追求卓越挑戰(zhàn)極限 從絕望中尋找希望人生終將輝煌

孚來高考英語培訓(xùn)學(xué)校

09年高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)------語法篇

介詞和介詞短語

介詞和介詞短語Ⅰ.介詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu)Ⅱ.介詞短語的功能Ⅲ.介詞、連接詞和副詞Ⅳ.簡單介詞和復(fù)雜介詞Ⅴ.介詞的含義〔重點(diǎn)〕Ⅰ.介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)：〔前置修飾語+〕介詞+介詞補(bǔ)足語onthetablefromwhathesaidbysigningapeacetreatyintermsofmoneyHeworkeddeepintothenightlastnight.

Ⅱ.介詞短語的功能1.作名詞短語的后置修飾語

Thepeopleonthebusweresinging.2.狀語

Thepeopleweresingingonthebus.

Intheafternoon,wewenttoBoston.

Fromapersonalpointofview,Ifindthisagoodsolutiontotheproblem.

Inallfairness,shedidtrytophonethepolice.

Ontheotherhand,hemadenoattempttohelpher.3.作動(dòng)詞和形容詞的補(bǔ)足成分Wewerelookingathisawfulpaintings.I’msorryforhisparents.說明：①介詞短語有時(shí)候可以做主語A:Whenarewegoingtohavethenextmeeting?B:OnTuesdaywillbefine.InMarchsuitsme.DuringthevacationiswhatwedecidedBetween6and7maybeconvenient.

(Theproposalthatwemeet)onTuesday…(Tomeet)inMarch…(Meeting)duringthevacation…②作補(bǔ)語〔表語〕用的準(zhǔn)形容詞功能Thismachineis(very)outofdate.Thisdressseemsoutoffashion.因此可以與形容詞短語并列或同位Theyarehappyandingoodhealth.anoldandoutofdatetelephone作其他連系動(dòng)詞的補(bǔ)語Theyseemingoodhealth.③在特殊的情形中〔主要在固定短語中〕，副詞或形容詞可以發(fā)揮介詞補(bǔ)足語的功能。atlast,atleast,atonce,atworst,beforelong,byfar,inbrief,inthere,sincewhen,untilnow….④介詞短語本身可以作介詞的補(bǔ)足語，所以兩個(gè)介詞可以連續(xù)出現(xiàn)Hepickedupthegunfromunderthetable.Wedidn’tmeetuntilaftertheshow.Theweatherhasbeenfineexceptinthenorth.Foodhasbeenscarcesincebeforethewar.⑤介詞作動(dòng)詞和形容詞的補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，它和前面的詞〔如look,sorry〕的關(guān)系比它和后面的補(bǔ)足語關(guān)系更密切，介詞的選擇是由它前面的詞決定的。Ⅲ.介詞、附屬連詞和副詞1.介詞和連詞都具有關(guān)聯(lián)或連接功能，比較：thedaywhenshearrivedofherarrival注：①區(qū)分兩種詞類的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：介詞引導(dǎo)的是名詞性或名詞化補(bǔ)足語，而與之相對(duì)的附屬連詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)附屬分句〔從句〕。②在某些情況下，同一詞項(xiàng)既可以作介詞又可以作連詞，如after,as,before,since,until.③如果是非謂語動(dòng)詞，情況就比較復(fù)雜，因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z中-ing分句可以用在介詞的后面。Onarrivingshetookataxi.④思考以下三個(gè)詞是什么詞性：when,after,by?2.介詞和副詞Shelookedupthehill.(1)Shewalkedacrossthestreet.(2)Shelookeduptheword.(3)Shewalkedacross.(4)

①在以下句子中，介詞和副詞的區(qū)別并不明顯：Heisneartobeingmad.Thisseemsnexttoimpossible.Closeto200peoplecame.Sheisfarfrombeingweak.②簡單介詞near和復(fù)雜介詞nearto和closeto：nearto和closeto與形容詞有同源關(guān)系，他們是僅有的既有比較級(jí)又可加強(qiáng)調(diào)成分的介詞：Shesatveryneartoquiteclosetomuchnearertome.muchclosertonexttoclosestto③Sheisaboutforty.Sheis(about)forty.Sheisaboutroughlyforty.approximately

