當(dāng)代研究生英語Unit The case against man

會計學(xué)1當(dāng)代研究生英語UnitThecaseagainstmanBookOneContentWarming-upReadingWritingTextATextB第1頁/共84頁BookOneWarming-up第2頁/共84頁BookOne

Questions:

1)Inwhatwaysdoeshumanactivityinfluencetheenvironment?

Offersomeexamples.

2)HaveyouexperiencedthepressureofChina’slarge

population?Tellaboutyourexperiences.

3)ForhowlongdoyouthinkChinashouldinsistitsFamily

PlanningActivity?Why?

Groupdiscussion

第3頁/共84頁BookOne

THECASEAGAINSTMAN(PARTI)

IsaacAsimov第4頁/共84頁BookOneReading—TextATextStudyMainIdea&StructureSentenceAnalysisLanguagePointsUsefulExpressionTextTranslation第5頁/共84頁BookOneMainIdeaandStructureFirstreading:Scanthetextandtrytocatchthemainidea.Thefollowingwordsareforyourreferencetoorganizetheidea:

Mankindintricatewebdependentonsinglespecies

increasingexplosionSecondreading:readthepassageagainandtrytoidentifythestructureofthispassage.

ForyourreferenceForyourreference第6頁/共84頁BookOne

Mankindispartofanintricateweboflifeontheplanetanddependentontherestpartofthesystem.Inthepastthousandsofyears,mankindisthesinglespeciesthathasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Wehavetodosomethingtostophumanpopulationexplosion.MainIdea第7頁/共84頁BookOneStructurePara.8-11

Mainidea:Theentireplanetismadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportionswhichareinterdependent.Andmankindispartoftheintricateweboflife.Mainidea:

Livingthingsareinterrelatedandinterdependent,justasvarioustypesofcellscomposingofamanareinterrelatedandinterdependent..Mainidea:Thewildincreaseofhumanpopulationwilldestroytheecologyjustasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.Para.12-16

Para.1-7Para.17-20

Mainidea:Tostophumanpopulationexplosionisaproblemoftopprioritytobesolved;

第8頁/共84頁BookOneTextStudy

第9頁/共84頁BookOne

1Thefirstmistakeistothinkofmankindasathinginitself.Itisn’t.Itispartofanintricateweboflife.Andwecan’tthinkevenoflifeasathinginitself.Itisn’t.ItispartoftheintricatestructureofaplanetbathedbyenergyfromtheSun.2TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.Whenitfirstcameintobeing,itverylikelylackedwhatwewouldtodaycallanoceanandanatmosphere.Thesewereformedbythegradualoutwardmovementofmaterialasthesolidinteriorsettledtogether.3Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.Farwithinthesolidcrustthereareslow,continuingchanges,too,ofwhichhotsprings,volcanoes,andearthquakesarethemorenoticeablemanifestationshereonthesurface.Para.1-3第10頁/共84頁BookOnePara.4-64Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.Lifeformshavebecomemorecomplexandmorevariouseversince.5ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.Ifanyanimalisisolatedtotallyfromotherformsoflife,thendeathbystarvationwillsurelyfollow.Ifisolatedfromwater,deathbydehydrationwillfollowevenfaster.Ifisolatedfromair,whetherfreeordissolvedinwater,deathbyasphyxiationwillfollowstillfaster.IfisolatedfromtheSun,animalswillsurviveforatime,butplantswoulddie,andifallplantsdied,allanimalswouldstarve.6Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.Thenatureoftheatmospherehasbeenchangedbyplantactivity(whichaddstotheairthefreeoxygenitcouldnototherwiseretain).Thesoilisturnedbyearthworms,whileenormousoceanreefsareformedbycoral.第11頁/共84頁BookOnePara.7-97Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).8Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amaniscomposedof

