托福獨立寫作開頭

獨立寫作之開頭的誘惑你在一條繁華的大街上剛開了一家巧克力店。你僅有一個小小的展示櫥吸引顧客的注意力，并且櫥窗上還躺著已只死蒼蠅。你會怎么做來提高自己的銷量？你得把蒼蠅處理掉，擺一塊高檔的絨布。在銀盤上鋪上花邊桌巾，然后巧妙地排列巧克力。你的展示令人難以抵制巧克力的誘惑，行人都不由自主地進了你的商店。誘惑——這種手法對讀者也起作用。沒有人非得買你的巧克力或喜歡你的文章。你的任務就是讓人想干這些事情。巧妙呈現的畫面、動人的故事、恰當好處的引語令人無法抗拒，只能跟著你走進你的正文…..————Wordsmith：AGuidetoCollegeWriting五把魚鉤（fivehooks）《托福考試官方指南》指出，一個好的引言能完成下列幾項任務：能引起讀者的興趣告訴讀者文本總的話題告訴讀者本文的主旨首先，文章要使用些能吸引讀者（閱卷人）注意力的首段其次，要交代關于本文話題的一些背景信息最后，要以一句話陳述本文的主題（Thesisstatement）,而且，如果合適的話，在主題陳述句中預覽本文的主要觀點。簡言之，首段要短3-4句話、有趣并統領全文Schoolsshouldaskstudentstoevaluatetheirteachers.Doyouagreeordisagree?Usespecificreasonsandexampletosupportyouranswer.UniversitiesintheUnitedStateshavelonghadcourseevaluationstohelpstudentsmakedecisionsasto關于whichclassestotake.Itisnolongeraquestionofwhetherschoolsshouldaskstudentstoratetheirteachers’work,butsimplyhowandtowhatextent.Asfarasteachingqualityisconcerned,Ifullysupportthedecisiontorequirestudentstoassesstheirteachers’performance.第一句話交代了關于本文話題——學生評價老師的一些背景信息，吸引讀者的注意力；第二句話復述了題目最后一句做了主題陳述GeneralbackgroundTopicThesisStatement1234漏斗魚鉤問題魚鉤駁斥魚鉤敘事魚鉤魚鉤hook5引語魚鉤1漏斗魚鉤the

funnelhook1漏斗魚鉤Definition：寫作按照從大范圍到小范圍、從概括到具體的“漏斗型”模式展開。文章在開始提供概括性北京信息，接著過渡到本文的具體話題。要用好魚鉤，必須注意兩點：第一，開始的背景信息不能過于寬泛籠統；第二，討論文本的具體話題時要緊貼題目的要求。1實戰(zhàn)案例

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Ifchildrenwanttodowellinschool,parentsshouldlimittheirhoursofwatchingTVprogramsormovies.Manyareconcernedabouttheinfluenceofnewtechnologiesonthequalityofeducationchildrenreceive,andthereisparticularconcernregardingtheinfluenceoftelevisionandmovies.(Generalbackground)Iagreewiththestatementabove;（Topic）ifchildrenaretodowellinschool,parentsshouldbeawareofandcontrolthenumberofhourstheirchildrenwatchtelevisionormovies,becauseofthenegativeeffectsuchformsofentertainmentcanhaveonachild’seducation.（TS）1漏斗魚鉤首段模板一（適合涉及〝二選一〞some…others….的題目）Somestudentsprefertostudyalone.Othersprefertostudywithagroupofstudents.Whichdoyouprefer？Choosingalearningstyleisapurelypersonaldecision.Some

studentsprefertostudyindividuallyforbetterconcentration,whileotherswouldrather

studywithagroupofstudents.Asforme,Iwouldopttostudywithothers,anapproachwhichprovidesmoreopportunitiesforfun,mutualhelp,andcriticalthinking.Regardingwhichlearningstyletoadopt,peoplehavedifferent,evendiametricallyoppositeviews.1Practice練習模板二

Wouldyouprefertoliveinatraditionalhouseorinamodernapartmentbuilding？Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.Choosingwhichtypeofhousetoliveinisapurelypersonaldecision.Somepeopleprefertoliveintraditionalhousesfortheirconvenientlocations,whileotherswouldratherliveinmodernapartmentbuildings.Asforme,Iwouldopttoliveinamodernbuilding,whichprovidesbetterutilities,greaterspace,andcheapermaintainances.1漏斗魚鉤首段模板二（適合涉及〝agreeordisagree〞的題目）Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement？Patienceisusuallynotagoodstrategy.Weshouldtakeactionnowratherthanlater.Theissueofalwaystakingimmediateactionishighlydebatable.Ontheonehand,takingimmediateactionenablesustograspsomeone-of-alifetimeopportunitiessuchasgettingtheapartmentwewantorthelastminuteAirlineticket.Ontheotherhand,takingquickactionisnotappropriatebecausesomedecisionscallforresearchandcarefulconsiderationsuchaschoosingwhichuniversitytoattendorwhomtogettomarriedto.However,intheultimateanalysis,Icontendthatwetakepromptactiontoensuresuccess.1Practice練習模板二