3.注意介詞位置(1)Hastheroombeenpaidfor?Hewasnotpaidattentionto.He’simpossibletoworkwith.He’sworthlisteningto.(2)Wh-分句和關(guān)系分句〔定語從句〕Atwhichhousedidyouleavethecar?Whichhousedidyouleavethecarat?Wheredidyouleavethecar?〔通常情況〕TheoldhouseaboutwhichIwastellingyouis(which)Iwastellingyouaboutempty.

Ⅳ.簡單介詞和復(fù)雜介詞1.簡單介詞：as,at,but,by,down,for,from,in,like,of,off,on,out,past,per,round,since,than,through,till,to,up,with,about,above,across,after,against,along,among,around,before,below,behind,beneath,beside,besides,between,beyond,despite,during,except,inside,into,onto,opposite,outside,over,unlike,until,upon,within,without;2.復(fù)雜介詞：〔1〕兩個(gè)詞：副詞/形容詞/連詞+介詞asfor,exceptfor,butforapartfrom,awayfrom,asidefrom,asfrom,aheadof,backof,becauseof,insteadof,outof,outsideof,regardlessof,accordingto,asto,closeto,contraryto,dueto,near(er)to,nextto,onto,owingto,thanksto,upto;alongwith,togetherwith;(2)三個(gè)詞介詞1+名詞+介詞2inviewoftheelectionIntermsofmoney,herbosswassmall.TwomenwereinterviewedatthepolicestationinconnectionwithatheftfromanOxfordStreetstore.Howmanydelegatesareinfavorofthismotion?比較：inthelightoftheelectionasaresultofin+名詞+of：inchargeof;incaseof;in(the)faceof;infrontof;inplaceof;inneedof;infavorof;inthelightof;inrespectof;inspiteof;inviewof;in+名詞+with：incommonwith;incomparisonwith;inlinewith;incontactwith;by+名詞+of：bymeansof;bywayof;on+名詞+of:onaccountof;onbehalfof;onthegroundsof;onthematterof;on(the)topof;onthepartof;onthestrengthof;其他類型：asfaras;attheexpenseof;atthehandsof;for(the)sakeof;inexchangefor;inreturnfor;inadditionto;inrelationto;with/inregardof;with/inrespectto;withtheexceptionof;(3)有些以of結(jié)尾的復(fù)雜介詞可用屬格形式替代：forthesakeofthepeople~forthepeople’ssake;onbehalfofJim~onJim’sbehalfattheexpenseofSusan~atSusan’sexpenseⅤ.介詞的含義〔重點(diǎn)〕1.表示空間關(guān)系的介詞(1).空間關(guān)系的意義Mycarisatthecottage.Ourcottageisontheroad.Thereissomeiceonthatroad.Thereisanewroofonthecottage.Thereareonlytwobedsinthecottage.(2)肯定位置和目的地:at;to;on;onto;in;into;A)地點(diǎn)介詞短語作狀語(將事件或事態(tài)與某一場所聯(lián)系起來)或作后置修飾語(將其物與某一場所聯(lián)系起來)。簡單位置和目的地〔向某一預(yù)定場所移動(dòng)〕這兩種概念之間，可以有一種因果關(guān)系。目的地位置AnnwenttoOxford.AnnwasatOxford.Annclimbedontotheroof.Annwasontheroof.Annjumpedintothewater.Annwasinthewater.B)into和onto常和表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞(walk,slide,swim)連用。但是注意比較：Don’trunintheschool.Don’trunintotheschool.C)另一方面，以下動(dòng)詞〔place,stand,lay,sit〕?？梢院蛅o,onto和into結(jié)合，也可以不結(jié)合:Sheputthetypewritercaseon(to)thetopshelfandthekeyin(to)thedrawer.再舉例子

