長程跨界空氣污染公約

長程跨界空氣污染公約ConventiononLong-rangeTransboundaryAirPollution一、背景介紹和機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行特色NationsEconomicConventiononLong-rangeTransboundaryAirPollution1983316約，只制定根本的原則和制度，至于對特定空氣污染物的掌握由51個(gè)締約國簽訂的議定書來解決。迄今為止共簽訂了八項(xiàng)議定架內(nèi)對一些具體問題做出規(guī)定。〔〕簽訂的目的在于各締約國盡力地去限制，盡可能、漸漸地削減和防止長距離跨界空氣污染的排放，尤其在掌握二氧化硫的排放和酸雨等方面。機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置：該公約的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)〔ExecutiveBody〕由各締個(gè)附屬機(jī)構(gòu)：效應(yīng)問題工作組〔WorkingGrouponEffects〕,歐洲空氣污染物長程廉價(jià)檢測和評價(jià)合作方案指導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)〔SteeringBodytoEMEP〕,策略和檢討問題工作組〔WorkingGrouponStrategiesandReview〕以及會議的執(zhí)行委員會，每年都要向執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)做匯報(bào)。向世界的其他地區(qū)共享其理念和信息。對于《公約》的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)來說，它們的職責(zé)包括承受具有締約國具體義務(wù)的議定書以打算相關(guān)工作〔包括未能履行議定書特定義相關(guān)活動的財(cái)務(wù)事項(xiàng)。的關(guān)于大氣污染的國際協(xié)議協(xié)調(diào)進(jìn)展。二、公約內(nèi)容〔翻譯〕公約遠(yuǎn)距離越境空氣污染〔1979〕1983316到本公約的締約方，決心促進(jìn)的關(guān)系，在環(huán)境保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的合作，意識到歐洲的聯(lián)合國經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會的活動加強(qiáng)，特別是在空氣污染，包括長程運(yùn)輸領(lǐng)域的空氣污染物這種關(guān)系和合作，意義，法的有關(guān)規(guī)定執(zhí)行多邊，關(guān)于對安全和合作會議最終文件的環(huán)境中引用歐洲合作的一章中要求生疏到掌握空氣污染，包括長程運(yùn)輸?shù)目諝馕廴疚锏挠叭疚铮?1，它表達(dá)了各國有共同的信念，依據(jù)對聯(lián)合國憲章和國際法原則，在其管轄或掌握下的活動不致?lián)p害其他國家或國家管轄范圍以外地區(qū)的環(huán)境的限制，染，包括越境空氣污染，這種不利影響，解決覺察的問題，申明他們情愿樂觀加強(qiáng)國際合作，制訂適當(dāng)?shù)膰艺吆蛯π啪嚯x越境空氣污染的國家行動，定義1對于本公約的目的：一“空氣污染”是指由人介紹，直接或間接地把物質(zhì)或能量，境，和“空氣污染物”應(yīng)作相應(yīng)解釋;二“遠(yuǎn)距離越境空氣污染”是指空氣污染，其物理根源所在區(qū)轄的區(qū)域在這樣的距離它不是一般區(qū)分開來的個(gè)人排放源或來源團(tuán)體的奉獻(xiàn)。2止空氣污染，包括長程跨界污染。第三條第四條第五條Connexion的活動。第六條25兼容均衡進(jìn)展，特別是使用現(xiàn)有的最正確技術(shù)，經(jīng)濟(jì)上是可行的，低收入和無廢技術(shù)。第七條和/或進(jìn)展：包括技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)可行性和環(huán)境后果的排放量;二〕儀器儀表和監(jiān)測和測量排放率和空氣污染物環(huán)境濃度等技術(shù);為一對遠(yuǎn)距離越境空氣污染物的傳輸模式更好的生疏的提高;水產(chǎn)和其他自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和主要空氣污染物的知名度與一認(rèn)為，建立一個(gè)效果的劑量/效應(yīng)關(guān)系，旨在保護(hù)供給科學(xué)依據(jù)環(huán)境;e〕在為實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境目標(biāo)，包括遠(yuǎn)距離越境空氣污染減量替代措施的經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會和環(huán)境評估;f〕與污染的硫化合物及其他主要空氣污染物的環(huán)境方面的教育和培訓(xùn)打算。第八條當(dāng)在它們的共同利益，交換供給的資料：〕按時(shí)間段的數(shù)據(jù)待商定，商定的空氣污染物，與二氧與二氧化硫開頭跨越國界，在距離和時(shí)間段在待商定;這將可能導(dǎo)致遠(yuǎn)距離越境空氣污染的顯著變化;d〕在排放掌握或硫化合物及其他在全國范圍內(nèi)主要空氣污染物的估量本錢;五〕氣象和物理化學(xué)有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)在傳輸過程中的程序;六物理化學(xué)和生物有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)的遠(yuǎn)距離越境空氣污染影響和損害的一這些數(shù)據(jù)說明可以歸因于遠(yuǎn)距離越境空氣污染的程度;g〕國家，次區(qū)域和區(qū)域政策和戰(zhàn)略中的硫化合物和其他主要石油污染物的掌握。