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement？Forsuccessfuldevelopmentofacountry,shouldagovernmentfocusitsbudgetmoreonVeryyoungchildren’seducationratherthanonuniversities？Theissueofinvestingineducation,youngchildren’seducationoruniversities,ishighlydebatable.Ontheonehand,earlyeducationshapesachild’slifelongdevelopment.Ontheotherhand,universityeducationdeterminesacountry’scompetitiveedge.However,intheultimateanalysis,Icontendthatthegovernmentshouldinvestmoreheavilyinuniversitiesforthefollowingreasons.1Practice練習模板二

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement？Forsuccessfuldevelopmentofacountry,shouldagovernmentfocusitsbudgetmoreonVeryyoungchildren’seducationratherthanonuniversities？Theissueofinvestingineducation,youngchildren’seducationoruniversities,ishighlydebatable.Ontheonehand,earlyeducationshapesachild’slifelongdevelopment.Ontheotherhand,universityeducationdeterminesacountry’scompetitiveedge.However,intheultimateanalysis,Icontendthatthegovernmentshouldinvestmoreheavilyinuniversitiesforthefollowingreasons.2問題魚鉤thequestionhook2Thequestionhook問題魚鉤以提問的方式引出文章主題。這一手段像“漏斗魚鉤”一樣容易使用。但使用這一魚鉤時，必須注意：問句不宜過多，一般不能超過三個，而且一定都要緊扣題目。1.提出問題：首先是設問或反問2.回答問題：然后回答3.陳述主題：最后即全文的主題陳述2實戰(zhàn)案例Ithasbeensaid,”Noteverythingthatislearnediscontainedinbooks.”Compareandcontrastknowledgegainedfromexperiencewithknowledgegainedfrombooks.Inyouropinion,whichsourceismoreimportant?Why?Weallcraveknowledge,especiallyinthisAgeofinformation,butwhatisthebestsourceofknowledge?ArewetobelieveAlbertCamus,whostated“Theplacewearetogetknowledgeisinbooks”?OrarewebetterservedbyfollowingAlbertEinstein’scounselthat“Theonlysourceofknowledgeisexperience”?Althoughbookshavetheirplaceinone’slearning,thereisnosubstituteforexperience;indeed,itisexperiencethatisultimatelythemostimportantsourceofknowledge.如何設問？你的回答是？主題陳述是：來源是書本or實踐？22013.3.3真題Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Youngpeopletodayaremorelikelytogivetimeandefforttoimprovetheworldthanyoungpeoplewereinthepast.Willyoungpeoplenowadaysbemorecommittedtoimprovingtheworldthantheircounterpartsinthepast,asthetopicstatementclaims?Absolutely.Inviewoftheirgrowingglobalawareness,theirenhancedsenseofjusticeandobligations,andtheirgreaterrepertoireofskill,youngpeopleincontemporarysocietyaremorewillingandabletodedicatethemselvestobetteringtheworld.2基本框架（適合涉及“二選一”題目）Somestudentsprefertostudyalone.Othersprefertostudywithagroupofstudents.Whichdoyouprefer?Whichlearningstyleismoreproductive,studyingindividuallyorstudyingwithagroupofstudents?Somewantindependentthinkingandaflexiblepace,whileothersvaluegroupdiscussion.Giventhechoice,Iprefertostudywithagroupofstudentsforthefollowingreasons.2Practice基本框架（適合涉及“二選一”題目）Yourschoolhasenoughmoneytopurchaseeithercomputersforstudentsorbooksforthelibrary.Whichshouldyourschoolchoosetobuy——computersorbooks?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyourrecommendation.Whichwayofinvestmentismorebeneficialtomyschool,especiallytousstudents,buyingcomputersforthemorbooksforthelibrary?Somewanttohaveatechnologicaldevicethatpromisestorevolutionizethewaytheylive,whileothersvaluethepleasantsmellsofprintedbooks.Giventhechoice,Iprefertopurchasebooksforthelibraryforthefollowingreasons.2基本框架（適合涉及“agreeordisagree”題目）Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Patienceisusuallynotagoodstrategy.Weshouldtakeactionnowratherthanlater.Whichpositionmakesmoresense,totakeimmediateactionortopatientlywaitfortherighttime?Theanswertothisquestiondependsonthesituation.Thefirstpositionissoundwhenitcomestoone-of-a-lifetimeopportunitieswhilethesecondpositionisvalidregardingkeyissueslikechoosingwhichuniversitytoattend.Onbalance,Ibelievethatweshouldtakepromptactionmostoftime.2Practice基本框架（適合涉及“agreeordisagree”題目）Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Aneffectiveleadershouldtrytomakeothersfeelthattheyarepartofthedecisionmakingprocess.Whichpositionmakesmoresense,toinvolveothersinthedecisionmakingprocessortomakeallthedecisionsoneself?Theanswertothisquestiondependsonthesituation.Thefirstpositionissoundwhenitcomestoissuescallingforinputfromotherswhilethesecondpositionisvalidregardingissuesthataretime-consumingbutrequireimmediateaction.Onbalance,Ibelievethatgoodleadersshouldalwaystrytoenableotherstoparticipateinthedecisionmakingprocess.2Homework1.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?問題魚鉤Thebestwayforparentstoteachchildrenaboutresponsibilityistohavethemcareforananimal.2.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?漏斗魚鉤MoviesandTVprogramsmadeinone’sowncountryaremoreinterestingthanthosemadeinothercountries.3駁斥魚鉤therefutationhook3駁斥魚鉤引申：讓步-轉折-遞進開頭：給出自己立場Body1：給出對立觀點，將對方一頓夸Body2：支持自己立場觀點1（好處1）Body3：支持自己立場觀點2（好處2）結尾：重申立場和觀點Therefutation適用于有爭議的話題。就是在處理有爭議的話題時，以讓步的方式引出自己的話題。屬于讓步式寫法3Thestructureoftherefutationhook對方觀點細節(jié)理由駁斥主題陳述擺出對方觀點的合理性，也就是指出他的好處做出讓步為我方觀點做鋪墊；但是在涉及到。。?；蜻@樣做是行不通的給出自己的立場3實戰(zhàn)案例1Somepeoplesaythatphysicalexerciseshouldbeapartofeveryschoolday.Otherpeoplebelievethatstudentsshouldspendthewholeschooldayonacademicstudies.Whichopiniondoyouagreewith?對方觀點：Itistruethatphysicalexerciseisimportant.細節(jié)理由：Forexample,ithelpsstudentsreducestress,loseweight,andimproveacademicperformance.駁斥：

However,itisnottheresponsibilityofaschooltoofferphysicaltrainingtoitsstudents.主題陳述：Shouldphysicalexercisebepartoftheschoolprogram,itwouldbeawasteofeffortandresourcesforthefollowingreasons.3實戰(zhàn)案例2Topic:government→recreationalcentersVSartfacilities?對方觀點：Itiswidelyadmittedthatbuildingrecreationalfacilitiessuchasswimmingpoolsorstadiumbringssomedistinctbenefits.細節(jié)理由：Forexample,theywillenablepeopletotakeregularexerciseandstrengthenphysicalhealth.AnotherbenefitisthatcitieswithsuchfacilitiescanholdsportseventslikeOlympicstopromotetheirpublicity.我方觀點：Aftertakingallfactorsintoaccount,however,Istillholdtheoppositeopinionthatthegovernmentshouldhavemoremuseumormusictheaterconstructedincities.3駁斥魚鉤下的語言配備：描述對方觀點：UndoubtedlyWithoutquestionItistruethatItiswidelyadmittedthatAhassomedistinctadvantages.描述細節(jié)理由：Forexample,itwillenablepeopleto….Anotherbenefitisthat…描述我方觀點：Aftertakingallthefactorsintoaccount;however,Istillholdtheoppositeopinionthat…IndeedObjectivelyAdmittedly3PracticeTopic:whenpeoplesucceed,itisbecauseofhardwork.Luckyhasnothingtodowithsuccess.對方觀點：Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthathardworkisindispensabletosuccess.細節(jié)理由：Forexample,scientiststoilforyearsbeforetheymakeamajordiscovery.Studentsstudyforyearsbeforetheyareacceptedbyatopuniversity.Self-madepeopleworkforalongtime,evenalltheirlifebeforetheymakeafortune.我方觀點：However,lesswell-knownistheessentialrolethatluckplaysinachievingone’sgoals.Itisoftenluckthatturnsyearsofhardworkintosuccess;peoplediscoverandinventthingswiththehelpofluck,andsodothembecomefamousandfindjobs.3駁斥魚鉤基本框架3Topic:StudyaloneVSstudywithagroupofstudents對方觀點：Undoubtedly,studyingindividuallyhasanumberofadvantagesoverstudyingwithagroupofstudents.細節(jié)理由：Forexample,lessdistractionisthemajorbenefit.Anothervirtueistheflexiblepaceatwhichonecanstudyone’scourse.我方觀點：Notwithstanding,increasingnumbersofpeopleareoptingtostudywithagroupofstudentsinsteadofstudyingalone.Icanbecountedasoneofthem.3Practice:駁斥魚鉤基本框架3Topic:travelwithacompanionVStravelalone?Undoubtedly,travelingwithacompanionhasanumberofadvantagesovertakingatripalone.Forexample,safetyisthemajorbenefit.Anothervirtueistheshareofcostonsomeoccasions.Notwithstanding,increasingnumberofpeopleareoptingtotravelaloneinsteadoftravelingwithacompanion.Icanbecountedasoneofthem.

3HomeworkTopic:Themainroleofauniversityprofessoristoeducatestudentsratherthantodoresearch.Thereisnodoubtthateducatingstudentsisthemainimportantruleinproducingahighqualityoffuturepopulation.However,nowadays,theuniversitynotonlyprovidesknowledgetothestudents,butitalsofacilitatesnewinventionbyallowingtheprofessordoingaresearch.Hence,IdisagreethattheuniversityprofessorshouldgiveapriorityoneducatingmorethandoingresearchandIprovidereasonstoopposethisasfollowing.Therefutationhook3HomeworkTopic:Themainroleofauniversityprofessoristoeducatestudentsratherthantodoresearch.Thereisnodoubtthateducatingstudentsisthemainimportantruleinproducingahighqualityoffuturepopulation.However,nowadays,theuniversitynotonlyprovidesknowledgetothestudents,butitalsofacilitatesnewinventionbyallowingtheprofessordoingaresearch.Hence,IdisagreethattheuniversityprofessorshouldgiveapriorityoneducatingmorethandoingresearchandIprovidereasonstoopposethisasfollowing.Therefutationhook3HomeworkTopic:Themainroleofauniversityprofessoristoeducatestudentsratherthantodoresearch.Universities

are

places

of

knowledge

and

explore,

and

there

is

no

doubt

that

universities'

professors

play

an

important

role

on

educating

students

and

exploring

their

fields

of

study.

According

to

my

own

perspective,

I

believe

that

being

a

professor,

it's

more

essential

to

do

his

or

her

own

research

rather

than

focusing

on

their

teaching

segment.

Thefunnelhook3HomeworkTopic:Themainroleofauniversityprofessoristoeducatestudentsratherthantodoresearch.What

is

the

main

role

of

a

university

professor,

to

educate

students

or

to

do

research?

Some

people

believe

that

professors

should

focus

their

time

on

doing

research,

but

as

far

as

I

am

concerned,

it

is

educating

that

deserves

more

devotion

of

professors.Thequestionhook3HomeworkTopic:Themainroleofauniversityprofessoristoeducatestudentsratherthantodoresearch.Doresearch理由：bringamostbenefittoahumancreaturecreatesknowledgeoutsidetextbooksandexperiencetothestudentsraisingtheprestigeoftheuniversitydoingacademicresearchisvirtuallymoresignificantthanmerelyimpartingknowledge4敘事魚鉤thedramatichook3Thestructureoftherefutationhook對方觀點細節(jié)理由駁斥主題陳述擺出對方觀點的合理性，也就是指出他的好處做出讓步為我方觀點做鋪墊；但是在涉及到。。?；蜻@樣做是行不通的給出自己的立場4敘事魚鉤案例1Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Themainroleofauniversityprofessoristoeducatestudentsratherthantodoresearch.Onedaylastweek,Iwenttothreedifferentclassesinwhicheachprofessorrelayedthesameexactmessage:“Readmybook.”

ItwasthenthatIquestionedwhethersomeprofessorsvaluetheirresponsibilitiesasresearchersmorethanasteachers.Themajorroleofaprofessorshouldbe,tomymind,teachingratherthandoingresearch.UCLAisacompellingexampletoillustratethisthesis.4敘述魚鉤案列2Somepeoplespendtheirentirelifelivinginoneplace.Othersmoveanumberoftimesthroughouttheirlives,lookingforabetterjob,house,community,orevenclimate.Whichdoyouprefer:stayinginoneplaceormovinginsearchofanotherplace?Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyouropinion.Itisnotuncommonforsiblingstorepresentbothphenomena,somesiblingsspendingtheirentirelivesinoneplace,othersmovingaroundmanytimesthroughouttheyears.Myelderbrotherandhiswifehavelivedinthes