點(diǎn)：atthebusstop;attheNorthPole;attheendofroad;線：ontheRiverThames;onthecoast面：onthewall;ontheceiling;onmyback;面積：intheworld;inthevillage;inapark;容積：inabox;inthebathroom;inthedrawer;on(面)和in〔面積〕作一比較，根據(jù)上下文，兩者可以有各種不同的含義：Thefrostmadepatternsonthewindow.Afaceappearedinthewindow/mirror.Theplayerswerepracticingonthefield.Cowsweregazinginthefield.Shewassittingonthegrass/inthegrass.in用于較大的地方：inAsia;inChina;….at和in都可以用在表示城鎮(zhèn)，村莊的名詞前，但是兩者的著眼點(diǎn)不同。HeworksinLondon,butlivesinthecountry.OurplanerefueledatLondononitswayfromNewYorktoMoscow.比較：She’satOxford.inOxford.Sidworksatapublishinghouse.inAheschool.比較：TheSmithsdrovetoEdinburgh.TheydrovetowardsEdinburgh.TheydroveasfarasEdinburgh.Heislearningagainstthewall.Therearestillapplesonthetree.[hangingfrom]注意：Shearrivedattheshop/busstop.herarrivalattheshop/busstop.(3)來源或否認(rèn)的位置：awayfrom;off;outof;Anndroveawayfromhome.Thebookfellofftheshelf.Tomgotoutofthewater.

(4)相對(duì)位置：above;over;ontopof;under;underneath;beneath;below;aboveXoverXinfrontofXontopofXbehindXXbeforeXunderXafterXbelowXbeneathX〔使用頻率較底〕underneathX〔使用頻率較底〕over和under往往指恰好垂直的關(guān)系，或有空間上接近的含義，而above和below可能僅僅表示“高于〔或低于〕…的水平上〞的含義。(5)空間：by;beside;with;nearto;closeto;opposite;Hewasstandingby/besidethedoor.[atthesideof]Hewaskilledbyaninch.Ileftthekeyswithmywallet.[inthesameplace]BesideMarytherestoodayoungman.[atthesideof]BesidesMarytherewereseveralotherstudentsinnthehall.[inadditionto]Sheisintelligent.Besides,sheisgood-looking.[adv.inadditionto]Shewassittingnear(to)me.

closetoShewassittingnearerto/nearestto/nexttome.

closerto/closestto

Herhouseisopposite(to)mine.[facing](6)空間：around;round;about;around和round指圍繞的位置或物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)。Weweresittingaround/roundthecampfire.Thespaceshipistravelingaround/roundtheglobe.about和around“在某一范圍里〞或“在…里面的不同部位〞。Theguestswerestandingabout/aroundtheroom.Thereareveryfewtaxisabout/aroundhere.相對(duì)位置還可由通常表示“通過〞或“路線〞的介詞表達(dá)：Thetreelayacrosstheroad.Theroadrunsthroughthetunnel.(7)空間:between;among;between將某一物體的位置與特定的或單一的某組別離物體聯(lián)系起來;among將非別離的物體聯(lián)系起來.Thehousestandsbetweentwofarms.Thehousestandsamongfarms.(8)相對(duì)的目的地:over;under;behind;(沒有通過的意義)Hethrewablanketoverher.Thebushwastheonlyconceivablehidingplace,soIdashedbehindit.Whenitstartedtorain,weallwentunderneaththetrees.(9)通過意義:over;under;behind.這類介詞與移動(dòng)動(dòng)詞連用,既表示目的地等概念,又可表示通過(即向某處移動(dòng),然后離開)的概念.Hejumpedoveraditch(渠道).Someoneranbehindthegoalposts.(10)通過:across;through;past;onthegrassacrossthegrassinthegrassthroughthegrass(11)定向路線移動(dòng):up;down;along;across;around;towards;Wewalkedupthehillanddowntheotherside.但在習(xí)慣用法中,up和down也用于指水平軸線,相當(dāng)于along沿著的意思.Iwalkedupanddowntheplatform.Shewalkedup/downthestreet.along表示“從一端向另一端(fromoneendtowardstheother)〞或“在一條與…平行的線上〔inalineparallelwith〕〞Wewalkedalongthestreet,justlookingatpeople.Itookmydogforawalkalongtheriver.along與across在水平軸線上相對(duì)立Becarefulwhenyouwalkacrossastreet.around表示定向路線有拐角或弧度Theyranaroundthecorner.towards表示“朝向…方向〞〔inthedirectionof〕的“實(shí)際的〞或“隱含的〞兩種意義Wewalkedtowardstheoldfarmhouse.Thewindowsfacestowardsthesouth.IsthisthebustoOxford?Sheglancedoverhershoulder.Hespokeintothemicrophone.(12)方位：beyond;over;past;up;across;