50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentireleg,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.9Inthesameway,onaplanetaryscale,thechoppingdownofanentireforestmaynotthreatenEarth’slifeingeneral,butitwillproduceseriouschangesinthelifeformsoftheregionandeveninthenatureofthewaterrunoffand,therefore,inthedetailsofgeologicalstructure.Aseriousdeclineinthebeepopulationwillaffectthenumbersofthoseplantsthatdependonbeesforfertilization,thenthenumbersofthoseanimalsthatdependonthoseparticularbee-fertilizedplants,andsoon.第12頁/共84頁BookOnePara.9-1110Orconsidercellgrowth.Cellsinthoseorgansthatsufferconstantwearandtear—asintheskinorintheintestinallining—growandmultiplyalllifelong.Othercells,notsoexposed,asinnerveandmuscle,donotmultiplyatallintheadult,underanycircumstances.Stillotherorgans,ordinarilyquiescent,asliverandbone,standreadytogrowifthatisnecessarytoreplacedamage.Whentheproperrepairsaremade,growthstops.11Inamuchlooserandmoreflexibleway,thesameistrueofthe“planetorganism”(whichwestudyinthesciencecalledecology).Ifcougarsgrowtoonumerous,thedeertheyliveon

aredecimated,andsomeofthecougarsdieofstarvation,sothattheir“propernumber”isrestored.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thenthedeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,andbotharethebetterforit.(Ifthecougarsareallkilledoff,deerwouldmultiplytothepointwheretheydestroytheplantstheyliveoff,andmorewouldthendieofstarvationthanwouldhavediedofcougars.)第13頁/共84頁BookOnePara.12-1412Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.Thisisthedreaddiseaseofcancer,andunlessthatgrowinggroupofcellsissomehowstopped,thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.13Inecology,thesamewouldhappenif,forsomereason,oneparticulartypeoforganismbegantomultiplywithoutlimit,killingitscompetitorsandincreasingitsownfoodsupplyattheexpenseof

thatofothers.That,too,couldendinthedestructionofthelargersystem—mostoralloflifeandevenofcertainaspectsoftheinanimateenvironment.14Andthisisexactlywhatishappeningatthismoment.Forthousandsofyears,thesinglespeciesHomosapiens,towhichyouandIhavethedubioushonorofbelonging,hasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Inthepastcoupleofcenturies,therateofincreasehasitselfincreasedexplosively.第14頁/共84頁BookOnePara.15-1815AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatsucharatethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth‘spopulationestimatedatabout4000million(26timeswhatitwasinCaesar’stime),itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.16ThepresentrateofincreaseofEarth’sswarminghumanpopulationqualifiesHomosapiensasanecologicalcancer,whichwilldestroytheecologyjustassurelyasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.17Thecure?Justwhatitisforanycancer.Thecancerousgrowthmustsomehowbestopped.18Ofcourse,itwillbe.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthwillstop,asacancerousgrowthinamanwillstopifnothingisdone.Themandiesandthecancerdieswithhim.Andanalogously,theecologywilldieandmanwilldiewithit.第15頁/共84頁BookOne19Howcanthehumanpopulationexplosionbestopped?Byraisingthedeathrateorbyloweringthebirthrate.Therearenootheralternatives.Thedeathratewillrisespontaneouslyandfinallycatastrophically,ifwedonothing—andthatwithinafewdecades.Tomakethebirthratefall,somehow(almostanyhow,infact),issurelypreferable,andthatisthereforethefirstorderofmankind’sbusinesstoday.20Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjustice(fortheremaybenoposteritytojudge)asthemassmurdereroflifegenerally,hisownincluded,andmassdisrupteroftheintricateplanetarydevelopmentthatmadelifeinitspresentglorypossibleinthefirstplace.Para.19-20第16頁/共84頁BookOneSentenceAnalysis第17頁/共84頁BookOne1.Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsof

thesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiation

fromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsin

organizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwe

call“l(fā)ife”.(Para.4,Line1-3)versatile:havinggreatdiversityorvariety豐富多變的，多功能的e.g.

aversatilenewmachinedevelop:causetogrow形成TheSVOstructureoftheabovesentence:pounds…Thepartafter“compounds”isitspostmodifier(后置定語),meaning:

thesecompoundsweresufficientlyversatileinorganization,somuchsothattheywerequalifiedtobecalled“l(fā)ife”byus.第18頁/共84頁BookOne譯文：在20億到30億年前期間，一部分地球表面的水在太陽能的作用下，形成了結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的化合物，這些化合物靈活多變，足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。Thewordingof“develop”intranslation:

…developedenginetrouble發(fā)生故障

…developaverylargeliftforce產(chǎn)生升力…developedapracticallightningrod發(fā)明避雷針…developedatheoryofmagnetism提出理論…developthecapabilities提高能力

…

developedtuberculosis患上結(jié)核病

…

developthenaturalsubstances開發(fā)資源…developthedeposit開采礦床第19頁/共84頁BookOne2.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thenthedeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.(Para.11,Line4-5)

multiply:increaseinnumberbygivingbirthtooffspring;breed繁殖e.g.Whenanimalshavemorefood,theygenerallymultiplyfaster.

inturn:inorderofonefollowinganother依次e.g.

Weshookhandsinturnwitheachofthepeopleontheline.bringdown:reduce,injure,capture,orkill減少、打傷、捕獲、殺死e.g.Withoneshothebroughtdownthewolf.譯文:如果美洲獅死得過多，那么鹿的數(shù)量就會迅速得到增長，美洲

獅反過來就會迅速繁衍，直到新增加的美洲獅將鹿的數(shù)量再一

次減少。第20頁/共84頁BookOne3.Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.(Para.12,Line1-2)Thisisacompoundsentencewithaconj.“and”:Theneateconomy...is...disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowing...theneateconomyofgrowth:thebalancedandinterrelateddevelopment(ofanorgan).“economy”means“avoidanceofwaste”;and“neat”means“tidy;ingoodorder,withnothingoutofplace”.disrupt:interruptthe,bringdisorderto擾亂,干擾e.g.Thewardisruptedeconomy.譯文:某些有機(jī)組織(比如人)內(nèi)的凈增長有時候會受到干擾，有機(jī)體中的部分細(xì)胞開始無限制地增長——這究竟是因為什么原因，我們尚不得而知。

第21頁/共84頁BookOne4....thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.(Para.12,Line4-5)outoftrue:nothavingtheexactpositionorcorrectshapeorbalance;

deformed位置不正；形態(tài)不正；不均衡

e.g.Theaxleisoutoftrue,thereforetheyhavetofixitagain.Hefoundthattheslantingdoorisoutoftrue.Twoofthepictureshangingonthewallareoutoftrue.譯文:瘋長的癌細(xì)胞將會擾亂整個身體的結(jié)構(gòu)，最終導(dǎo)致有機(jī)體本身的死亡。第22頁/共84頁BookOne5.Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjustice(fortheremaybenoposteritytojudge)asthemassmurdereroflifegenerally,hisownincluded,andmassdisrupteroftheintricateplanetarydevelopmentthatmadelifeinitspresentglorypossibleinthefirstplace.(Para.20)

fail:lack;beunsuccessfulin缺乏，失敗

e.g.Ouryouthneverfailedaninvinciblecourage.thebar:thelawcourtsystem法庭e.g.Johnwasalawyer’ssonandwasdestinedtospendhiscareer

asamemberofthebar.standatthebarof...justice:bepresentatacourtoflawandtried第23頁/共84頁BookOneinthefirstplace:originally;atfirst起初，首先e.g.Whydostrikesoccursofrequentlyincoalminesinthefirst

place?Itwasn’tmyideatogotothatschoolinthefirstplace.Dad

shovedmein.譯文:如果人類處理不好這一問題，那就會作為大規(guī)模殺害生靈（包括殺害自身）的兇手，以及大規(guī)模破壞地球錯綜復(fù)雜的進(jìn)化發(fā)展（是這種進(jìn)化發(fā)展最初形成了目前生命的繁榮景象）的罪魁禍?zhǔn)锥艿匠橄笳x法庭的審判——因為到那時可能已沒有子孫后代來審判他了第24頁/共84頁BookOneLanguagePoints

第25頁/共84頁BookOneadj.containingmanysmallpartsordetailsthatallworkorfittogether錯綜復(fù)雜的近義詞complex,complicatede.g.Iwasunabletofindouttheintricatewindingsofthelabyrinth.我無法找出迷宮中撲朔迷離的路線。Thisisanovelwithanintricateplot.這是一本情節(jié)錯綜復(fù)雜的小說。intricatepatterns花紋精致的圖案anintricateproblem錯綜復(fù)雜的問題anintricateknot復(fù)雜難解的結(jié)anintricateintrument復(fù)雜精細(xì)的儀器intricatedirections難懂的使用說明intricate第26頁/共84頁BookOneversatileadj.goodatdoingalotofdifferentthingsandabletolearnnewskills

quicklyandeasily多才多藝的

e.g.averyversatileauthor多才多藝的作家aversatileman多面手He'saveryversatileperformer;hecanact,sing,dance,and

playthepiano.