的評價(jià)9輸評估量劃”的實(shí)施需要〔以下簡稱EMEP〕及關(guān)于進(jìn)一步進(jìn)展本方案，同意強(qiáng)調(diào)：a〕在締約方參加并充分實(shí)施EMEP化硫及相關(guān)物質(zhì)的監(jiān)測為根底的必要性;b〕需要使用完可能可比監(jiān)測或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的程序;三轄;d〕將建立一個(gè)合作的環(huán)境監(jiān)測方案的框架根底上并考慮到當(dāng)前和將來的國家，次區(qū)域區(qū)域和其他國際方案實(shí)行的可取性;開頭與二氧化硫，從電網(wǎng)商定的大小為單位的降臨;或商定的空氣污染物的通量，開頭與二氧化硫，跨越國界的距離和時(shí)間段，待商定。方法，包括模型，用于確定通量以及方法，包括模型，上，應(yīng)供給并定期檢討，以改進(jìn)的方法和模式;開頭，國家數(shù)據(jù)更;g〕需要供給氣象和物理化學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)在傳輸過程中有關(guān)程序;h〕需要監(jiān)測諸如水，土壤和植被，以及類似的監(jiān)控程序來記錄對安康和環(huán)境的影響等媒體化學(xué)成分;可取的。10ESE題，構(gòu)成了本公約的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，并應(yīng)在該力量至少每年一次。2。執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)：一〕審查本公約的執(zhí)行狀況;b〕建立，并酌情工作組，以審議與實(shí)施本公約和進(jìn)展，并為此事項(xiàng);c〕履行的其他職能可依據(jù)本公約的規(guī)定適當(dāng)?shù)?。組成局部，特別是關(guān)于數(shù)據(jù)收集和科學(xué)合作。4。執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)在履行其職責(zé)，應(yīng)在其認(rèn)為適當(dāng)，也使信息的使用秘書處11一〕召集并預(yù)備執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的會議;b〕將轉(zhuǎn)交締約方報(bào)告和其他資料符合本公約的規(guī)定接收;三〕履行的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)安排的工作。121。任何締約方均可提出修訂本公約。2。擬議的修訂案文應(yīng)以書面形式提交給經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會執(zhí)行秘書負(fù)903。作為本公約的修正案應(yīng)通過對締約雙方代表達(dá)成共識，并應(yīng)輸入締約上已承受之日后第九十天之日起生效的締約方三分之效的任何其他締約國黨的第九十天后的日期該締約方交存其修正案的承受書。13假設(shè)爭議雙方或一方為更多的解釋或適用公約締約方在本公約端各方的解決方案。簽在高級別會議在歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會的框架內(nèi)對環(huán)境的保護(hù)水3281947協(xié)定的適用方面的權(quán)限。2。對屬于其權(quán)限的事項(xiàng)，如區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化組織應(yīng)以自己的名義，行使權(quán)利和履行職責(zé)，本公約的屬性，其成員國。在這種狀況entitled.to。批準(zhǔn)，承受，核準(zhǔn)和參加151。本公約須經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)，承受或核準(zhǔn)。2197911171413。批準(zhǔn)書，承受書，核準(zhǔn)書或參加書應(yīng)交存秘書長的聯(lián)合國，誰執(zhí)行保存的功能。生效161。本公約應(yīng)自九十一日之后的批準(zhǔn)書，承受書，核準(zhǔn)書或參加其次十四屆書之日起生效。2。對每一締約方批準(zhǔn)，承受或核準(zhǔn)本公約或參加本議定書后，國。戒斷17第九十天后，其保存人收到通知之日起的作用。18合國秘書長的聯(lián)合國。在昭信守，經(jīng)正式授權(quán)，簽署本公約。公約原文見附件一三、最進(jìn)展?fàn)顩rCapacityBuildingforAirQualityManagementandtheApplicationofCleanCoalCombustionTechnologiesin潔煤燃燒技術(shù)應(yīng)用工程。中亞地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)展和變遷很大程度上依靠于本錢低廉的單一能源——煤,但是缺乏適當(dāng)?shù)奈廴菊莆蘸湍茉粗圃旒夹g(shù)導(dǎo)致了空氣污染.城市地區(qū)的高污染已經(jīng)對人口安康和環(huán)境造成了重大影響.ProjectDescriptionWho：聯(lián)合國歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(UNECE)作為主要機(jī)構(gòu),與聯(lián)合國亞共同發(fā)起一個(gè)名為”中亞地區(qū)空氣質(zhì)量治理和清潔煤燃燒技術(shù)實(shí)施”的工程.這個(gè)工程由聯(lián)合國進(jìn)展帳戶〔UnitedNationsDevelopmentAccount〕供給資金支持.Objective：這個(gè)工程著重為中亞地區(qū)供給技術(shù)支持,提高中亞地區(qū)的空氣質(zhì)量治理意識When:工程持續(xù)時(shí)間三年,0407年中期Where:工程掩蓋中亞地區(qū):哈薩克斯坦/吉爾吉斯斯坦/土庫曼斯坦/烏茲別克斯坦成果：08421日,機(jī)構(gòu)向聯(lián)合國提交報(bào)告,匯報(bào)工程成果:哈薩克斯坦開展了一個(gè)國家級的工程,旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)本國將來的空氣質(zhì)量治理政策,同時(shí)預(yù)備簽訂在長距離跨界污染公約下的4個(gè)議定書地區(qū)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)建設(shè)和培訓(xùn)的開展:的專家有時(shí)機(jī)就現(xiàn)代空氣質(zhì)量治理技術(shù)建立信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)并組織培訓(xùn).