beyond主要指方位over;past;up;across和through即表示方位，又和線、面、容積概念相結(jié)合

Thevillageispastthebusstop./throughthewood.

up;down;along;around在下例中用來指軸線的方位Herofficeisupthestairs/downthestairs.Welivejustaroundthecorner.Helivesup/down/along/acrosstheroadtheroadfromme.

fromme表示方位點(diǎn)。(13)結(jié)果含義：from;outof;over;past;[已經(jīng)到達(dá)目的地的狀態(tài)]Thehorsejumpedoverthefence.Thehorseareoverthefence.這些詞可以和副詞already;just;atlast;notyet等連用表示結(jié)果。Atlastweareoutoftheforest.Whenyou’repastthenextobstacle,youcanrelax.(14)普及意義：over;through;withover和through具有普及的意義，尤其是當(dāng)他們與all連用時(shí)：Thatchildwasrunningallovertheflowerborders.throughout的含義是allthrough,唯有這個(gè)介詞主要表示“普及〞Theepidemic(流行病)hasspreadthroughoutthecountry.allalong;allaround;也用來表示普及Therewerecrowdsallalongtheroute.Theyputflowersallaroundthecountry.with在以下詞組中也表示具有普及的意義Thegroundwascoveredwithsnow.Thegardenwasbuzzingwithbees.surroundedwith;loadedwith;pavedwith等?！?5〕over的8種含義：位置：Alamphungoverthedoor.目的地:Theythrewablanketoverher.通過：Theyclimbedoverthewall.方位：Theyliveovertheroad.結(jié)果：Atlastwewereoverthecrestofthehill.普及〔靜態(tài)〕：Leaveslaythickallovertheground.普及〔移動(dòng)〕：Theysplashed(潑)wateroverme.伴隨情況：Wediscusseditoveraglassofwine.(16)地點(diǎn)介詞的比喻用法或抽象用法(難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn))

inshallowwaterindeepwaterindifficultiesinatoughspotA)位置---狀態(tài)tobein/outofdangertokeepoutoftroubletobein/outofofficetobeoutofajobtobeindifficultiesB)包含存在…之內(nèi)----抽象的包含inbooks/playsin/outofraceinagroup/partyC)into/outof目的地----抽象的情況或環(huán)境Hegotintodifficulties/trouble/debt/afight.Canyougetmeoutofthismess?D)in/on位置----成員資格，參與inthearmyontheboard/committee/projectE)above/below/beneath垂直方向----抽象的水平tobeabove/belowsomeoneonalistabove/below[beneath*]one’sincomeSuchbehaviorisbeneath[below*]him.He’sabove[over*]suchbehaviour.abovetheaverageabovesuspicionF)under垂直方向-----遭受，附屬，過程underdiscussionunderordersHehasahundredpeopleworkingunderhim.Thebridgeisunderconstruction.G)up/down在垂直軸線上移動(dòng)-----名次或度數(shù)，等級(jí)上變動(dòng)位置climbup/downthesocialladderH)from/to出發(fā)點(diǎn)/目的地-------始發(fā)者/接受者aletterfromAtoBI)beyond/past/over結(jié)果含義，有形的------抽象的beyondbelief/endurance/hope/recoverypast

Weareovertheworst.