他是個多才多藝的演員，會演戲，唱歌，跳舞，還會彈鋼琴。adj.havingmanydifferentuses有多種用途的，萬能的e.g.Nylonisaversatilematerial尼龍是一種有多種用途的材料Silliconisahighlyversatilesubstance.硅是一種用途極為廣泛的物質(zhì)。第27頁/共84頁BookOne例題:Hewilleasilygetanotherjob;Heisso____.A.productiveB.versatileC.professionalD.progressive句意：他這么多才多藝，會很容易找到另外一份工作的。B.versatile第28頁/共84頁BookOnedecimatevt.todestroyalargepartofsomething大量毀滅近義詞：eliminate,annihilatee.g.Thepopulationhasbeendecimatedbydisease.疾病導(dǎo)致大量人的死亡。Studentnumbershavebeendecimatedbycutsingrants.助學(xué)金削減后，學(xué)生人數(shù)大大減少。Thewheatcropwillbedecimatedwithoustrongspringrains.

春天如果不下幾場大雨麥子可就要毀了。第29頁/共84頁BookOnemultiplyv.toincreasegreatlyormakesomethingincreasegreatly(使)大大增加e.g.Ourchancesofsuccesshadmultipliedseveraltimesover.我們成功的機(jī)會已大大增加。Wemustmultiplyoureffortstoclearupthemystery.我們必須加倍努力來澄清這一神秘的事件。v.todeacalculationinwhichyouaddanumbertoitselfaparticularnumberoftimes乘，使相乘

multiplysth.

bysth.e.g.3multipliedby4is12.3乘以4等于12。第30頁/共84頁BookOneV.tobreed繁殖，增殖近義詞：reproduce,procreatee.g.Thebugscaneasilymultiplytogiveanastyboutoffood

poisoning.這些病菌繁殖迅速，容易引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的事物中毒。Rabbitsmultiplyquickly.兔子繁殖很快。

第31頁/共84頁BookOnedubiousadj.tonotbesurewhethersomethingisgoodortrue不能確定，疑惑近義詞：doubtful,dubitablee.g.I’malittlebitdubiousabouttheideaoflendingJimmycar.我有點拿不定注意是不是該把車借給吉姆。Ifeeldubiousaboutwhattodonext.

我不知道下一步該怎么辦。adj.makingyoudoubtwhethersomeoneorsomethingishonest,safe

etc.不大可靠的，令人生疑的e.g.Helookslikeadubiouscharacter.他看起來象是個不大可靠的人。Thisdealsoundshighlydubioustome.這筆交易在我看來十分靠不住。第32頁/共84頁BookOneswarmn.alargegroupofinsects,especiallybees,oranimals,orpeoplemovingtogether(昆蟲或動物中的)一大群，(尤指)蜂群，或人群e.g.Thelocustswarmhasdestroyedallthecropsandvegetables.蝗蟲群毀壞了所有的莊稼和蔬菜。

Swarmsofsightseers蜂擁而來的觀光客vi.成群地行進(jìn)；徘徊e.g.Thechildrencameswarmingin.孩子們蜂擁著進(jìn)來了。Ashegotofftheplane,reportersswarmedonhim.他一下飛機(jī)，記者們蜂擁著向他擠去。Insectsswarmedroundthelamp.小飛蟲成群地在燈的周圍打轉(zhuǎn)。第33頁/共84頁BookOneVt.tobefullofamovingcrowdofpeopleoranimals擠滿(移動的人群或動物)

e.g.Passagersswarmedthedeck.乘客擠在甲板上。例題:ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld'slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople______intotheofficesandfactories,seekingaday'sworkforaday'spay.