在區(qū)域內(nèi)建立起重金屬和長久性有機(jī)污染物現(xiàn)代評估系統(tǒng).通過這些工程的實(shí)施,提高了網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)和能源和運(yùn)輸部門決策者的現(xiàn)代化空氣質(zhì)量治理技能水平.亞地區(qū)擴(kuò)展,一個(gè)的空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測站在哈薩克斯坦的波洛沃建立起來.能源價(jià)格和政策改革:來自地區(qū)的專家有時(shí)機(jī)國際研討會爭論煤,熱能和電力的價(jià)格改革,改革的主要目的是建立起一個(gè)穩(wěn)定而有競爭力的市場,旨在增加能源效勞的效率和質(zhì)量.關(guān)于投資工程:確立了遴選適宜的高效利用能源工程的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),從四個(gè)中亞國家中選取了8個(gè)相關(guān)的工程,成功進(jìn)展了3期商業(yè)進(jìn)展規(guī)劃的訓(xùn)練.四、典型案例3一、根本案情案件當(dāng)事國為AlphaBetaDelta3ABD3故以煤炭為原料實(shí)行火力發(fā)電。由于原煤含氮、硫、汞及其他元素，在燃燒過程中能產(chǎn)生和排放硫、氮等污染物。BAA口。兩國間簽有長期的雙邊供電協(xié)定:AB電力；如遇履約爭端，任何一方都可向國際法院提起訴訟。DA溪流，是其本國居民和世界各國旅游者消遣之地。ABD了跨界污染。特別是A國燃煤電廠排放的汞，通過大氣輸送，污染了BD臭氧。臭氧是煙霧的主要成分之一，DD國近年實(shí)行了格外昂貴的措施使得空氣變得更加安全，水質(zhì)變得清潔。D國認(rèn)為，A國燃煤電廠排放的污染物，通過長距離傳輸DD國通過外交途徑，要求A國關(guān)閉其燃煤電廠，但遭A國拒ADB二、各方主見及爭議焦點(diǎn)原告D國主見:雖然源于一國的空氣污染會在其他國家－－飄移到另一個(gè)大陸。D國認(rèn)定，A國燃煤電廠排放的污染物經(jīng)過燃煤電廠；(2)A國必需向D被告A:A濟(jì)技術(shù)和資源條件打算只能承受燃煤發(fā)電。假設(shè)關(guān)閉燃煤電廠，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度將受到嚴(yán)峻影響，國民生活水準(zhǔn)也將大幅下降。A國否認(rèn)對DBB國主見:假設(shè)AAB國達(dá)成的協(xié)議，將影響兩國間長期供電協(xié)定的履行，B國將被迫支付更多費(fèi)用以購置電力，AB的電價(jià)。由于ABB支持AAA廠對DA為擔(dān)當(dāng)國家賠償責(zé)任？三、裁判結(jié)果A國燃煤電廠排放行為與D國所受D發(fā)要求AD國作為興旺國家，有責(zé)任供給經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)支持以幫助A國，并1010完成)。四、評述和啟發(fā)AB的沖突，也促進(jìn)了國際環(huán)境合作。1、要重視對國際環(huán)境法的爭論。目前，跨界環(huán)境污染的國際法等”軟法”的爭論。2、重視環(huán)境損害賠償法律機(jī)制的完善。中國應(yīng)當(dāng)樂觀制定和完邊國家良好的環(huán)境合作關(guān)系，貫徹落實(shí)我國睦鄰友好的外交政策，具有同樣重要意義。4、重視私人企業(yè)的國家責(zé)任。一國管轄或掌握下的活動可能會或掌握下的活動的影響。為了預(yù)防和削減不必要的國際環(huán)境糾治理。附件一：附件一：ConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollution(1979)ENTEREDINTOFORCE:16March1983ThePartiestothepresentConvention,〔締約方〕Determinedtopromoterelationsandcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection,〔旨在推動環(huán)境保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的關(guān)系語合作〕AwareofthesignificanceoftheactivitiesoftheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeinstrengtheningsuchrelationsandco-operation,particularlyinthefieldofairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransportofairpollutants,RecognizingthecontributionoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropetothemultilateralimplementationofthepertinentprovisionsoftheFinalActoftheConferenceonSecurityandCooperatinginEurope,CognizantofthereferencesinthechapteronenvironmentoftheFinalActoftheConferenceonSecurityandCo-operationinEuropecallingforco-operationtocontrolairpollutionanditseffects,includinglong-rangetransportofairpollutants,andtothedevelopmentthroughinternationalco-operationofanextensiveprogrammeforthemonitoringandevaluationoflong-rangetransportofairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxideandwithpossibleextensiontootherpollutants,ConsideringthepertinentprovisionsoftheDeclarationoftheUnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironment,andinparticularprinciple21,whichexpressesthecommonconvictionthatStateshave,inaccordancewiththeCharteroftheUnitedNationsandthe