2020上海高考英語一模概要寫作指導寫作匯編

/4上海高考英語題型訓練:寫作2020高三第一學期期末質(zhì)量抽查IV.SummaryWriting（10分）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.松江ItgoeswithoutsayingthatthelanguagespokenbythemajorityofBritishpeoplehasthesamenameasthelanguagespokenbymostcitizensoftheU.S.A.Nonetheless,quiteapartfromwell-documentedlexical（詞匯的）differences-pavement/sidewalk,lift/elevator,etc.-therearestillsomewordsandphraseswhichcancauseconfusionandmisunderstandingbetweenspeakersofthetwodifferentforms.That'swhysonicpeoplesaythatGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesarenationsseparatedbyacommonlanguage.Therearepracticalreasonsforthis.WhenthefirstEnglishsettlersarrivedinwhatwenowcallAmerica,thelanguagetheyspokewasnaturallythesameasthatspokenbytheircompatriots（同胞）ontheothersideoftheAtlanticOcean.However,theyimmediatelysawthingswhichdidn'texistinEurope,oftenitemsusedandmadebyNativeAmericans,suchascanoesandmoccasinsandcreaturessuchasbuffalo.TheyalsopickedupwordswhichtheyheardbeingusedbyotherEuropeanimmigrants.Theword"boss”,forexample,wasusedbysettlersfromHollandinNewYorkinthemid-17thcentury.ItcomesfromtheDutchword"baas'"whichmeansmaster.Theword"cookie"alsocomesfromtheDutch"koekje”.Therearemanywords,phrasesandevengrammaticalstructureswhicharemistakenforAmericanisms（美式英語用語）inBritainwhentheyarenothingofthesort.Veryoften,theyrepresentnotanAmericanimport,butanoriginalformofBritishEnglishwhichhasdisappearedinBritain.Theverbs"guess”meaningthinkand“l(fā)oan”meaninglendandtheadjective"mad"meaningangryarefrequentlycriticizedasAmericanisms,yettheyallappearedinBritishEnglishhundredsofyearsago.Inthecaseof“l(fā)oan”,itwasusedaslongagoas1,200years!Infact,EnglishspokenintheUKhaschangedsothoroughlyinthelast500yearsthatAmericanEnglishnowrepresentsthelastplacewheresomeoriginalBritishEnglishformscanbefound.參考答案：AlthoughAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglisharethesamelanguage,therearegreatdifferences.Tworeasonsaccountforthephenomenon.NewwordswerecreatedafterthefirstEnglishsettlersinAmericasawnewthingsandlearnedwordsfromotherEuropeans.Additionally,someoriginalexpressionshavebeenchangedbyBritishpeoplewhiletheyarestillbeingusedbyAmericans.崇明GivingThanksThisistheseasonfortakingthetimetoreflectonwhatwe'rethankfulforinlife.Spendingthattimewithfriendsandfamilytogivethanksiswhatmakestheholidayssospecial.Butwhyshouldwelimitittojustafewweeksintheyears?Gratitudeisamuscleweshouldstrengthenyear-roundtomakeushealthier,happierhumansandleaders.Emmons,throughhisresearch,foundthatgratefulpeoplereportedfeelinghealthier,bothmentallyandphysically.Specifically,thosewhoweregratefulwere25percenthappierthanthosewhoweren't.Intheworkplace,well-beingisacrucialtopicwhenitcomestopreventingemployeeburn-outandpromotingengagement.Beyondtheresearchthatshowsthatemployeeswhoarcshownthattheyarcappreciatedarcmoreproductiveby50percent,caringforyouremployees'well-beingissimplytherightthingtodo.Providingprogramsthatsupportmanaginglife'severydaychallenges,offeringfitnessclassesorimplementingflexibleworkschedulesarejustafewthingsthat,whenpairedwithgratitude,canleadtomoreproductive,engagedandhappierworkingprofessionals.Workinginanever-evolving,fast-pacedindustry,Iamsurroundedbyambitiouspeoplewhoarealwaysstrivingformoreandbetter.Gratitudechallengesyontoreflectinthemomentinsteadofalwaysthinkingaboutthefuture.Itstartsbypayingattentiontowhat'sgoingoninyourlife,andthattrueself-awarenessisakeyingredienttobeingsuccessfulinyourcareer.Gratitudeisapowerfultoolforstrengtheningrelationships,bothatworkandinyourpersonallife.Peoplewhoexpresstheirgratitudetendtobemorewillingtoforgiveothersandthereforeabletocreatelong-lastingconnections.Theoldsayinggoes“It'snevertoolatetosayyou'resorry,”butthesameistrueofgratitude.That'sagiftworthcelebrating365daysayear.參考答案：Weshouldshowgratitudeyear-roundasitisbeneficialtobothourpersonalandprofessionallife.First,ithelpsourphysicalandmentalhealthandmakesushappier,thuspromotingproductionatwork.Second,itmakesusmoreself-aware,whichcancontributetocareersuccess.Lastly，itmakesusmorelikelytoforgiveothersandhelpsbuildstrongrelationships.(59words)虹口TheZeigarnikEffectHaveyoueverfoundyourselfthinkingaboutapartiallyfinishedprojectforschoolorworkwhenyouweretryingtofocusonotherthings?OrperhapsyouwonderedwhatwouldhappennextinyourfavoriteTVshoworfilmseries.Ifyouhave,you'veexperiencedtheZeigarnikeffect.Youtendtorememberunfinishedtasksbetterthanfinishedtasks.KnowledgeoftheZeigarnikeffectcanbeputintouseineverydaylife.Theeffectisespeciallywellsuitedforhelpingovercomeprocrastinationordelayinganactiontoalatertime.Weoftenputoffbigtasksthatseemoverwhelming.However,theZeigarnikeffectsuggeststhatthekeytoovercomingprocrastinationistojustgetstarted.Thefirststepcouldbesomethingsmallandseeminglyinsignificant.Infact,it'sprobablybestifit'ssomethingfairlyeasy.TheZeigarnikeffectcanbeusefulforstudentswhoarestudyingforanexam.Theeffecttellsusthatbreakingupstudyperiodscanactuallyimproverecall.Soinsteadofcrammingforanexamallinonesitting,breaksshouldbescheduledinwhichthestudentfocusesonsomethingelse.Thiswillcauseintrusive（侵入的）thoughts,enablingstudentstorehearseandconsolidatetheinformationthatmustberemembered,leadingtobetterrecallwhentheytaketheexam.TheZeigarnikeffectalsopointstoreasonswhypeoplemayexperiencementalhealthproblems.Ifanindividualleavesimportanttasksincomplete,theintrusivethoughtsthatresultcanleadtostress,anxiety,difficultysleeping,andemotionaldistress.Conversely,completingataskcangiveanindividualasenseofaccomplishmentandleadtoafeelingofclosurethatcanimprovepsychologicalwell-being.TheZeigarnikeffectcanactuallybeusedtopositivelyimpactyourworkproductivity.參考答案：TheZeigarnikeffect,thetendencytorememberincompletetasksbetterthancompleteones,isusefulindailylife.Firstly,itcankeeppeoplefromputtingoffthingswhentheystartwithasmallstep.Besides,itencouragesbreaksinstudents'study,thusimprovingrecallinexams.Thirdly,itpromotesmentalhealthbyprovidingthemotivationneededtofinishtasks.徐匯TheDeclineofBiodiversityBiodiversityistherangeoflivingthingsinanarea.Duringthelast100years,scientistshaveseenagreatdeclineinbiodiversity.Somestudiesshowthatoneineightplantspeciesisthreatenedwithextinction.Itisestimatedthat140,000speciesofplantsarelosteachyear.Mostoftheextinctionsinthelastthousandyearsareduetohumans.Themaincauseisthechoppingdownoftropicalrainforests.Mostofthisdestructionisdonetocreatepasture（牧場）forbeefcattle.ManyrainforestsinCentralandSouthAmericahavebeenburntdowntomakewayforcattlefarming,whichsuppliesbeeftotherestoftheworld.Itisestimatedthatforeachpoundofbeefproduced,200squarefeetofrainforestaredestroyed.Theforestsarealsocutdowntomakewheatforbreadaswellasfruitforhumanconsumption.Theintroductionofexotic（外來的）speciesisanotherthreat.ThelatestresearchfromtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasrevealedtheimpactofexoticspeciesuponnativewildlife,whichcouldpotentiallyleadtotheextinctionsoflocalspecies.Whenexoticspeciesareintroducedtoaplace,theytrytoestablishaself-sustainingpopulation.Whilethelocalspecies,whichhaven'thadachancetoevolve,oftenlackdefensesandthuscannotcompeteagainsttheexoticspecies.Thedisappearanceofcertainfoodanimalscanbedisastrousnotonlytolargeranimalsbutalsototheentireecosystem.Itisthesesmallcreatureswhichconvertmuchoftheenergyinanecosystemfromunusable（i.e.microscopicplants,decayingmatter,etc.）intousableforms,namelytheirbodies.Theirabsencemakesmostenergyandnutrientstrappedinformsunusabletootherspecies.Thismakestheenvironmentlesssuitableforhealthyliving,andlesscapableofproducingresourcesthathumansneed.參考答案：Biodiversityisdecliningfast.Onemajorreasonisthatpeoplecutdowntropicalrainforeststoraisecattleforbeefortogrowfood.Anotherreasonisthatsomelocalspeciesmayextinctbecausetheycannotcompetewithexoticspecies.Thedisappearanceofcertainspeciescandogreatharmtotheec