北京交通大學英漢翻譯基礎(chǔ)第二單元遣詞法U2-Diction

Diction

遣詞用字一、教學重點：

1.語境在翻譯中的重要性

2.英漢詞字層次對等關(guān)系

3.詞義的選擇和引申二、教學內(nèi)容：1.英漢詞字層次對等關(guān)系2.英語詞義辨析法3.詞義的選擇4.詞義的引申IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals貓哭老鼠---假慈悲

牛頭不對馬嘴騎虎難下

兔子不吃窩邊草

shedcrocodiletears

totallyirrelevant

haveawolfbytheears;inadilemma

Thefoxpreysfarthestfromhome.

IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals車水馬龍杯弓蛇影馬到成功

[endless]streamofhorsesandcarriages--heavytraffic(onthestreet);aflowoftraffic;becrowdedwithpeopleandvehicles

anillusorysnakeinagoblet

towinsuccessimmediatelyuponarrival;togainanimmediatevictory;towininstantsuccess...wishyoueverysuccess...

IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals

替罪羊猴精猴精的聞雞起舞掛羊頭賣狗肉豬狗不如

雞毛蒜皮的小事兒披著羊皮的狼猴年馬月偷雞摸狗人怕出名豬怕壯

落湯雞痛打落水狗

替罪羊scapegoat披著羊皮的狼猴精猴精的

awolfinsheep'sskin;awolfinthedisguiseof…猴年馬月canny,shrewddonkey’syears雞毛蒜皮petty(ortrifling)things;trifles

落湯雞(looklike)adrownedrat掛羊頭賣狗肉

tooffertogiveorsellsth.thatisinferiortowhatyouclaimittobe偷雞摸狗onthesly豬狗不如actlikeabruteIdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals

IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals

痛打落水狗

tobeatadrowningdog;toattacksomeonealreadydowninhisluck

人怕出名豬怕壯

fameinvitestroubleformenjustasfatteningdoesforpigs聞雞起舞

risingupuponhearingthecrowofaroostertopractiseswordplaying;berousedintoactionQuestion:

Afterdiscussingtheabovephrasesandidiomsinbothlanguages,whatdifferenceshaveyoufoundbetweenthetwoculturesmentioned?Whatproperwordsshouldbeusedinthetargetlanguage?Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord2、JudgingfromtheReferences1)thirdpersonpronouns;indefinitepronouns:some,any,each,both;definitepronouns:much,many,few,littleHe(father)sentJohntotheuniversityandwaseagertohavehimdistinguishhimself.

他送約翰上大學，巴望能讓兒子出類拔莽。2、JudgingfromtheReferences2)demonstrativepronouns:this,that,these,those;demonstrativeadverbs:here,there,now,then,etc.Healthisabovewealth,forthiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.

健康比財富更重要，因為財富不能像健康那樣給人那么多幸福。Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWordⅡ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord2、JudgingfromtheReferences3)referencesofcomparisonIhateblueshirts;whiteshirtssuitmebutgrayisthemostpreferable.

我討厭穿藍襯衫，喜歡穿白襯衫，而最喜歡穿灰襯衫.Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord3、JudgingfromtheContextandCollocationHisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.(發(fā)生故障)Modemaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.(產(chǎn)生升力)Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.(研制避雷針)Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(得出論斷)Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.(培育新品種)Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.(開采礦床)

Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord4、JudgingfromDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties

“base”:“詞根”inlexicology;“本金”inbusiness;“底涂”inpainting;“基線”insurvey;“根據(jù)地”inmilitaryscienceThelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase.

車床應安裝在堅實的底座上。(機械)ABisthebaseofthetriangleABC.AB線是三角形ABC的底邊。(數(shù)學)Heisonthesecondbase.他在二壘。（體育）softmusicsoftwoodsofthatsoftanswersoftheartsoftfiresoftwordssoftdrinksoftlightsoftgoodssoftcushionsoftbreeze輕柔的音樂軟木呢帽委婉的回答易感動的心文火和藹的話不含酒精的飲料柔和的燈光毛織品靠墊和風Ⅲ.Diction詞義的選擇lightmusiclightlosslightsteplightheartlightcarlightoutfitlightworklightmannerlightvoice輕音樂輕微的損失輕快的腳步輕松的心情輕便的轎車輕巧的裝備輕松的工作輕浮的舉止輕柔的聲音Ⅲ.Diction詞義的選擇將詞義作抽象化的引伸1、將表示具體形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的屬性的詞Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.

帝國主義者的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。這里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）這兩個具體形象引伸為這兩個形象所代表的屬性：“殘暴”和“狡猾”。Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.