J)between/among相對(duì)位置---參與者之間的抽象關(guān)系afight/matchbetweenXandYWequarrelagreeamongourselves.relationship/contrastbetweentwothingsK)through通過-----堅(jiān)忍不拔，忍耐Shecamethroughtheordeal.(苦難經(jīng)歷，折磨)Weputhimthroughhispaces.Wearethroughtheworst.2.表示時(shí)間的介詞：(1)時(shí)間位置:at;on;in;by;A)at用來指時(shí)間點(diǎn)(主要指鐘點(diǎn))習(xí)慣上有用來指假日時(shí)節(jié),也可以表示作時(shí)間點(diǎn)考慮的時(shí)間段.atteno’clock;at6.30p.m.;atnoon;attheweekend;atChristmas指整個(gè)圣誕節(jié),而不是只指那一天atthe/thattime;atbreakfasttime;atnight;B)on用來指當(dāng)作時(shí)間段看待的一天onMonday;onthefollowingday;onMaythefirst;onNewYear’sday;c)in或during表示比一天更長或更短的一段時(shí)間intheevening;insummer;inAugust;in2021;inthemonthsthatfollowed;d)onMondaymorning;onSaturdayafternoon;onthefollowingevening;inthelateafternoon;intheearlymorning;e)指夜晚的一段時(shí)間時(shí),用inIwokeupseveraltimesinthenight.Atnight,Iusuallyhavethewindowopen.[duringthenight](2)將來時(shí)間的衡量：in注意和副詞ago的區(qū)分

a)We’llmeetinthreemonths’time./inthreemonthsfromnow.[in表示從現(xiàn)在起展望到將來與上述相同的一段時(shí)間。這里in的意義：attheendofthreemonthsstartingfromnow]b)Wemetthreemonthsago.[從現(xiàn)在起回溯到過去某一點(diǎn)之間的時(shí)間段]c)要從過去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間向前衡量時(shí)，只有下面的結(jié)構(gòu)才是正確的：Hefinishedthejobinthreemonths.[inthespaceofthreemonthsfromwhenhestarted](3)持續(xù)：for;during;over;allthrough;throughout;A)A:Howdidyoucamp(野營)inScotland?B:Wecampedthereforthesummer.[allthrough,fromthebeginningtotheendofthesummer](forthesummer---整個(gè)一個(gè)夏天)A:WhendidyoucampinScotland?B:Wecampedthereinthesummer.[atsometimeduringthesummer]B)Wemanagedtostayawakeduringthewholemeeting.這里如果沒有stay,whole這兩個(gè)詞，during指的是持續(xù)的時(shí)間范圍以內(nèi)的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)間段，而不是指持續(xù)的時(shí)間本身。Shespokeduringthemeeting.DuringourstayinJapanwemetseveraloldfriends.ourvisittoC)Ihavedonethatforyears.[內(nèi)包時(shí)間]Ihaven’tdonethatforyears.[時(shí)間之外的動(dòng)作]D)over,allthrough,throughout具有持續(xù)時(shí)間的含義，和他們表示地點(diǎn)的普及含義對(duì)應(yīng)Wecampedthereovertheholiday/overtheweekend/overnight.Wecampedtherethroughoutthesummer.(4)持續(xù)：from…to…;until;upto;WecampedtherefromJuneto/tillSeptember.A)如果沒有from,就只可以用until,till,upto(但是不能僅用to).Wecampedthereuntil/till/upto/through/to*September.B)to和till可以替換Youcanstayto/tilltheendofSeptember.Thereareafewdaysto/tillSeptember.C)from,upto都表示一段時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)。upto通常說明一段較長的時(shí)間，其中不包括介詞缺乏語中的那一段時(shí)間WeworkeduptoChristmas.[不包括Christmas]D)till/until只能與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞，即表示一段時(shí)間動(dòng)詞連用。by表示終點(diǎn)，只和瞬間動(dòng)詞連用。Mygirlfriendworked/arrived*theretillChristmas.Sheworked*/arrivedbyChristmas.E)在否認(rèn)語境中，until/till不管與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞還是瞬間動(dòng)詞連用都成立。Shedidn’tarrivedtheretillChristmas.F)till/until與肯定謂體連用，表示時(shí)間的終點(diǎn)；與否認(rèn)的謂體連用，表示時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)：Wesleptuntilmidnight.[Westoppedsleepingthen.]Wedidn’tsleepuntilmidnight.[Westartedsleepingthen.]

