郵件包初試-英語新概念四背誦

新概念四Lesson1Findingfossilman發(fā)現(xiàn)化石Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagaslegendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstory-lerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycanlussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst‘modernmen’camefrom.Fortunay,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.我們從書籍中可以讀到5,000年前近東發(fā)生的事情，那里的人最早學(xué)會了寫字。但直到現(xiàn)在，世界上仍然有些地方；人2,000年前從尼西亞遷來的。Lesson2Sparethatspider不要蜘Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace．Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals．Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders．Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem．Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandaninsectnevermorethansix.Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch．Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects．Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday．IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.條腿，而昆蟲的腿從不超過6條Lesson3Matterhornman特霍恩山區(qū)Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded．Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall．Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore．Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement．Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal---thetop!Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers．ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidly epopular,Alpinevillagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains．Suchinnsasthereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheese paniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine．Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatallandclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould---sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishionerssometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers．Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andvery fortable．Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleebetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthavebeenveryhardindeed．Lesson6Thesportingspirit體育的精IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield．Evenifonedidn'tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceitfromgeneralprinciples.Nearlyallthesportspracticednowadaysarecompetitive．Youplaytowin,andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin．Onthevillagegreen,whereyoupickupsidesandnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,itispossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:butassoonasthequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused．Anyonewhohasplayedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis．Attheinternationallevel,sportisfranklymimicwarfare．Butthesignificantthingisnotthebehavioroftheplayersbuttheattitudeofthespectators:and,behindthespectators,ofthenationswhoworkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontests,andseriouslybelieve---atanyrateforshortperiods---thatrunning,jumandkickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.我總是驚愕不已。一個人即使不能從具體的事例（如1936年運動會）了解到國際運動比賽會導(dǎo)致瘋狂的，也Lesson Secrecyin 工業(yè)中Twofactorsweighheavilyagainsttheeffectivenessofscientificresearchinindustry.Oneisthegeneralatmosphereofsecrecyinwhichitiscarriedout,theotherthelackoffreedomoftheindividualresearchworker.Insofarasanyinquiryisasecretone,itnaturallylimitsallthoseengagedincarryingitoutfromeffectivecontactwiththeirfellowscientistseitherinothercountriesorinuniversities,oreven,oftenenough,inotherdepartmentsofthesamefirm.Thedegreeofsecrecynaturallyvariesconsiderably.Someofthebiggerfirmsareengagedinresearcheswhichareofsuchgeneralandfundamentalnaturethatitisapositiveadvantagetothemnottokeepthemsecret.Yetagreatmanyprocessesdependingonsuchresearcharesoughtforwithcompletesecrecyuntilthestageatwhichpatentscanbetakenout.Evenmoreprocessesareneverpatentedatallbutkeptassecretprocesses.Thisappliesparticularlytochemicalindustries,wherechancediscoveriesplayamuchlargerpartthantheydoinphysicalandmechanicalindustries.Sometimesthesecrecygoestosuchanextentthatthewholenatureoftheresearchcannotbementioned.Manyfirms,forinstance,havegreatdifficultyinobtainingtechnicalorscientificbooksfromlibrariesbecausetheyareunwillingtohavetheirnamesenteredashavingtakenoutsuchandsuchabookforfeartheagentsofotherfirmsshouldbeabletotracethekindofresearchtheyarelikelytobeundertaking.。