每個人的生活都有苦和甜。這里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）這兩個具體形象引伸為這兩個形象所代表的屬性：“甜”和“苦”。Ⅳ.詞義的引申2、將帶有特征性形象的詞譯為該形象所代表的概念的詞InfacttheBavarianenvironmentwassochargedwithNazisentimentthroughoutthe1920sthatHitler'sstormtroopsgoose-steppedintopowerinFurtin1930.

事實上，在整個二十年代，納粹黨在巴伐利亞一帶已博得公眾的好感，以至于在一九三O年，希特勒的沖鋒隊員就耀武揚威地奪取了菲爾特鎮(zhèn)的權(quán)力。

Togoosestep是從名詞Goosestep（鵝步；正步）轉(zhuǎn)化來的動詞，本作“鵝步走”或“正步走”解，這里goose-steppedinto根據(jù)例句上下文引伸為“耀武揚威地奪取”。See-sawingbetweenpartlygoodandfaintlyominous,thenewsforthenextfourweekswasneverdistinct.

在那以后的四個星期內(nèi)，消息時而部分有所好轉(zhuǎn)，時而又有點不妙，兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn)，一直沒有明朗化。

see-sawing是從see-saw（蹺蹺板）轉(zhuǎn)化而來的動詞，本作“玩蹺蹺板”解，這里根據(jù)上下文引伸為“兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn)”。將詞義作具體化的引伸1、英語中也有用代表抽象概念或?qū)傩缘脑~來表示一種具體事物，譯成漢語時一般可作具體化引伸。

AsthePolitburogavethego-aheadtoBrezhnev,NixonandKissingerweremeetinginthePresident'sKremlinapartment,preparedtoacceptasetbackonSALT.

在政治局向勃列日涅夫開放綠燈時，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宮的總統(tǒng)下榻處開會，準備承受限制戰(zhàn)略武器會談失敗的挫折。VietnamwashisentreetothenewAdministration,histhirdincarnationasforeignpolicyconsultant.

越南戰(zhàn)爭成了他進入新政府的敲門磚。他擔任政府的對外政策顧問，那是第三次了。Ⅳ.詞義的引申

Itwasagirlwithgoodmanners.

？Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs.

？

Dogsareoftenregardedasman’sgoodfriends.

？

SheisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodwife,agooddaughterandagoodteacher.

？TimetoPractice

Itwasagirlwithgoodmanners.

這是一位舉止得體的姑娘。Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs.

這些都被標為新鮮的雞蛋。Dogsareoftenregardedasman’sgoodfriends.

狗經(jīng)常被認為是人們的忠實朋友。SheisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodwife,agooddaughterandagoodteacher.

她是一個虔誠的基督徒，一個慈愛的母親，一個賢惠的妻子，一個孝順的女兒，一個合格的教師。TimetoPractice老戰(zhàn)士

老領(lǐng)導老師傅老黃牛(比喻勤勤懇懇做事而不計名利的人)老芹菜老皇歷老生常談老搗亂aveteranaseniorleader

amastercraftsmanawillingox(diligentandconscientiousperson)overgrowncelerylastyear’calendar

commonplacealwaysmaketrouble申請書報告書協(xié)議書

成績通知書

(使用)說明書成交確認書

電視機使用說明書白皮書家書

letterofapplicationreportagreementgradereport

directionssalesconfirmation

televisionoperationguidewhitebook

aletter

fromhome

密碼口水救火洗牌大片早戀青春痘方便面隱形眼鏡流動資金買一贈一*secretcode*mouthwater*tosaveafire*towashtheplayingcards*bigmovie*earlylove*youthspot*convenientnoodles*invisibleglasses*circulatingfunds*buyone,presentone密碼口水救火洗牌大片早戀青春痘方便面隱形眼鏡流動資金買一贈一passwordsaliva[s?'la?v?]tofightafiretoshuffletheplayingcardsblockbusterpuppyloveacneinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyoneandgetonefree密碼口水救火洗牌大片早戀青春痘方便面隱形眼鏡流動資金買一贈一*secretcode*mouthwater*tosaveafire*towashtheplayingcards*bigmovie*earlylove*youthspot*convenientnoodles*invisibleglasses*circulatingfunds*buyone,presentonepasswordsaliva[s?'la?v?]tofightafiretoshuffletheplayingcardsblockbusterpuppyloveacneinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyoneandgetonefree酸奶綠豆食言戴綠帽黃色書籍*sourmilk(酸牛奶)*greenbean（四季豆）*toeatone’swords(承認自己說錯話)*have/wearagreenbonnet(生意失敗/破產(chǎn))*yellowbook酸奶綠豆食言戴綠帽黃色書籍yoghurtmungbeanbreakone’spromise/wordbeacuckolddirty/adultbook酸奶綠豆食言戴綠帽黃色書籍*sourmilk(酸牛奶)*greenbean（四季豆）*toeatone’swords(承認自己說錯話)*have/wearagreenbonnet(生意失敗/破產(chǎn))*yellowbookyoghurtmungbeanbreakone’spromise/wordbeacuckolddirty/adultbook爐子著得很旺。Thefireisburningbrisklyinthestove.她著涼了。Shehascaught

acold.上不著天，下不著地。Besuspendedinmidair.你猜著了。You’veguessedright.老李躺下就著了。LaoLi

fellasleepassoonashelaydown.他走錯了一著。Hehasmadeafalsemove.(or:takenawrongstep)這些孩子穿著整齊。Thesechildrenareallneatlydressed.