A.swarmB.strideC.separateD.slipA.swarm第34頁/共84頁BookOnespontaneousadj.happeningordonewithoutbeingplannedororganized自動的，自發(fā)的，一時沖動的e.g.Heisspontaneoustoofferhelp.他主動提供幫助。Thecrowdgaveaspontaneouscheerwhentheresultwas

announced.宣布結(jié)果時人群立即爆發(fā)出一陣歡呼聲。aspontaneousmovement無意識的動作aspontaneousanswer脫口而出的答案

spontaneousbehavior自然的舉止spontaneouscombustion自燃第35頁/共84頁BookOne例題:1.

Hisofferofhelpwasquite____;hehadn’tbeentoldtomakeit.A.hesitantB.reluctantC.spontaneousD.individual

句意：他提出幫忙完全是自發(fā)的，沒有人要求他這么做。2.NothingHelensaysisever_______.Shealwaysthinkscarefully

beforeshespeaks.(2005年1月六級真題50題)

A.simultaneousB.homogenousC.spontaneousD.rigorous

句意：海倫的話很少是自發(fā)的，她總是經(jīng)過深思熟慮才開口。C.spontaneousC.

spontaneous第36頁/共84頁BookOnecatastrophen.aterribleeventinwhichthereisalotofdestructionormanypeople

areinjuredordie毀滅性大災(zāi)難e.g.thecatastropheofaworldwideconflict世界性沖突的大災(zāi)難。Theoilspillthreatensanunparalleledecologicalcatastrophe.漏油事故造成一場前所未有的生態(tài)大災(zāi)難。n.aneventorsituationwhichisextremelybadforthepeopleinvolved麻煩，困境，不利的局面e.g.Itisaminorcatastrophe,isn’tit?只是個小災(zāi)難，對吧?Ifthecontractiscancelled,itwillbeacatastropheforeveryone

concerned.合同如果取消，將對各方面都不利。第37頁/共84頁BookOneUsefulExpression

第38頁/共84頁BookOnecomeintobeingbebornorcomeintoexistence形成，產(chǎn)生同義詞：cometolife,comeaboute.g.Anewrulewillsooncomeintobeing.一個新規(guī)則很快就要出臺了。Acarcomesintobeingthroughaseriesofcomplexoperations.汽車經(jīng)過一連串的復(fù)雜作業(yè)程序而制成。Whendidtheworldcomeintobeing?世界是什么時候形成的？第39頁/共84頁BookOnebecomposedoftobeformedfromagroupofsubstancesorparts由……組成e.g.Wateriscomposedofhydrogenandoxygen.水由氫和氧組成。Theboardshallbecomposedofeightdirectors.Eachdirectorshallbeappointedorrecalledbyhisownside.

董事會由八名董事組成，各方的董事將由各方自行任命或罷免。TheHKSAR'sexecutiveauthoritiesandlegislatureshallbecomposedofpermanentresidentsofHongKong.香港特別行政區(qū)的行政機(jī)關(guān)和立法機(jī)關(guān)由香港永久性居民組成。第40頁/共84頁BookOnewearandteardecreaseinvalueofanassetduetoobsolescenceoruse磨損，消耗近義詞：depreciatione.g.Thestaircarpetgetsalotofwearandtearandwillsoonneed

replacing.鋪在樓梯上的地毯磨損得很厲害，因而很快就要更換。Theinsurancepolicydoesnotcoverdamagecausedbynormal

wearandtear.

保險單內(nèi)容不包括正常使用所導(dǎo)致的損壞。

Thisclothisdesignedtostanduptoalotofwearandtear.

這種布料十分耐用。第41頁/共84頁BookOnebringdown

1.toflyanaircraftdowntothegroundandstop使得飛機(jī)降落e.g.HebroughttheCessnadowninahay-meadowbytheriver.他把那架塞斯納小型飛機(jī)降落在河邊的牧草場。Thepilotbroughthiscrippledplanedowninafield.

