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先天性心臟病英文第一頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日1.Geneticfactor(internalfactor):Geneticandchromosomalaberrations2.Environmentalfactor(externalfactor):Highaltitude4.Inheritedfactor3.Otherrelatedfactors:Viralinfectionsofpregnancy,Motherswhoarediabetic,alcoholicsordrugaddictiveDrugsandmetabolicfactorsEtiology第二頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Thehealthprotectionofpregnantwomanshouldbeenhanced.Highriskfactors,suchasdrugs,radiation,viralinfection,et.shouldbeavoided.SuitdosageFolicAcidshouldbefilledupinearlypregnancystage.Prevention第三頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Doesthechildhaveheartdisease?EvaluatingachildwithaheartmurmurIsitcongenitalheartdisease?Ifitiscongenitalheartdisease,whatisthelesion?Whatistheseverityofthelesion?第四頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Assessmentofachildforthepresenceofheartdisease

MajorSystolicmurmurgardeIIIormorespeciallywithathrillDiastolicmurmurCyanosisCongestiveheartfailureMinorSystolicmurmurlessthangradeIIIinintensity2.AbnormalS23.AbnormalECG4.AbnormalX-ray5.AbnormalBP第五頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CHDAcyanoticCHDCyanoticCHDLtoRshuntsASDVSDPDAObstructivelesionsPulmonicstenosisAorticstenosisCoarctationofaortaMitralregurgitationRtoLshuntsTOFCompleteTGA第六頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日TOFPDAVSDASDFourCongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildren返回第七頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefect(ASD)ASDisthemostfrequentcongenitallesionofmajorimportanceinadults.Itisoftennotdiagnoseduntiladultlife,eveninthepresentera,becauseitrarelyproducessymptomsinchildhoodandtheassociatedphysicalsignsareeasilyconfusedwiththecardiacfindingsinnormalchildren.第八頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefectThreetypesofatrialseptaldefectareclassifiedonananatomicbasis:ostiumsecundum第二孔,sinusvenosus,andostiumprimum第一孔.Allthreetypesareassociatedwithaleft-to-rightshuntattheatriallevelandvolumeoverworkoftherightventricle.第九頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日第十頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日房間隔缺損第十一頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日房間隔缺損—原發(fā)孔型位于房間隔的下部,緊鄰房室瓣。第十二頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日房間隔缺損—繼發(fā)孔型亦稱中央型或卵圓孔型第十三頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日房間隔缺損—靜脈竇型位置接近上腔靜脈第十四頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日房間隔缺損第十五頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日第十六頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日第十七頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefect

Bloodischronicallyovercirculatedthroughthelungsatnormalintracardiacpressurelevels.Increasedflowthroughthepulmonaryvalveproducesacharacteristicpulmonarysystolicejectionmurmur.Thepulmonaryvalvecloseslatebecauseofthereducedimpedance阻抗

inthepulmonaryarterialsystem,causingawidesplittingofthesecondheartsound,theotherclassicfindinginASD.第十八頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefectThesplittingremainsrelativelyfixedinrelationtorespiration;

theaorticandpulmonarycomponentsremainaudiblysplitduringexpiration.Achestx-rayusuallyrevealsenlargementoftheheartandsignsofpulmonaryovercirculation,suchasalargepulmonarytrunkandincreasedpulmonaryvascularmarkings.Therelativeseverityoftheseconditionsreflectsthesizeoftheleft-to-rightshunt.

第十九頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefectTwomajorcomplicationsofASDarepulmonaryarterialhypertensionandrightventricularfailure.Pulmonaryarterialhypertensioniscausedbyelevatedpulmonaryvascularresistance;itdevelopsafteradolescenceinabout15percentofcases.Inthemostseverecases,anirreversibleplexiformarteriopathy叢狀的動(dòng)脈病,similartothatseeninEisenmengersyndromeorprimarypulmonaryhypertension,ispresent.第二十頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefect

Asaresultofpulmonaryhypertension,theleft-to-rightshuntfirstdecreases,thenbecomesbidirectional,andfinallyreverses;arightventricularpressureoverloaddevelops,pulmonarybloodflowisreduced,andthepatientbecomescyanotic.

第二十一頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefect

Rightventricularfailuredevelopsasaresultoflong-standingvolumeoverload;itusuallyaffectspatientsolderthan40years.Rightventricularfailureisusuallyassociatedwithatrialflutterorfibrillationandisoftenlinkedtotricuspidregurgitation.Eventually,asyndromeofright-andleft-sidedcongestiveheartfailuredevelops,andatthisstage,itmaybedifficulttodifferentiateclinicallybetweenASDandsuchconditionsascardiomyopathyandmitralvalvedisease.第二十二頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefectSurgicalclosureofASDisaverysafeandhighlyeffectiveprocedure.Prophylacticsurgeryisthereforeindicatedinanypatientinwhomtheratioofpulmonarybloodflowtosystemicbloodflowis2:1orgreater.NearlyallpatientsinwhomASDcanbeclinicallydiagnosedexhibitatleastthisdegreeofleft-to-rightshunt.第二十三頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefect

Surgeryiscontraindicated治療或處置不當(dāng)whenpulmonaryhypertensionapproachesthepressurelevelofthesystemiccirculationbecauseinsuchpatientstheoperativemortalityishighandtheelevatedpulmonaryvascularresistancedoesnotfallaftersurgery.第二十四頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenAtrialSeptalDefectNonsurgicalclosureusingcardiaccatheterizationwithanumbrellalikedevicehasbeenaccomplishedinpatientswithdefectslessthan2cmindiameter,mostofwhomhavebeeninfantsorsmallchildren.

第二十五頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日房間隔缺損封堵傘第二十六頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日房間隔缺損封堵過(guò)程第二十七頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenVentricularSeptalDefect(VSD)VSDisthemostcommoncongenitalcardiacanomalyininfants.ItisrarelyseeninadultsbecausesubstantialVSDthatarenotcorrectedsurgicallyareassociatedwithahighmortality.Inaddition,theincidenceofspontaneousclosureofVSDisrelativelyhigh;closureoccursparticularlyoftenininfancybutalsoinlateryears.第二十八頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日第二十九頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VSD第三十頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日VSD第三十一頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenVentricularSeptalDefectTheVSDthatdoappearinadultsasisolatedanomaliesareusuallylessthan1cmindiameter.Becausetheopeningisquitesmall,normalsystolicpressurecanbemaintainedintherightventricleandinthepulmonaryartery.第三十二頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenVentricularSeptalDefectIninfantswithalargeVSD,medicalmanagementhastwoaims:tocontrolheartfailureandtopreventthedevelopmentofpulmonaryvasculardisease.Therapeuticmeasuresareaimedatthecontrolofheartfailuresymptomsandthemaintenanceofnormalgrowth.第三十三頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenVentricularSeptalDefect

IndicationsforsurgicalclosureofVSDincludepatientsatanyagewithlargedefectsinwhomclinicalsymptomsandfailuretothrivecannotbecontrolledmedically.Infantsbetween6and12moofagewithlargedefectsassociatedwithpulmonaryhypertension,evenifsymptomsarecontrolledbymedication.第三十四頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CongenitalCardiacAnomaliesinChildrenVentricularSeptalDefectSurgicalclosureisusuallyundertakentopreventinfectiveendocarditis.Theincidenceofthiscomplicationisnotwellestablished,butsurgeryappearstobehighlyeffectiveasaprophylactic

measure.第三十五頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日室間隔缺損封堵傘第三十六頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日室間隔缺損封堵第三十七頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PatentDuctusArteriosusPDA–PersistenceofthenormalfetalvesselthatjoinsthePAtotheAorta.Normallyclosesinthe1stwkoflife.Accountsfor10%ofallCHD,seenin10%ofothercongenitalhrtlesionsandcanoftenplayacriticalroleinsomelesions.Female:Maleratioof2:1Oftenassociatedw/coarctation&VSD.第三十八頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉PDA第三十九頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PatentDuctusArteriosusQuestion: WhatTORCHinfectionisPDAassociatedwith??

Answer: Rubella第四十頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PatentDuctusArteriosusHemodynamicsAsaresultofhigheraorticpressure,bloodshuntsLtoRthroughtheductusfromAortatoPA.Extentoftheshuntdependsonsizeoftheductus&PVR:SVR.SmallPDA,pressuresinPA,RV,RAarenormal.第四十一頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PatentDuctusArteriosusHemodynamicsLargePDA,PApressuresareequaltosystemicpressures.Inextremecases70%ofCOisshuntedthroughtheductustopulmonarycirculation.Leadstoincreasedpulmonaryvasculardisease.第四十二頁(yè),共四十七頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PatentDuc

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