學習知識

學習技術(shù)

學習外語

學習成績

學習別人的長處互相學習以雷鋒為學習榜樣

acquireknowledge

masteraskill

studyaforeignlanguage

academicrecords

emulateother’sstrongpoints

learnfromeachother

followtheexampleofLeiFeng他的英語水平比我高。

把軍政素質(zhì)搞到一個新水平各級領(lǐng)導干部必須提高領(lǐng)導水平。HeknowsmoreEnglishthanIdo.

raisethemilitaryandpoliticalqualitytoanewheightLeadersofvariousranksmustimprovetheirartofleadership.UsecorrectEnglishcollocationinC-Etranslation

Nowlet’spractice.Youcandiscusswithyourpartnershowtocollocate.

你們應當趁著年輕多學知識。旅游真能開闊眼界。搶劫事件令全體職員加強了安全防范意識。你年紀不小了，該考慮要個孩子了。我在英國留學期間非常想念家人。每年在這家醫(yī)院做的心臟手術(shù)不下200例。1.PutthefollowingintoEnglishandpayattentiontothecollocationofverbsandnouns.

1）你們應當趁著年輕多學知識。

learnknowledge?Youshouldtryyourbestto

acquireknowledge

whenyouarestillyoung.2）旅游真能開闊眼界。openone’seyes?Travelingreallybroadensone’smind.Travelingreallyhelpstoextendone’shorizon.3）搶劫事件令全體職員加強了安全防范意識。strengthenone’sawareness?Therobberyhasservedtosharpenthesecurityawarenessofthestaff.4）你年紀不小了，該考慮要個孩子了。

wantchildren?askforachild?Youarenotyounganymore.Youshouldthinkabout

startingafamily.5）我在英國留學期間非常想念家人。thinkofmyfamily?orthinkabout…?Ireally

missed

myfamilywhenIwasstudyingintheU.K.6）每年在這家醫(yī)院做的心臟手術(shù)不下200例。doanoperation?

Morethan200heartoperationsareperformedinthishospital.她講話聲音很小。他的廣東口音很重。高峰時段交通總是很擁擠。他妻子離家出走這段時間他煙抽得很厲害。他回家的路上趕上了大雨，淋成了落湯雞。我早晨喜歡喝濃咖啡，下午喜歡喝淡茶。這門課是為中級學生開設(shè)的。---你穿幾號的？---我穿中號。1.PutthefollowingintoEnglishandpayattentiontothecollocationofadjectivesandnouns.

1）她講話聲音很小。asmallvoice?Shehasaverysoftvoice.2）他的廣東口音很重。Hehasastrong/broad/thickGuangdongaccent.(Cantoneseaccent)aheavyaccent?3）高峰時段交通總是很擁擠。Crowdedtraffic?Youalwaysgetheavytrafficduringrushhours.4）他妻子離家出走這段時間他煙抽得很厲害。Serioussmokerorsmokebadly?Hewasaheavysmokerwhilehiswifelefthim.5）他回家的路上趕上了大雨，淋成了落湯雞。Bigrain?Achickeninsoup?

Hewascaughtintheheavyrainonhiswayhomeandgotsoakedallthrough.6）我早晨喜歡喝濃咖啡，下午喜歡喝淡茶。Strong,heavy,light,weak.Whichone?Ipreferstrongcoffeeinthemorningbutweakteaintheafternoon.7）這門課是為中級學生開設(shè)的。Middle-levelstudents?Thiscourseisintendedfortheintermediate

learners.8）---你穿幾號的？---我穿中號。middlenumber?---Whatsizedoyoutake?---Itakemediumsize.

mediumheight中等身高1.對令堂的病我深表遺憾。2.已經(jīng)快半夜了，他不大可能來了。3.要在月底前完成論文，這一點非常重要。4.每年的這個時候我們都特別忙。5.你們在翻譯當中要充分認識詞匯搭配的不同。6.演出真是棒極了。

7.得知中大獎時我們簡直驚呆了。1.PutthefollowingintoEnglishandpayattentiontothecollocationofadjectivesandadverbs.

1）對令堂的病我深表遺憾。

I’mterriblysorrytohearaboutyourmother’sillness.

2）已經(jīng)快半夜了，他不大可能來了。

It’salmostmidnight.Heishighlyunlikelytocome