駕駛員把失靈的飛機(jī)降落在田地里。2.tomoveyourarmoraweapon,tooletc.

quicklydownwards

放下，使向下e.g.Hebroughtdowntheaxewithathud.他砰的一聲用斧子砍了下去。3.toshootataplane,birdoranimal;sothatitfallsontheground射下，打落e.g.Abomberhadbeenbroughtdownbyanti-aircraftfire.一架轟炸機(jī)被高射炮火擊落。第42頁/共84頁BookOne4.bringdownthegovernment/presidentetc.推翻政府，總統(tǒng)等e.g.Thescandalmaybringdownthegovernment.

這一丑聞可能導(dǎo)致政府垮臺。5.toknocksomeoneoverinagameoffootball,rugbyetc.(比賽中)被撞倒e.g.Klinsmannwasbroughtdownontheedgeofthearea.克林斯曼在球場邊緣被撞倒了。第43頁/共84頁BookOneliveliveon:靠吃……生活e.g.

Atthattime,welivedonwildfruit.那段時間我們靠吃野果為生。livefor:為……而生活；盼望e.g.Aftershediedhehadnothingtolivefor.她去世後,他便沒有了生活目標(biāo)。liveoff:以……為食料；靠……過日子e.g.Inordertoliveoffagarden,youpracticallyhavetoliveinit.

為了靠果園生活，你得住進(jìn)里邊去。liveout:不住宿在工作或?qū)W習(xí)的地方；e.g.Idoubtifshe'llliveoutthewinter.我看她活不過今年冬季。liveupto:遵守，符合，不辜負(fù)(期望)e.g.Wewillneverfailtoliveuptowhatourparentsexpectofus.我們決不辜負(fù)我們的父母對我們的期望。第44頁/共84頁BookOneturnturnaway:回絕，拒絕e.g.Somerefugeeswereturnedaway.Thereweretoomanyhungrymouthstofeedalready.

一些難民們被打發(fā)走了，因為需要提供食物的饑民太多了。turnback:折回,折轉(zhuǎn),改變方向e.g.Turnbacktopagesix,please.請翻回到第六頁。turnin:上床睡覺；交還，上交e.g.Iwanttoturninearlytonightandgetagoodnight'srest.今晚我要早睡，好好地休息一夜。turnout:制造，生產(chǎn)；結(jié)果，原來是e.g.Ifthedayturnsoutwet,wemayhavetochangeourplans.

萬一下雨的話，我們估計得改變計劃。第45頁/共84頁BookOneattheexpenseof

1.Involvingtheridiculeofsb.Else;involvingacut,lossorreductionmadesomewhereelse嘲諷別人；在別處遭受傷害、損失或削減e.g.Don’tyouknowthey’relaughingattheexpenseofyourparents?你難道不知道人家在拿你父母取笑嗎？Nowtheministerhopestoencouragefixedcapticalinvestment

attheexpenseofconsumerspending.現(xiàn)在部長希望以削減消費性開銷鼓勵固定資本投資。2.withthelossofsth.以（損害……）為代價；喪失e.g.Highproductionratesareoftenachievedattheexpenseof

qualityofwork.高產(chǎn)率往往是以犧牲產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量為代價的。Ithasachievedspeedattheexpenseofaccuracy.獲得了速度但喪失了精確性。第46頁/共84頁BookOneTextTranslation第47頁/共84頁BookOne譯文

狀告人類1第一個錯誤是把人看作是某種獨立的事物。其實并不是。人是復(fù)雜的生命網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)中的一部分。我們甚至不能將生命本身視為某種獨立的事物。它確實不是。生命是一顆沐浴著太陽能的行星上的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分。

2地球自從呈目前的形狀近50億年以來，已經(jīng)歷了一場巨大的演變。在形成的初期，地球上很可能沒有我們今天稱之為海洋和大氣層之類的東西。當(dāng)?shù)厍虻膬?nèi)部固體緊壓在一起時，物質(zhì)的逐漸向外運動就形成了海洋和大氣層。