司的其他部門的們進行有效的接觸程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)性的研究。因此不。 Lesson Themoderncity現(xiàn)代城Intheorganizationofindustriallifetheinfluenceofthefactoryuponthephysiologicalandmentalstateoftheworkershasbeencompleyneglected．Modernindustryisbasedontheconceptionoftheumproductionatlowestcost,inorderthatanindividualoragroupofindividualsmayearnasmuchmoneyaspossible．Ithasexpandedwithoutanyideaofthetruenatureofthehumanbeingswhorunthemachines,andwithoutgivinganyconsiderationtotheeffectsproducedontheindividualsandontheirdescendantsbytheartificialmodeofexistenceimposedbythefactory．Thegreatcitieshavebeenbuiltwithnoregardforus．||Theshapeanddimensionsoftheskyscrapersdependentirelyonthenecessityofobtainingtheum epersquarefootofground,andofofferingtothetenantsofficesandapartmentsthatpleasethem．Thiscausedtheconstructionofgiganticbuildingswheretoolargemassesofhumanbeingsarecrowdedtogether．Civilizedmenlikesuchawayofliving．Whiletheyenjoythecomfortandbanalluxuryoftheirdwelling,theydonotrealizethattheyaredeprivedofthenecessitiesoflife．Themoderncityconsistsofmonstrousedificesandofdark,narrowstreetsfullofpetrolfumesandtoxicgases,tornbythenoiseofthetaxi-cabs,lorriesandbuses,andthrongedceaselesslybygreatcrowds．||Obviously,ithasnotbeenplannedforthegoodofitsinhabitants.|| Lesson Knowledgeandprogress知識和進Whydoestheideaofprogressloomsolargeinthemodernworld?Surelybecauseprogressofaparticularkindisactuallytakingplacearoundusandis ingmoreandmoremanifest．Althoughmankindhasundergonenogeneralimprovementininligenceormorality,ithasmadeextraordinaryprogressintheaccumulationofknowledge．||Knowledgebegantoincreaseassoonasthethoughtsofoneindividualcouldbecommunicatedtoanotherbymeansofspeech．Withtheinventionofwriting,agreatadvancewasmade,forknowledgecouldthenbenotonlycommunicatedbutalsostored．Librariesmadeeducationpossible,andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibraries:thegrowthofknowledgefollowedakindofcompound-interestlaw,whichwasgreatlyenhancedbytheinventionofprinting．Allthiswascomparativelyslowuntil,withthecomingofscience,thetempowassuddenlyraised．Thenknowledgebegantobeaccumulatedaccordingtoasystematicplan．Thetricklebecameastream;thestreamhasnow eatorrent．||Moreover,assoonasnewknowledgeisacquired,itisnowturnedtopracticalaccount．Whatiscalled‘moderncivilization’isnottheresultofabalanceddevelopmentofallman'snature,butofaccumulatedknowledgeappliedtopracticallife．Theproblemnowfacinghumanityis:Whatisgoingtobedonewithallthisknowledge?Asissooftenpointedout,knowledgeisatwo-edgedweaponwhichcanbeusedequallyforgoodorevil．Itisnowbeingusedindifferentlyforboth．Couldanyspectacle,forinstance,bemoregrimlywhimsicalthanthatofgunnersusingsciencetoshattermen'sbodieswhile,closeathand,surgeonsuseittorestorethem?Wehavetoaskourselvesveryseriouslywhatwillhappenifthistwofolduseofknowledge,withitsever-increasingpower,continues.||識積便了隨書的邁了步因這一知不能且書使現(xiàn)代文明”并是的性衡展結(jié)果而積起的識用實生中結(jié)果現(xiàn)人的題這知去做什？像們常識一雙以于福也用為人現(xiàn)正不心把識于兩個方，如利科毀身、外醫(yī)就近科搶被兵壞，有么景這可Lesson32Galileoreborn伽利略的復(fù)InhisownlifetimeGalileowasthecentreofviolentcontroversy;butthescientificdusthaslongsincesettled,andtodaywecanseeevenhisfamousclashwiththeInquisitioninsomethinglikeitsproper.But,incontrast,itisonlyinmoderntimesthatGalileohas eaproblemchildforhistoriansofscience.TheoldviewofGalileowasdelightfully