(5)before,after,since,till,until既作介詞又作連詞,他們作介詞時(shí),全是指時(shí)間的介詞,后面接:時(shí)間名詞短語[afternextweek],無主語-ing分句[sinceleavingschool],或接從動(dòng)詞派生來的名詞短語或視為相當(dāng)于分句的其他的名詞短語[sinceelectricity];for表示持續(xù)的一段時(shí)間;before和after表示兩個(gè)時(shí)間或兩個(gè)事件的關(guān)系,這兩個(gè)詞的詞義相反:Themeetingwilltakeplaceaftertheceremony.Theceremonywilltakeplacebeforethemeeting.

(6)between…and…;by;A)between…and…表示在由起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)指明的一段時(shí)間中,但是與from…to…不同,它并不表示動(dòng)詞在整個(gè)這一段時(shí)間的延續(xù)We’llprobablyarrivesometimebetween5and6o’clock.I’llphoneyoubetweenlunchanddinner.B)between還用來表示重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的相同事物之間的間隔betweenmeals/dances/acts/classesC)by表示一件事情出現(xiàn)結(jié)果的那一點(diǎn)時(shí)間,即表示終點(diǎn)。它在含義上和already,still,yet和anymore有聯(lián)系。Yourpapersaretobehandedinbynextweek.[notlaterthan]Bythetimewe’dwalkedfivemiles,hewasalreadyexhausted.比照：Bythattimehewasalreadyexhausted.Untilthenhewasnotexhausted.D)by短語不與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞連用Thetroopsremainedthereuntil/by*midnight.(7)表示時(shí)間的短語中，介詞的省略〔略〕。3.地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間以外的意義范圍:(原因/目的系列；手段/施動(dòng)者系列〕原因/目的系列原因：Shelostherjobbecauseofherage.理由：Hewasfinedfordrunkendriving.動(dòng)機(jī)：Hediditoutofkindness.目的：Everyoneranforshelter.目的地：I’mleavingforBeijing.目標(biāo)：Thisnovelisaimedatayoungaudience.手段/施動(dòng)者系列方式：Sheperformedtheoperationwithgreatskill.手段：Theyleftbyplane.工具：Shetriedtoopenthelockwithaknife.施動(dòng)者：Theywerenoticedbynoone.刺激：I’mastonishedatyourreaction.1)原因/目的系列(1)原因/理由/動(dòng)機(jī)：becauseof;onaccountof;for;through;from;Wehavetodriveslowlybecauseoftheheavyrain.Onaccountofhiswideexperience,hewasmadechairman.Thesurvivorswereweakfromexposureandlackoffood.Somesupportcharitiesoutofduty,someoutofasenseofguilt.Ihidthemoney,forfearofwhatmyparentswouldsay.Theplanewasdestroyedthroughthepilot’scarelessness.

A)onaccountof;表示理由或原因，是becauseof的正式語體中的替代形式。B)outof和for主要限于表達(dá)動(dòng)機(jī)---心里因素：outofgratitude/kindnessC)for出現(xiàn)在相對(duì)來說數(shù)量較小的詞組中：forfear/love/joy/sorrow(2)目的/目的地：for/toHe’lldoanythingformoney.[inordertogainmoney]Everyoneranforshelter.[inordertoreachshelter]A)for表示預(yù)定目的地時(shí)，與run,start,head,leave,setout等動(dòng)詞連用。HesetoutforLondon.B)用to短語表示假設(shè)將會(huì)到達(dá)的目的地。HewenttoLondon.HeleftforLondon.IsthisthetraintoLondon?IsthisthetrainforLondon?(3)接受者/目的/目標(biāo)for/to/atA)當(dāng)for的后面接表示人或動(dòng)物的名詞短語時(shí)，多半帶有“預(yù)定接受者〞的意味Helaidatrapforhisenemies.Shemadeabeautifuldollforherdaughter.Hecookedadinnerforher.這種預(yù)定接受者常常相當(dāng)于一個(gè)間接賓語