾，有機(jī)體中的部分細(xì)胞開始無(wú)限制地增長(zhǎng)——這究竟是因?yàn)槭裁丛颍覀兩胁坏枚?。這就是令人生畏的癌癥。除非以某種方式阻止癌細(xì)胞日益增長(zhǎng)，否則瘋長(zhǎng)的癌細(xì)胞將會(huì)擾亂整個(gè)身體的結(jié)構(gòu)，最終導(dǎo)致有機(jī)體本身的死亡。13在生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域，如果出于某種原因，一種有機(jī)體開始無(wú)限度地不斷繁衍，消滅競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，以毀掉其他物類的食物為代價(jià)來(lái)增加自己的食物，那么將會(huì)發(fā)生同樣的情況。這也可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更大的生物體系的毀滅——絕大部分或所有生命，甚至無(wú)生命環(huán)境中的某些方面。14這就是此時(shí)此刻正在發(fā)生的事。數(shù)千年來(lái)，人類這惟一的種群在數(shù)量上一直不斷上升。我們大家都屬于這一種群，這可說(shuō)不上是什么光彩的事。在過(guò)去幾世紀(jì)，人口增長(zhǎng)率一直呈爆炸趨勢(shì)。第52頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne15在凱撒時(shí)代，世界人口估計(jì)為1.5億。如果按當(dāng)時(shí)那樣的速度平穩(wěn)地增長(zhǎng)，世界人口再1,000年增加一倍。今天，世界人口大約為40億(是凱撒時(shí)代的26倍)，如果目前的增長(zhǎng)率穩(wěn)定不變，那么世界人口將在35年之后翻倍。16目前世界人口的急劇增長(zhǎng)率使人類可以被稱為生態(tài)惡性腫瘤。這種惡性腫瘤肯定會(huì)摧毀生態(tài)環(huán)境，正如普通的癌細(xì)胞會(huì)摧毀人的肌體一樣。17有什么治療方法嗎?正如任何癌癥的治療方法一樣，必須以某種方式使癌細(xì)胞停止增長(zhǎng)。18當(dāng)然，它會(huì)停止增長(zhǎng)的。如果我們不采取任何措施，這種增長(zhǎng)終將停止，就像人體中癌細(xì)胞的增長(zhǎng)一樣，不加治療，人死了，癌細(xì)胞也隨之死亡。與此類似，生態(tài)也會(huì)毀滅，人類也會(huì)隨之滅亡。第53頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOne19那么怎樣才能制止人口爆炸?要么提高死亡率，要么降低出生率。除此之外，再?zèng)]有別的選擇了。如果我們不采取任何措施，在未來(lái)幾十年中死亡率將會(huì)自動(dòng)上升，而且最終將極具災(zāi)難性。不管怎樣(事實(shí)上，幾乎可以說(shuō)無(wú)論如何)，使出生率下降肯定更為可取，因此這是人類今天應(yīng)著手解決的頭等大事。20如果人類處理不好這一問(wèn)題，那就會(huì)作為大規(guī)模殺害生靈（包括殺害自身）的兇手，作為大規(guī)模破壞地球錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的進(jìn)化發(fā)展（是這種進(jìn)化發(fā)展最初形成了目前生命的繁榮景象）的罪魁禍?zhǔn)锥艿匠橄笳x法庭的審判——因?yàn)榈侥菚r(shí)可能已沒有子孫后代來(lái)審判他了。第54頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneKeytoQuestions1.ManisaninseparablepartoftheEarth’soverallecosystem,likeanyotherthingsintheworld.Thisisclearlystatedinpara1.Theargumentcanalsobefoundinthefollowingparasastheauthorexplainshowtheoriginoflifecameintobeing.第55頁(yè)/共84頁(yè)BookOneKeytoQuestions2.Atthebeginningofthetexttheauthorstatesthat“thefirstmistakeistothinkofmankindasathinginitself”.Bymakingsuchastatement,theauthortriestoredressacommonmistakeinpeople’sminds.Accordingtotraditionalconcept,humanbeingsarequitedifferentfromotheranimals,andtheyalwayscallthemselves“masteroftheworld”.Actually,suchkindofconceptleadstovariousmisbehaviorsonthepartofpeople,thuscausingthedestructionoftheeco-balance.Accordingtotheauthor,humanlifeisasmuchapartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyanimateportionis.Manisnotathinginitself,butratheraninseparablepartoftheEarth’sov