3地球形成之后，海洋、大氣層以及堅固的地殼之間也并非相互獨立。它們之間總有相互作用：蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化，等等。在堅固的地殼內(nèi)很深之處也有不斷的緩慢變化，其中溫泉、火山、以及地震是在地球表面上較為引人注目的地質(zhì)運動。第48頁/共84頁BookOne4在20億到30億年前期間，一部分地球表面的水在太陽能的作用下，形成了結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的化合物，這些化合物靈活多變，足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。生命形式從那時起就變得更為復(fù)雜，更為豐富多彩。5但是生命形式和地球上許多無生命的部分一樣，是地球結(jié)構(gòu)中的一部分。它是整個地球體系中不可分割的一部分。如果把任何動物與其他的生物形式完全隔離開，那么該動物肯定要餓死。要是沒有水，由于脫水很快就會死亡。要是沒有空氣，不論是充分的空氣還是溶于水的空氣，動物會因窒息死得更快。要是沒有太陽，動物可能會存活一段時間，但是植物會枯死，如果所有植物枯死，那么所有的動物將會餓死。6反過來情況也一樣。地球的無機(jī)世界是由生命造就成形的。大氣層的性質(zhì)已經(jīng)被植物活動所改變（植物活動給空氣增添了大量的游離氧氣，而這是通過其他方式所不能獲取的）。蚯蚓翻松土壤，珊瑚形成一個個巨大的海礁。第49頁/共84頁BookOne7整個地球，加上太陽能，形成了一個錯綜復(fù)雜、相互聯(lián)系的巨大系統(tǒng)。整個星球是一種由無機(jī)部分和各種各樣的有機(jī)生命構(gòu)成的生命形式(正如我們自己身體那樣，既是由各種各樣的有機(jī)部分構(gòu)成，又是由骨骼中的無機(jī)晶體和血液中的無機(jī)水分所構(gòu)成)。8事實上，我們可以將上述類推繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。人是由各種類型的細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的，這些細(xì)胞多達(dá)50萬億，它們之間相互聯(lián)系，相互依賴。如果喪失某些細(xì)胞，比如說失去構(gòu)成整條腿的那些細(xì)胞，將會嚴(yán)重影響有機(jī)體的其余部分；如果某一器官(如心臟或腎)中較少的細(xì)胞受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，可能會最終導(dǎo)致所有50萬億細(xì)胞的死亡。9同樣，從全地球的規(guī)?？紤]，砍掉一整片森林不會在總體上對地球生命構(gòu)成威脅，但是這樣做會對該地區(qū)的生態(tài)形式造成嚴(yán)重的影響，甚至?xí)斐伤牧魇?，因此引起地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)微變化。蜜蜂數(shù)量的大量減少將影響依賴蜜蜂授粉的那些植物的數(shù)量，然后又影響到靠蜜蜂授粉的植物生存的動物的數(shù)量，依此類推。

第50頁/共84頁BookOne10還可以以細(xì)胞的生長為例。不斷受到磨損的器官的細(xì)胞（如皮膚、腸內(nèi)壁）自始至終都在不斷發(fā)育、增長。另外一些較為隱蔽的細(xì)胞，如神經(jīng)細(xì)胞、肌肉細(xì)胞，在成年之后再也不會增長。還有一些器官，通常為肝臟和骨骼之類的靜止器官，在需要替換受損部位的時候隨時可以生長。當(dāng)完成適當(dāng)?shù)男迯?fù)任務(wù)以后，便停止生長。11同樣，“行星有機(jī)體”(這正是我們在生態(tài)學(xué)中研究的)也是如此，只不過是按照一種較為松散、更加靈活的方式運行罷了。如果美洲獅的數(shù)量太多，它們賴以生存的鹿就會被過度捕殺，一些美洲獅就會餓死。這樣一來，美洲獅就恢復(fù)到一個“適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)量”。如果美洲獅死得過多，那么鹿的數(shù)量就會迅速得到增長，美洲獅反過來就會迅速繁衍，直到新增加的美洲獅將鹿的數(shù)量再一次減少。如果排除外界的干擾，食肉動物和被吃動物都保持一個適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)量，這樣對雙方都有好處。(如果美洲獅被斬盡殺絕，鹿肯定會大量繁衍，直到吃光它們賴以生存的植物。這樣，更多的鹿會餓死，而不是葬身獅腹。)第51頁/共84頁BookOne12某些有機(jī)組織(比如人)內(nèi)的凈增長有時候會受到干擾，有機(jī)體中的部分細(xì)胞開始無限制地增長——這究竟是因為什么原因，我們尚不得而知。這就是令人生畏的癌癥。除非以某種方式阻止癌細(xì)胞日益增長，否則瘋長的癌細(xì)胞將會擾亂整個身體的結(jié)構(gòu)，最終導(dǎo)致有機(jī)體本身的死亡。13在生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域，如果出于某種原因，一種有機(jī)體開始無限度地不斷繁衍，消滅競爭對手，以毀掉其他物類的食物為代價來增加自己的食物，那么將會發(fā)生同樣的情況。這也可能會導(dǎo)致更大的生物體系的毀滅——絕大部分或所有生命，甚至無生命環(huán)境中的某些方面。14這就是此時此刻正在發(fā)生的事。數(shù)千年來，人類這惟一的種群在數(shù)量上一直不斷上升。我們大家都屬于這一種群，這可說不上是什么光彩的事。在過去幾世紀(jì)，人口增長率一直呈爆炸趨勢。第52頁/共84頁BookOne15在凱撒時代，世界人口估計為1.5億。如果按當(dāng)時那樣的速度平穩(wěn)地增長，世界人口再1,000年增加一倍。今天，世界人口大約為40億(是凱撒時代的26倍)，如果目前的增長率穩(wěn)定不變，那么世界人口將在35年之后翻倍。16目前世界人口的急劇增長率使人類可以被稱為生態(tài)惡性腫瘤。這種惡性腫瘤肯定會摧毀生態(tài)環(huán)境，正如普通的癌細(xì)胞會摧毀人的肌體一樣。17有什么治療方法嗎?正如任何癌癥的治療方法一樣，必須以某種方式使癌細(xì)胞停止增長。18當(dāng)然，它會停止增長的。如果我們不采取任何措施，這種增長終將停止，就像人體中癌細(xì)胞的增長一樣，不加治療，人死了，癌細(xì)胞也隨之死亡。與此類似，生態(tài)也會毀滅，人類也會隨之滅亡。第53頁/共84頁BookOne19那么怎樣才能制止人口爆炸?要么提高死亡率，要么降低出生率。除此之外，再沒有別的選擇了。如果我們不采取任何措施，在未來幾十年中死亡率將會自動上升，而且最終將極具災(zāi)難性。不管怎樣(事實上，幾乎可以說無論如何)，使出生率下降肯定更為可取，因此這是人類今天應(yīng)著手解決的頭等大事。20如果人類處理不好這一問題，那就會作為大規(guī)模殺害生靈（包括殺害自身）的兇手，作為大規(guī)模破壞地球錯綜復(fù)雜的進(jìn)化發(fā)展（是這種進(jìn)化發(fā)展最初形成了目前生命的繁榮景象）的罪魁禍?zhǔn)锥艿匠橄笳x法庭的審判——因為到那時可能已沒有子孫后代來審判他了。第54頁/共84頁BookOneKeytoQuestions1.ManisaninseparablepartoftheEarth’soverallecosystem,likeanyotherthingsintheworld.Thisisclearlystatedinpara1.Theargumentcanalsobefoundinthefollowingparasastheauthorexplainshowtheoriginoflifecameintobeing.第55頁/共84頁BookOneKeytoQuestions2.Atthebeginningofthetexttheauthorstatesthat“thefirstmistakeistothinkofmankindasathinginitself”.Bymakingsuchastatement,theauthortriestoredressacommonmistakeinpeople’sminds.Accordingtotraditionalconcept,humanbeingsarequitedifferentfromotheranimals,andtheyalwayscallthemselves“masteroftheworld”.Actually,suchkindofconceptleadstovariousmisbehaviorsonthepartofpeople,thuscausingthedestructionoftheeco-balance.Accordingtotheauthor,humanlifeisasmuchapartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyanimateportionis.Manisnotathinginitself,butratheraninseparablepartoftheEarth’sov