plicated.Hewas,aboveall,amanwhoexperimented:whodespisedtheprejudicesandbooklearningoftheAristoians,whoputhisquestionstonatureinsteadoftotheancients,andwhodrewhisconclusionsfearlessly.Hehadbeenthefirsttoturnaescopetothesky,andhehadseenthereevidenceenoughtooverthrowAristotleandPtolemytogether.HewasthemanwhoclimbedtheLeaningTowerofPisaanddroppedvariousweightsfromthetop,whorolledballsdowninclinedplanes,andthengeneralizedtheresultsofhismanyexperimentsintothefamouslawoffreefall.Butacloserstudyoftheevidence,supportedbyadeepersenseoftheperiod,andparticularlybyanewconsciousnessofthephilosophicalundercurrentsinthescientificrevolution,hasprofoundlymodifiedthisviewofGalileo.Today,althoughtheoldGalileolivesoninmanypopularwritings,amonghistoriansofscienceanewandmoresophisticatedpicturehasemerged.AtthesametimeoursympathyforGalileo'sopponentshasgrownsomewhat.Hisescopicobservationsarejustlyimmortal;theyarousedgreatinterestatthetime,theyhadimportanttheoreticalconsequences,andtheyprovidedastrikingdemonstrationofthepotentialitieshiddenininstrumentsandapparatus.ButcanweblamethosewholookedandfailedtoseewhatGalileosaw,ifwerememberthattouseaescopeatthelimitofitspowerscallsforlongexperienceandintimatefamiliaritywithone'sinstrument?WasthephilosopherwhorefusedtolookthroughGalileo'sescopemoreculpablethanthosewhoallegedthatthespiralnebulaeobservedwithLordRosse'sgreatescopeintheeighteen-fortieswerescratchesleftbythegrinder?WecanperhapsforgivethosewhosaidthemoonsofJupiterwereproducedbyGalileo'sspyglassifwerecallthatinhisday,asforcenturiesbefore,curvedglasswasthepopularcontrivanceforproducingnottruthbutillusion,untruth;andifasinglecurvedglasswoulddistortnature,howmuchmorewouldapairofthem?Lesson33Education教Educationisoneofthe ofourtime.Amanwithoutaneducation,manyofusbelieve,isanunfortunatevictimofadversecircumstances,deprivedofoneofthegreatesttwentieth-centuryopportunities.Convincedoftheimportanceofeducation,modernstates‘invest’ininstitutionsoflearningtogetback‘interest’intheformofalargegroupofenlightenedyoungmenandwomenwhoarepotentialleaders.Education,withitscyclesofinstructionsocarefullyworkedout,punctuatedbytext-books----thosepurchasablewellsofwisdomwhatwouldcivilizationbelikewithoutitsbenefits?Somuchiscertain:thatwewouldhavedoctorsandpreachers,lawyersanddefendants,marriagesandbirthsbutourspiritualoutlookwouldbedifferent.Wewouldlaylessstresson‘factsandfigures’andmoreonagoodmemory,onappliedpsychology,andonthecapacityofamantogetalongwithhisfellow-citizens.Ifoureducationalsystemwerefashionedafteritsbooklesspastwewouldhavethemostdemocraticformof‘college’imaginable.Amongtribalpeopleallknowledgeinheritedbytraditionissharedbyall;itistaughttoeverymemberofthetribesothatinthisrespecteverybodyisequallyequippedforlife.Itistheidealconditionofthe‘equalstart’whichonlyourmostprogressiveformsofmoderneducationtrytoregain.Inprimitiveculturestheobligationtoseekandtoreceivethetraditionalinstructionisbindingtoall.Thereareno‘illiterates’ifthetermcanbeappliedtopeopleswithoutascript----whileourowncompulsoryschoolattendancebecamelawinGermanyin1642,inFrancein1806,andinEnglandin1876,andisstillnon-existentinanumberof‘civilized’nations.Thisshowshowlongitwasbeforewedeemeditnecessarytomakesurethatallourchildrencouldshareintheknowledgeaccumulatedbythe‘happyfew’duringthepastcenturies.Educationinthewildernessisnotamatterofmonetarymeans.Allareentitledtoanequalstart.Thereisnoneofthehurrywhich,inoursociety,oftenhampersthefulldevelopmentofagrowingality.There,achildgrowsupundertheever-presentattentionofhisparents;thereforethejunglesandthesavannahsknowofno‘juveniledelinquency’.Nonecessityofmakingalivingawayfromhomeresultsinneglectofchildren,andnofatherisconfrontedwithhisinabilityto‘buy’educationforhis教育是我們這個時代的之一。我們許多人都相信，一個沒有受過教育的人，是逆境的犧牲品，被了20世紀、、至些可肯的雖我還有生牧師和和但們精面將另個子我的院具可想得的的式在落過統(tǒng)承知為有共并授部中的、、1806年1876年。今天，在許多“文明”國家里，義務(wù)教育迄今尚未實行。這說明，經(jīng)過了多Lesson AdolescenceParentsareoftenupsetwhentheirchildrenpraisethehomesoftheirfriendsandregarditasaslurontheirownorcleaning,orfurniture,andoftenarefoolishenoughtolettheadolescentsseethattheyareannoyed.Theymayaccusethemofdisloyalty,ormakesomespitefulremarkaboutthefriends'parents.Suchalossofdignityandintochildishbehavioronthepartoftheadultsdeeplyshockstheadolescents,andmakesthemresolvethatinfuturetheynottalktotheirparentsabouttheplacesorpeopletheyvisit.Beforeverylongtheparentswillbecomplainingthatthechildissosecretiveandneverlsthemanything,buttheyseldomrealizethattheyhavebroughtthisonthemselves.Disillusionmentwiththeparents,howevergoodandadequatetheymaybebothasparentsandindividuals,istosomedegreeinevitable.Mostchildrenhavesuchahighidealoftheirparents,unlesstheparentsthemselveshavebeenunsatisfactory,thatitcanhardlyhopetostanduptoarealisticevaluation.Parentswouldbegreatlysurprisedanddeeplytouchediftheyrealizedhowmuchbelieftheirchildrenusuallyhaveintheircharacterandinfallibility,andhowmuchthisfaithmeanstoachild.Ifparentswerepreparedforthisadolescentreaction,andrealizedthatitwasasignthatthechildwasgrowingupanddevelovaluablepowersofobservationandindependentjudgment,theywouldnotbesohurt,andthereforewouldnotdrivethechildintooppositionbyresentingandresistingit.Theadolescent,withhispassionforsincerity,alwaysrespectsaparentwhoadmitsthathewrong,orignorant,oreventhathehasbeenunfairorunjust.Whatthechildcannotforgiveistheparents'refusaltoadmitthesechargesifthechildknowsthemtobetrue.Victorianparentsbelievedthattheykepttheirdignitybyretreatingbehindanunreasoningauthoritarianattitude;infacttheydidnothingofthekind,butchildrenwerethentoocowedtoletthemknowhowtheyreallyfelt.Todaywetendtogototheotherextreme,butonthewholethisisahealthierattitudebothforthechildandtheparent.Itisalwayswiserandsafertofaceuptoreality,howeverpainfulitmaybeatthemoment.子看出自己的煩惱。他們甚至責(zé)備孩子不忠，或者講些小朋友家長的壞話。家長這種有份和孩子氣的作法使的孩，相信家長的品行和絕對正確孩子們的這種信念會對孩子產(chǎn)生多么大的影響，那么家長會大為吃驚和深受感動的。如， Lesson36Thecostofernment的開Ifanationisessentiallydisunited,itislefttotheernmenttoholdittogether.Thisincreasestheexpenseofernment,andreducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelothecountry.Anditshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry.Wherethecostofernmentishigh,resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow.Thismaybeillustratedbycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise.Anenterprisehastoincurcertaincostsandexpensesinordertostayinbusiness.Forourpurposes,weareconcernedonlywithonekindofcost---thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness.Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofernmentinanation.Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelowtotheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm.Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilities,andtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadwillbelow.Itwillbelowbecauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisng,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse.Butifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob,thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemen,andadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly.Asadministrativeoverheadrises,sotheearningsofthebusiness,aftermeetingtheexpenseofadministration,willfall;andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment.Itispreciselythesamewithanation.Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyalandresponsiblemanner,theernmentdoesnotrequirearmiesofandcivilservantstokeeptheminorder.Butifanationisdisunited,theernmentcannotbesurethattheactionsofthepeoplewillbeintheinterestsofthenation;anditwillhavetowatch,check,andcontrolthepeopleaccordingly.Adisunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofernment.如果一個國家實際上處于狀態(tài)，使之就是的事了。這樣一來就增加了的開支，從而相應(yīng)地減少了可以用來發(fā)展國家的那部分經(jīng)濟資源。不應(yīng)忘記，在一個貧窮的國家里，那部分財力是很有限的。凡是用高的地方，用于發(fā)展國家經(jīng)濟的就會相應(yīng)地減少。 一個國家的情況也完全相同。如果人民職守，舉止規(guī)矩，能受到的信賴，那么就不需要大批的和文職人員去促使人民。但是，如果一個國家處于狀態(tài)，不能相信人民的行動有利于國家，那么就不得不對Lesson37Theprocessofageing衰老過Attheageoftwelveyears,thehumanbodyisatitsmostvigorous.Ithasyettoreachitsfullsizeandstrength,anditsownerhisorherfullinligence;butatthisagethelikelihoodofdeathisleast.Earlier,wewereinfantsandyoungchildren,andconsequentlymorevulnerable;later,weshallundergoaprogressivelossofourvigourandwhich,thoughimperceptibleatfirst,willfinallyesosteepthatwecanlivenolonger,howeverwellwelookafterourselves,andhoweverwellsociety,andourdoctors,lookafterus.Thisdeclineinvigourwiththepassingoftimeiscalledageing.Itisoneofthemostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmakethatwemustdeclineinthisway,thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventually‘dieofoldage’,andthatthishappensataratewhichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson,sothatthereareheavyoddsinfavourofourdyingbetweentheagesofsixty-fiveandeighty.Someofuswilldiesooner,afewwilllive onintoaninthtenthdecade.Butthechancesareagainstit,andthereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive,howeverluckyandrobustweare.Normalpeopletendtoforgetthisprocessunlessanduntiltheyareremindedofit.Wearesofamiliarwiththefactthatmanages,thatpeoplehaveforyearsassumedthattheprocessoflosingvigourwithtime,of