principlesof internationallaw,thesovereignrighttoexploittheirownresourcespursuanttotheirownenvironmentalpolicies,andtheresponsibilitytoensurethatactivitieswithintheirjurisdictionorcontroldonotcausedamagetotheenvironmentofotherStatesorofareasbeyondthelimitsofnationaljurisdiction,Recognizingtheexistenceofpossibleadverseeffects,intheshortandlongterm,ofairpollutionincludingtransboundaryairpollution,Concernedthatariseinthelevelofemissionofairpollutantswithintheregionasforecastmayincreasesuchadverseeffects,Recognizingtheneedtostudytheimplicationsofthelong-rangetransportofairpollutantsandtheneedtoseeksolutionsfortheproblemsidentified,Affirmingtheirwillingnesstoreinforceactiveinternationalco-operationtodevelopappropriatenationalpoliciesandbymeansofexchangeofinformation,consultation,researchandmonitoring,toco-ordinatenationalactionforcombatingairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransboundaryairpollution,Haveagreedasfollows:DEFINITIONSArticle1ForthepurposeofthepresentConvention:“airpollution“meanstheintroductionbyman,directlyorindirectly,ofsubstancesorenergyintotheairresultingindeleterious〔有毒的，有害的〕effectsofsuchanatureastoendangerhumanharmlivingresources〔生物資beconstruedaccordingly〔進(jìn)展相應(yīng)的解釋〕;“l(fā)ong-rangetransboundaryairpollution“meansairpollutionwhosephysicalnsd處于??境況〕yrntneathenationaljurisdictionofoneStateandwhichhasadverseeffectsintheareaunderthejurisdictionofanotherStateatsuchadistancethatitisnotgenerallyorgroupsofsources.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESArticle2TheContractingParties,takingdueaccountofthefactsandproblemsinvolved,aredeterminedtoprotectmanandhisenvironmentagainstairpollutionandshallendeavourtolimitand,asfaraspossible,graduallyreduceandpreventairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransboundarypollution.Article3制止無故拖延履行公約義務(wù)TheContractingParties,withintheframeworkofthepresentConvention,shallbymeansofexchangesofinformation,consultation,researchandmonitoring,asameansofcombatingthedischargeofairpollutants,takingintoaccounteffortsalreadymadeatnationalandinternationallevels.Article4資源共享TheContractingPartiesshallexchangeinformationonandreviewtheirpolicies,scientificactivitiesandtechnicalmeasuresaimedatcombating,asfaraspossible,the discharge of air pollutants, which may have adverse effects, therebycontributingtothereductionofairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransboundaryairpollution.Article5關(guān)于磋商Consultationsshallbeheld,uponrequest,atanearlystagebetween,ontheonehand,ContractingPartieswhichareactuallyaffectedbyorexposedtoasignificantriskoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollutionand,ontheotherhand,ContractingPartieswithinwhichandsubjecttowhosejurisdictionasignificantcontribution to long-range transboundary air pollution originates, or originate,inconnexionwithactivitiescarriedonorcontemplatedtherein.AIRQUALITYMANAGEMENT空氣質(zhì)量治理Article6Takingintoaccountarticles2to5,theongoingresearch,exchangeofinformationandmonitoringandtheresultsthereof,thecostandeffectivenessoflocalandotherremediesand,inordertocombatairpollutioninparticularthatoriginatingfromneworrebuiltinstallations,eachContractingPartyundertakestodevelopthebestpoliciesandstrategiesincludingairqualitymanagementsystems,and,aspartofthem,controlmeasurescompatiblewithbalanceddevelopment,inparticularbyusingthebestavailabletechnologywhichiseconomicallyfeasibleandlow-andnon-wastetechnology.RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTArticle7TheContractingParties,asappropriatetotheirneeds,shallinitiateandco-operateintheconductofresearchintoand/ordevelopmentof:existingandproposedtechnologiesforreducingemissionsofsulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutants,includingtechnicalandeconomicfeasibility,andenvironmentalconsequences;instrumentationandothertechniquesformonitoringandmeasuringemissionratesandambientconcentrationsofairpollutants;improvedmodelsforabetterunderstandingofthetransmissionoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollutants;theeffectsofsulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutantsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment,includingagriculture,forestry,materials,aquaticandothernaturalecosystemsandvisibility,withaviewtoestablishingascientificbasisfordose/effectrelationshipsdesignedtoprotecttheenvironment;theeconomic,socialandenvironmentalassessmentofalternativemeasuresforattainingenvironmentalobjectivesincludingthereductionoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollution;educationandtrainingprogrammesrelatedtotheenvironmentalaspectsofpollutionbysulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutants.EXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONArticle8TheContractingParties,withintheframeworkoftheExecutiveBodyreferredtoinarticle10andbilaterally,shall,intheircommoninterests,exchangeavailableinformationon:dataonemissionatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon,ofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,comingfromgrid-unitsofagreedsize-oronthefluxesofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,acrossnationalborders,atdistancesandatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon;majorchangesinnationalpoliciesandingeneralindustrialdevelopment,andtheirpotentialimpact,whichwouldbelikelytocausesignificantchangesinlong-rangetransboundaryairpollution;control technologies for reducing air pollution relevant to long-rangetransboundaryairpollution;theprojectedcostoftheemissioncontrolorsulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutantsonanationalscale;meteorologicalandphysico-chemicaldatarelatingtotheprocessesduringtransmission;physico-chemicalandbiologicaldatarelatingtotheeffectsoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollutionandtheextentofthedamage1whichthesedataindicatecanbeattributedtolong-rangetransboundaryairpollution;g)national,subregionalandregionalpoliciesandstrategiesforthecontrolofsulphurcompoundsandothermajoroilpollutants.IMPLEMENTATIONANDFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFTHECOOPERATIVEPROGRAMMEFORTHEMONITORINGANDEVALUATIONOFTHELONG-RANGETRANSMISSIONOFAIRPOLLUTANTSINEUROPEArticle9TheContractingPartiesstresstheneedfortheimplementationoftheexisting“Co-operativeprogrammeforthemonitoringandevaluationofthelong-rangetransmissionofairpollutantsinEurope“(hereinafterreferredtoasEMEP)andwithregardtothefurtherdevelopmentofthisprogramme,agreetoemphasize:thedesirabilityofContractingPartiesjoininginandfullyimplementingEMEPwhich,asafirststep,isbasedonthemonitoringofsulphurdioxideandrelatedsubstances;theneedtousecomparableorstandardizedproceduresformonitoringwheneverpossible;thedesirabilityofbasingthemonitoringprogrammeontheframeworkofbothnationalandinternationalprogrammes.Theestablishmentofmonitoringstationsandthecollectionofdatashallbecarriedoutunderthenationaljurisdictionofthecountryinwhichthemonitoringstationsarelocated;thedesirabilityofestablishingaframeworkforaco-operativeenvironmentalmonitoringprogramme,basedonandtakingintoaccountpresentandfuturenational,subregionalregionalandotherinternationalprogrammes;theneedtoexchangedataonemissionsatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon,ofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,comingfromgrid-unitsofagreedsize;oronthefluxesofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,acrossnationalborders,atdistancesandatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon.Themethodincludingthemodel,usedtodeterminethefluxesaswellasthemethod,includingthemodel,usedtodeterminethetransmissionofairpollutants,basedontheemissionspergrid-unit,shallbemadeavailableandperiodicallyreviewed,inordertoimprovethemethodsandthemodels;theirwillingnesstocontinuetheexchangeandperiodicupdatingofnationaldataontotalemissionsofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide;theneedtoprovidemeteorologicalandphysico-chemicaldatarelatingtoprocessesduringtransmission;theneedtomonitorchemicalcomponentsinothermediasuchaswater,soilandvegetation,aswellasasimilarmonitoringprogrammetorecordeffectsonhealthandenvironment;thedesirabilityofextendingthenationalEMEPnetworkstomakethemoperationalforcontrolandsurveillancepurposes.EXECUTIVEBODYArticle10TherepresentativesoftheContractingPartiesshall,withintheframeworkoftheSeniorAdviserstoESEGovernmentsonEnvironmentalProblems,constitutetheExecutiveBodyofthepresentConvention,andshallmeetatleastannuallyinthatcapacity.TheExecutiveBodyshall:reviewtheimplementationofthepresentConvention;establish,asappropriate,workinggroupstoconsidermattersrelatedtotheimplementationanddevelopmentofthepresentConventionandtothisendtoprepareappropriatestudiesandotherdocumentationandtosubmitrecommendationstobeconsideredbytheExecutiveBody;fulfilsuchotherfunctionsasmaybeappropriateundertheprovisionsofthepresentConvention.TheExecutiveBodyshallutilizetheSteeringBodyfortheEMEPtoplayanintegralpartintheoperationofthepresentConvention,inparticularwithregardtodatacollectionandscientificcooperation.TheExecutiveBody,indischargingitsfunctions,shall,whenitdeemsappropriate,alsomakeuseofinformationfromotherrelevantinternationalorganizations.SECRETARIATArticle11TheExecutiveSecretaryoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeshallcarryout,fortheExecutiveBody,thefollowingsecretariatfunctions--toconveneandpreparethemeetingsoftheExecutiveBody;totransmittotheContractingPartiesreportsandotherinformationreceivedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthepresentConvention;todischargethefunctionsassignedbytheExecutiveBody.AMENDMENTSTOTHECONVENTIONArticle12AnyContractingPartymayproposeamendmentstothepresentconvention.ThetextofproposedamendmentsshallbesubmittedinwritingtotheExecutive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Europe, who communicatethemtoallContractingParties.TheExecutiveBodyshalldiscussproposedamendmentsatitsnextannualmeetingprovidedthatsuchproposalshavebeencirculatedbytheExecutiveSecretaryoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropetotheContractingPartiesatleastninetydaysinadvance.AnamendmenttothepresentConventionshallbeadoptedbyconsensusoftherepresentativesoftheContractingParties,andshallenterintoforcefortheContractingPartieswhichhaveaccepteditontheninetiethdayafterthedateonwhichtwo-thirdsoftheContractingPartieshavedepositedtheirinstrumentsofacceptancewiththedepositary.Thereafter,theamendmentshallenterintoforceforanyotherContractingPartyontheninetiethdayafterthedateonwhichthatContractingPartydepositsitsinstrumentofacceptanceoftheamendment.SETTLEMENTOFDISPUTESArticle13談判協(xié)商方式解決IfadisputearisesbetweentwoormoreContractingPartiestothepresentConventionastotheinterpretationorapplicationoftheConvention,theyshallseekasolutionbynegotiationorbyanyothermethodofdisputesettlementacceptabletothepartiestothedispute.SIGNATUREArticle14公約的主體、成員國的權(quán)限ThepresentConventionshallbeopenforsignatureattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom13to16November1979ontheoccasionoftheHigh-levelMeetingwithintheframeworkoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeontheProtectionoftheEnvironment,bythememberStatesoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeaswellasStateshavingconsultativestatuswiththe8ofEconomicandSocialCouncilresolution36(IV)of28March1947,andbysovereignStatesmembersoftheEconomicCommissionforEurope,whichhavecompetence in respect of the negotiation conclusion and application internationalagreementsinmatterscoveredbythepresentConvention.Inmatterswithintheircompetence〔在權(quán)限內(nèi)〕,suchre