2023年專升本英語專項(xiàng)練習(xí)閱讀理解二

閱讀理解（2）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給旳四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng).AHerearesomeoftheworld’smostimpressivesubways.TheTokyoMetroandToeiLinesFeatures:TheTokyoMetroandToeilinesthatcomposeTokyo’smassivesubwaysystemcarryalmost8millionpeopleeachday,makingitthebusiestsystemintheworld.Thesystemisfamousforitsoshiya---literally,“pusher”---whoshovepassengersintocrowdedsubwaycarssothedoorscanclose.Andyouthinkyourcommuteishell.TheMoscowMetroFeatures:TheMoscowMetrohassomeofthemostbeautifulstationsintheworld.ThebestofthemwerebuiltduringtheStalinisteraandfeaturechandeliers(枝形吊燈),marblemoldingsandelaboratemurals(精美旳壁畫).Withmorethan7millionridersaday,keepingallthatmarblecleanhasgottobeaburden.TheHongKongMetroFeatures:TheHongKongMTRhasthedistinctionofbeingoneofthefewsubwaysystemsintheworldthatactuallyturnsaprofit.It’sprivatelyownedandusesrealestatedevelopmentalongitstrackstoincreaseincomeandridership.Italsointroduced“Octopuscards”thatallowpeopletonotonlypaytheirfareselectronically,butbuystuffatconveniencestores,supermarkets,restaurantsandevenparkingmeters.It’sestimatedthat95%ofalladultsinHongKongownanOctopuscard.ShanghaiMetroFeatures:ShanghaiisthethirdcityinChinatobuildametrosystem,andithasbecomethecountry’slargestinthe12yearssinceitopened.ShanghaiMetrohas142milesoftrackandplanstoaddanother180mileswithinfiveyears.Bythatpoint,itwouldbethreetimeslargerthanChicago“L”.Thesystemcarriesabout2.18millionpeopleaday.TheLondonMetroFeatures:LondonerscalltheirsubwaytheUnderground,eventhough55percentofitliesaboveground.Nomatterwhenyou’vegottheoldestmass-transitsystemintheworld,youcancallitanythingyoulike.Trainsstartedin1863andthey’vebeenrunningeversince.Some3millionpeoplerideeachday,everyoneofthemrememberingto“Mindthegap”.1.Whichonecanprovidetheriderssomewonderfuldecorationsatthestations?A.TheTokyoMetroandToeiLines B.TheMoscowMetroC.TheLondonMetro D.TheHongKongMTR2.________isdonewiththepurposeofmakingmoney.A.TheTokyoMetroandToeiLines B.TheMoscowMetroC.TheLondonMetro D.TheHongKongMTR3.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatShanghaiMetro________.A.carriesthemostpeopleeachdayB.istheworld’slargestC.maybelargerthantheChicago“L”inthefutureD.isthebusiestintheworld4.Howmanysubwayscarrymorethan5millionpeopleperday?A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5BArchaeology,likemanyacademicwords,comesfromGreekandmeans,moreorless,“thestudyofoldthings”.So,itisreallyapartofthestudyofhistory.However,mosthistoriansusepaperevidence,suchasletters,paintingsandphotographs,butarchaeologists(考古學(xué)家)learnfromtheobjectsleftbehindbythehumansoflongago.Normally,thesearethehardmaterialsthatdon’tbreakdownordisappearveryquickly—thingslikehumanbonesandobjectsmadefromstoneandmetal.Itisveryunusualtofindanythingmorethanthehardevidenceofhistory—normally,thebacteriaintheaireatawayatsoftmaterials,likebodies,clothesandthingsmadeofwood.Occasionally,thingsaredifferent.In1984,twomenmadeanamazingdiscoverywhileworkinginabogcalledLindowMoss,inthenorthofEngland.Abogisaverywetareaofearth,withalotofplantsgrowinginit.Itcanbelikeaverybigandverythickvegetablesoup—walkinthewrongplaceandyoucansinkanddisappearforever.Themenwereworkingwhenoneofthemsawsomethingstickingout—ahumanfoot!Naturally,themencalledthepolice,whothenfoundtherestofthebody.Wasitacaseofmurder?Possibly—buyitwasadeathnearlytwothousandyearsold.ThetwomenhadfoundabodyfromthetimeoftheRomaninvasionofBritain.Despitebeingsoold,thisbodyhadskin,muscles,hairandinternalorgans—thescientistswhoexaminedhimwereabletolookinsidetheman’sstomachandfindthefoodthathehadeatenforhislastmeal!Whywasthismansowellpreserved?Itwasbecausehewasinaverywateryenvironment,safefromthebacteriathatneedoxygentolive.Also,thewaterinthebogwasveryacidic.Theacidpreservedtheman’sskininthewaythatanimalskinispreservedforleathercoatsandshoes.Howdidhedie?Understandably,archaeologistsandotherscientistswantedtoknowmoreaboutthepersonthattheycalled“LindowMan”.Hishandsandfingernailssuggestedthathehadn’tdoneheavymanualworkinthislife—hecouldhavebeenarichman.Theyfoundthathehadn’tdiedbyaccident.Thearchaeologistsbelievethathewassacrificedtothreedifferentgods.5.Whichlanguagedoestheword“archaeology”comefrom?A.French.B.GreekC.Roman.D.German。6.Theword“these”inthefirstparagraphrefersto_____.A.lettersB.photographsC.paintingsD.objects7.Whichofthefollowinghelpedtopreserve“LindowMan”?A.IceandlowtemperatureB.BacteriaandoxygenC.SoilandenergyD.Acidandwater8.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.“LindowMan”wasnamedafterthepersonwhofirstfoundhim.B.Historiansusuallyusepaperevidence,whilearchaeologistsusehardevidence.C.“LindowMan”wasfoundbytwoarchaeologistsinthesouthofEngland.D.“LindowMan”wasgoodatmanualwork.9.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.WhatIsArchaeology?B.ArchaeologyandHistoryC.AnAmazingArchaeologicalDiscoveryD.TheDeathof“LindowMan”CWhatisthenatureofthescientificattitude,theattitudeofthemanorwomanwhostudiesandappliesphysics,biology,chemistry,geology,engineering,medicineoranyotherscience?

Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinoursocieties.However,manypeoplebelievethatourprogressdependsontwodifferentaspectsofscience.Thefirstaspectistheapplicationofthemachines,productsandsystemsofknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.

Thesecondistheapplicationofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandaction

thatscientistsuseintheirwork.

Whatarethesespecialmethodsofthinkingandacting?Firstofall,itseemsthatasuccessfulscientistiscurious-hewantstofindouthowandwhytheuniverseworks.Heusuallypaysattentiontoproblemswhichhenoticeshavenosatisfyingexplanation,and

looksforrelationshipsevenifthedataavailableseemtobeunconnected.Moreover,

hethinkshecanimprovetheexistingconditionsandenjoystryingtosolvetheproblemswhichthisinvolves.

Heisagoodobserver,accurate,patientandobjective(客觀旳)andusesthefactsheobservestothefullest.Forexample,trainedobserversobtainaverylargeamountofinformationaboutastarmainlyfromtheaccurateanalysisofthesimplelinesthatappearinaspectrum(光譜).

Hedoesnotacceptstatementswhicharenotbasedonthemostcompleteevidenceavailable.Herejectsauthorityastheonlybasisfortruth.Scientistsalwayscheckstatementsandmakeexperimentscarefullyandobjectively.

Furthermore,

hedoesnotreadilyaccepthisownidea,sinceheknowsthatmanistheleastreliableofscientificinstrumentsandthatanumberoffactorstendtodisturbobjectiveinvestigation.

Lastly,

heisfullofimagination

sinceheoftenhastolookforrelationshipsindatawhicharenotonlycomplexbutalsofrequentlyincomplete.Furthermore,

heneedsimagination

ifhewantstoguesshowprocessesworkandhoweventstakeplace.

Theseseemtobesomeofthewaysinwhichasuccessfulscientistortechnologistthinksandacts.

10.Manypeoplebelievethatsciencehelpssocietytoprogressthrough_________A.knowledgeonly.B.morethanoneaspect.C.technologyonly.

D.theuseofmachines.11.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutacuriousscientistisTRUE?A.Hedoesn’tfindconfidenceandpleasureinwork.B.Heisinterestedinproblemsthatareexplained.C.Hemakeseffortstoinvestigatepotentialconnections.D.Helooksfornewwaysofacting.12.Accordingtothepassage,asuccessfulscientistwouldNOT_______________.A.easilybelieveinuncheckedstatements.B.easilycriticizeothers'researchwork.

C.alwaysusehisimaginationinwork.D.alwaysuseevidencefromobservation.13.Whichwordcanbeusedtodescribethedatathatagoodscientistuses?A.completeB.objectiveC.complicatedD.accurate14.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Applicationoftechnology.

B.Progressinmodemsociety.C.Scientists'waysofthinkingandacting.D.Howtobecomeasuccessfulscientist.DMostofusspendourlivesseekingthenaturalworld.Tothisend,wewalkthedog,playgolf,gofishing,sitinthegarden,drinkoutsideratherthaninsidethepub,haveapicnic,liveinthesuburbs,gototheseaside,buyaweekendplaceinthecountry.ThemostpopularfreetimeactivityinBritainisgoingforawalk.Andwhenjoggers(慢跑者)jog,theydon’trunthestreets.Everyoneofthemautomaticallyheadstotheparkortheriver.Itismyfirmbeliefthatnotonlydoweallneednature,butweallseeknature,whetherweknowwearedoingsoornot.Butdespitethis,ourchildrenaregrowingupnature-deprived(喪失).Ispentmyboyhoodclimbingtrees.Thesedays,childrenarerobbedoftheseancientfreedoms,duetoproblemslikecrime,traffic,thelossoftheopenspacesandstrangenewideasaboutwhatisbestforchildren,thatistosay,thingsthatcanbebought,ratherthanthingsthatcanbefound.Thetruthistobefoundelsewhere.AstudyintheUS:familieshadmovedtobetterhousingandthechildrenwereassessedforADHD(多動(dòng)癥).Thosewhosehousinghadmorenaturalviewsshowedanimprovementof19%;thosewhohadthesameimprovementinmaterialsurroundingsbutnoniceviewimprovedjust4%.AstudyinSwedenindicatedthatkindergartenchildrenwhocouldplayinanaturalenvironmenthadlessillnessandgreaterphysicalabilitythanchildrenusedonlytoanormalplayground.AUSstudysuggestedthatwhenaschoolgavechildrenaccesstoanaturalenvironment,theentireschoolwoulddobetterinstudies.Anotherstudyfoundthatchildrenplaydifferentlyinanaturalenvironment.Inplaygrounds,childrencreateahierarchy(等級(jí))basedonphysicalabilities,withthetoughonestakingthelead.Butwhenagrassyareawasplantedwithbushes,thechildrengotmuchmoreintofantasyplay,andthesocialhierarchywasnowbasedonimaginationandcreativity.Mostbullying(恃強(qiáng)凌弱)isfoundinschoolswherethereisatarmac(柏油碎石)playground;theleastbullyingisinanaturalareathatthechildrenareencouragedtoexplore.ThisremindsmeunpleasantlyofSunnyhillSchool,withitshardtarmac,whereIusedtohangaboutincornersdreamingaboutwildlife.Butchildrenarefrequentlydiscouragedfrominvolvementwithnaturalspaces,forhealthandsafetyreasons,forfearthattheymightgetdirtyorthattheymightcausedamage.So,instead,thedamageisdonetothechildrenthemselves:nottotheirbodiesbuttotheirsouls.OneofthegreatproblemsofmodernchildhoodisADHD,nowincreasinglyandexpensivelytreatedwithdrugs.YetonestudyafteranotherindicatesthatcontactwithnaturegiveshugebenefitstoADHDchildren.However,wespendmoneyondrugsratherthanongreenplaces.Thelifeofoldpeopleismuchbetterwhentheyhaveaccesstonature.Themostimportantforthegrowingpopulationofoldpeopleisinqualityratherthanquantityofyears.Andstudyafterstudyfindsthatagardenisthesinglemostimportantthinginfindingthatquality.Inwiderandmoredifficultareasoflife,thereisevidencetoindicatethatnaturalsurroundingsimproveallkindsofthings.Evenproblemswithcrimeandaggressivebehaviourarereducedwhenthereiscontactwiththenaturalworld.DrWilliamBird,researcherfromtheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,statesinhisstudy,“Anaturalenvironmentcanreduceviolentbehaviourbecauseitsprocesshelpsreduceangerandbehaviorthatpeoplemightregretlater.”Wildplacesneedencouragingforthisreason,nomatterhowsmalltheircontribution.Wetendtothinkhumanbeingsaredoingnaturesomekindoffavourwhenweareprotectingnature.Theerrorhereisfartoodeep:notonlydohumansneednatureforthemselves,buttheveryideathathumanityandthenaturalworldareseparablethingsisdamaging.Humanbeingsareaspeciesofanimals.Forsevenmillionyearswelivedontheplanetaspartofnature.Sowemissthenaturalworldandlongforcontactwithnon-humanlife.Anyonewhohaspattedadog,strokedacat,satunderatreewithaglassofbeer,givenorreceivedabunchofflowersorchosentowalkthroughtheparkonaniceday,understandsthat.Weneedthewildworld.Itisnecessarytoourwell-being,ourhealth,ourhappiness.Withoutotherlivingthingsarounduswearelessthanhuman.15.Whatistheauthor’sfirmbelief?A.Peopleseeknatureindifferentways.B.Peopleshouldspendmostoftheirlivesinthewild.C.Peoplehavequitedifferentideasofnature.D.Peoplemustmakemoreeffortstostudynature.16.Whatdoestheauthorsaypeoplepreferfortheirchildrennowadays?

A.Personalfreedom.B.Thingsthatarenatural.C.Urbansurroundings.D.Thingsthatarepurchased.17.WhatdoesastudyinSwedenshow?A.Thenaturalenvironmentcanhelpchildrenlearnbetter.B.Moreaccesstonaturemakeschildrenlesslikelytofallill.C.Agoodplaygroundhelpskidsdeveloptheirphysicalabilities.D.NaturalviewscanpreventchildrenfromdevelopingADHD.18.Childrenwhohavechancestoexplorenaturalareas________.A.tendtodevelopastrongloveforscienceB.aremorelikelytodreamaboutwildlifeC.tendtobephysicallytougherinadulthoodD.arelesslikelytobeinvolvedinbullying19.WhatdoestheauthorsuggestwedotohelpchildrenwithADHD?A.Findmoreeffectivedrugsforthem.B.Providemoregreenspacesforthem.C.Placethemundermorepersonalcare.D.Engagetheminmoremeaningfulactivities.20.Inwhatwaydoelderlypeoplebenefitfromtheircont