ingmorelikelytodietheolderweget,wassomethingself-evident,likethecoolingofahotkettleorthewearing-outofapairofshoes.Theyhavealsoassumedthatallanimals,andprobablyotherorganismssuchastrees,oreventheuniverseitself,mustinthenatureofthings‘wearout’.Mostanimalswecommonlyobservedoinfactageaswedo,ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough;andmechanicalsystemslikeawoundwatch,orthesun,doinfactrunoutofenergyinaccordancewiththesecondlawofthermodynamics(whetherthewholeuniversedoessoisamootpointatpresent).Butthesearenotogoustowhathappenswhenmanages.Arun-downwatchisstillawatchandcanberewound.Anoldwatch,bycontrast, essowornandunreliablethatiteventuallyisnotworthmending.Butawatchcouldneverrepairitself----itdoesnotconsistoflivingparts,onlyofmetal,whichwearsawaybyfriction.Wecould,atonetime,repairourselveswellenough,atleast,to eallbutthemostinstantlyfatalillnessesandaccidents.Betweentwelveandeightyyearswegraduallylosethispower;anillnesswhichattwelvewouldknockusover,ateightycanknockusout,andintoourgrave.Ifwecouldstayasvigorousasweareattwelve,itwouldtakeabout700yearsforhalfofustodie,andanother700forthesurvivorstobereducedbyhalfagain.在12歲時是生命力最旺盛的時期。雖然在這個時期人的身材、體力和智力還有待發(fā)展和完善，但在這個死在65至80歲之間，有些人會死得早一些，少數(shù)人會長一些——活到八十幾歲或九十幾歲，但這種可能性很小。Lesson39Whateverywriterwants作家之所Ihaveknownveryfewwriters,butthoseIhaveknown,andwhomIrespect,confessatoncethattheyhavelittleideawheretheyaregoingwhentheyfirstsetpentopaper.Theyhaveacharacter,perhapstwo;theyareinthatconditionofeager fortwhichpassesforinspiration;alladmitradicalchangesofdestinationoncethejourneyhasbegun;one,tomycertainknowledge,spentninemonthsonanovelaboutKashmir,thenresetthewholethingintheScottishHighlands.Ineverheardofanyonemakinga‘skeleton’,asweweretaughtatschool.Inthebreakingandremaking,inthetiming,interweaving,beginningafresh,thewritercomestodiscernthingsinhismaterialwhichwerenotconsciouslyinhismindwhenhebegan.Thisorganicprocess,oftenleadingtomomentsofextraordinaryself-discovery,isofanindescribablefascination.Ablurredimageappears;headdsabrushstrokeandanother,anditisgone;butsomethingwasthere,andhewillnotresttillhehascapturedit.Sometimestheyeastwithinawriteroutlivesabookhehaswritten.Ihaveheardofwriterswhoreadnothingbuttheirownbooks;likeadolescentstheystandbeforethemirror,andstillcannotfathomtheexactoutlineofthevisionbeforethem.Forthesamereason,writerstalkinterminablyabouttheirownbooks,winklingouthiddenmeanings,super-imposingnewones,beggingresponsefromthosearoundthem.Ofcourseawriterngthisismisunderstood:hemightaswelltrytoexplainacrimeoraloveaffair.Heisalso,incidentally,anunforgivablebore.Thistemptationtocoverthedistancebetweenhimselfandthereader,tostudyhisimageinthesightofthosewhodonotknowhim,canbehisunng:hehasbeguntowritetoplease.AyoungEnglishwritermadethepertinentobservationayearortwobackthatthetalentgoesintothefirstdraft,andtheartintothedraftsthatfollow.Forthisreasonalsothewriter,likeanyotherartist,hasnorestingplace,nocrowdormovementinwhichhemaytakecomfort,nojudgmentfromoutsidewhichcanreplacethejudgmentfromwithin.Awritermakesorderoutoftheanarchyofhisheart;hesubmitshimselftoamoreruthlessdisciplinethananycriticdreamedof,andwhenheflirtswithfame,heistakingtimeofffromlivingwithhimself,fromthesearchforwhathisworldcontainsatitsinmost常9。從聽何位家我在校的樣筆先什提。家剪修、思間穿情、以從重的程中會悟素中很東是剛筆所的這有的工程往到尋自我發(fā)的界具難言的思一朦的象在家腦里他添筆右一，象而逝；一作，了己書，的一不，如神中位亮年站鏡，能認自的。解他不給講個一戀故順說句他是不饒的人煩人。脫離了自我生活，脫離了對自己最深處世界的探索。Lesson44Patternsofculture文化的模Customhasnotcommonlybeenregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonecaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbelief,andtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshathebehavioroftheindividual,asagainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueagainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacularofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopautonomously,thefigure esnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostan modationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirth,thecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofh