英語翻譯實(shí)例

esstr5Dforeignization&domestication

ChapterIV

ForeignizingTranslationandDomesticatingTranslationTeachingObjective:toacquiretwocomplementarytranslationstrategiesTeachingFocus:foreignizationvs.domesticationTeachingDifficulties:theapplicationofthesetwostrategiesinculturaltranslationSolution:caseanalysisAssignment:esstrexforeignizaitonvs.domesticationReferencebooks:1.

連淑能.英譯漢教程.高等教育出版社，2006，13-152.孫致禮.新編英漢翻譯教程.上外教：2004(32-47)3.

毛榮貴.新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英漢翻譯教程.上海交大：2003（193-201）4.

唐玉柱.從MilkyWay的“誤譯”談翻譯實(shí)踐中的歸化和異化.重慶交通學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(社科版),2005,5(4):120-121Contents:1.Reflectionontwotranslationjokes2.Apprehensionofforeignizationanddomestication3.Influencesonlanguages4.Foreignizationintranslation5.Domesticationintranslation6.ConclusionReflectionontwotranslationjokes

(1)“theMilkyWay”——牛奶路

(2)“拂袖而去”totranslatethewesternerswhoareangryQuestions:DotheChinesereadersunderstandwhat“牛奶路”refersto?Isitappropriatetosay“詹姆士先生氣得拂袖而去”inthetranslatedversionofaforeignnovel?

Reflectionontwotranslationjokes

(1)“theMilkyWay”——牛奶路

incomprehensible(2)

“拂袖而去”totranslatethewesternerswhoareangry

misleading:thewesternclothing=

thetraditionalChineseclothing(thelonggownswithbroadsleeves長(zhǎng)袍大袖）

suitswallow-tailcoattraditionalChineseclothing*Questions:

(1)Whatmadethesetwotranslationsthelaughingstock?(2)Didthetwotranslatorsusethesametranslationstrategy?

culturalignorancethemilkyway→牛奶路洋人拂袖而去

foreignizingtr.

domesticatingtrsthstrangesthfamiliar*傅東華:in1940,GonewiththeWind（1）thenamesofthecharactersScarlett·O·Hara→赫思佳AshelyWilkes→衛(wèi)希禮RhettButler→白瑞德（2）thenamesofplacesAtlanta→餓狼陀

Jonesboro→鐘氏坡Tara→陶樂場(chǎng)

Charleston→曹氏屯

replacingtheEnglishsurnameswiththeChineseonesusingtheChineseplaceindicatorstotr.theEplacenames借助漢語中表地名的后綴詞“陀、場(chǎng)、坡、屯”

傅譯本的《飄》用詞簡(jiǎn)單平實(shí)、語言流暢熟悉，就像中國小說，讀起來毫無生澀、泊來之感。傅先生在《飄》前序中說“恐怕讀起來沉悶”，因此“即如人名地名，我現(xiàn)在都把它們中國化了”，其目的“無非要替讀者省一點(diǎn)力氣”。翻開此書，隨處可見典型的中國人名、地名。

domesticationordomesticatingtranslationItistarget/target-cultureoriented.

YangXianyi’str.of《紅樓夢(mèng)》謀事在人，成事在天。Manproposes,Heavendisposes.世人都曉神仙好。Allmenlongtobeimmortals.retainingtheoriginalforeignness;source-orientedforeignizingtr.orforeignizationHawkes’tr.

Manproposes,Goddisposes.Allmenknowthatsalvationshouldbewon.domestication

2.Apprehensionofforeignizationanddomestication2.1whatisforeignization?2.2whatisdomestication?2.3differencesbetweenliteraltr.vs.freetr.andforeignizaitionvs.domestication2.4caseanalysis*LawrenceVenuti（勞倫斯·韋努蒂）,theAmericantranslationtheoristTheTranslator’sInvisibility《譯者的隱形》,in1995Firstputforwardthesetwoopposingconcepts

2.1whatisforeignization?

Foreignizationisastrategyinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.

2.1whatisforeignization?

Foreignizationisastrategyinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.在一定程度上保留原文的異域性，故意打破目標(biāo)語言常規(guī)的一種翻譯策略。Itissource/source-cultureoriented.2.2whatisdomestication?Domesticationisastrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders.2.2whatisdomestication?Domesticationisastrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders.在翻譯中采用透明、流暢的風(fēng)格，最大限度淡化原文陌生感的翻譯策略。Itistarget/target-cultureoriented.Differencesbetweenforeignization&domesticationSource-orientedTarget-orientedRetainingforeignnessMinimizingstrangenessSendingthetargetreadersabroadBringingthesourceauthorbackhomeFriedrickSchleiermacher施萊爾馬赫（德）“Thetranslatorcaneitherleavethewriterinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthereadertohim,orhecanleavethereaderinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthewritertohim.”“翻譯只有兩種方法，不是譯者不打擾讀者，盡可能讓讀者靠攏作者，就是譯者盡量不打擾作者，讓作者靠攏讀者?！碑惢瘹w化2.3differencesbetweenliteraltr.vs.freetr.andforeignizaitionvs.domesticationAquestion:literaltr.=foreignization

freetr.=domestication?

*Thefocusofliteraltrandfreetr.ishowtodealwiththeformandmeaninginthelinguisticlevel.

*Foreignizationanddomestication,however,breakingthroughthelimitationoflinguisticelements,broadentheirvision/fieldofvisionbyextendingitintolanguage,cultureandaesthetics.

Quotations:*“Whileliteraltranslationandfreetranslationmainlydealwithlinguisticreproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtranslationareconcernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations.”(連淑能）*“歸化與異化可看成是直譯與意譯概念的延伸，但并不完全等同于直譯與意譯?！绻f直譯與意譯是語言層次的討論，那么，歸化和異化則是將語言層次的討論延續(xù)升格至文化、詩學(xué)和政治層面?！保ㄍ鯑|風(fēng)）

Quotations:*“Whileliteraltranslationandfreetranslationmainlydealwithlinguisticreproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtranslationareconcernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations.”(連淑能）*“歸化與異化可看成是直譯與意譯概念的延伸，但并不完全等同于直譯與意譯?！绻f直譯與意譯是語言層次的討論，那么，歸化和異化則是將語言層次的討論延續(xù)升格至文化、詩學(xué)和政治層面?！保ㄍ鯑|風(fēng)）

Differencesbetweenliteraltr.vs.freetr.&foreignizationvs.domesticationOld,morethan2000yearsagoYoung,in1995Tr.methodsTr.strategiesDealingwithlinguisticreproduction(suchasformandmeaning)Dealingwithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations(suchasculturalidentity)

tolayonone’sbackA：躺在某人的背上——retainingtheformB：平躺著；仰面躺著——transferringthemeaningdealingwithmeaningandform,notwithculturalelementsliteraltr.freetr.

2.4caseanalysis*PremierZhouEnlai,《梁祝

》aChineseversionofRomeoandJulietPremierZhou’stranslationcoincidedwiththeveryessenceof__________.

2.4caseanalysis*PremierZhouEnlai,《梁祝

》aChineseversionofRomeoandJulietPremierZhou’stranslationcoincidedwiththeveryessenceofdomestication.

*

Coco-cola蔣彝，arewardof￡350*7-up

“up”:beactiveorprogressive“喜”:behappyandactive*狗不理*Benz

Successfuldomesticationofbrandnametr.七上七喜蝌蝌啃臘可口可樂笨死;平治奔馳Gobelieve賓士*tokilltwobirdswithonestone一石雙鳥；一箭雙雕、一舉兩得*Itneverrainsbutitpours.不雨則已，下則傾盆;禍不單行;不鳴則已，一鳴驚人*AllroadsleadtoRome.條條大路通羅馬

殊途同歸

*Pandora’sbox潘多拉的盒子罪惡的淵藪Achilles’heel

阿咯琉斯之踵唯一致命的弱點(diǎn)Judas’kiss猶大之吻險(xiǎn)惡的用心bearmedtoteeth武裝到牙齒全副武裝

諸葛亮

(1)ZhugeLiang(181-234),personofgreatwisdomandresourcefulness

inChinesefolklore;mastermind

(2)ChineseSolomon

(10thcenturyBC)akingofIsrael,knownforbeingextremelywise

eg:thewisdomofSolomon

foreignizationdomestication*饅頭

mantou;steamedbun*餃子

jiao

zi;Chinesedumpling半斤八兩

halfa

jinequalseightliangsixofoneandhalfadozenoftheotherbirdsofafeather*intraditionalChineseweightsystem:1斤=16兩0.5斤=8兩TheGalaxy/TheMilkyWaytheMilkyWay

趙景琛，牛奶路

——foreignizationforeignization

+

annotation奶路(即銀河），notmistranslation,butgoodtr.

thedifferentculturalassociationofthesetwodifferentnationsZeus

Hera

culturalinformation:(1)theGalaxy(2)intheGreekmythology:thewayfromthehumanworldtoZeus’palaceformedbythemilkdrippingfromHera’sbreastwhenshefedherbaby

TheCowboyandtheGirlWeaverintheChinesefolklore:abeautifultragedyabouttheGirlWeaverandtheCowboy

sometranslatorstodaystandouttorightthewrongdonetoZhaoJingchen.

“奶路”isjustifiedintheperspectiveofcross-culturalcommunication.

3.influenceonlanguages3.1influenceofforeignizationontheChineselanguage異化成功的例子已融為漢語的一部分，即二元文化成功的融合。成為漢語富有生命力的詞匯

Timeismoney.時(shí)間就是金錢。washhands

thepopularexpressionof“洗手間”洗手,anEeuphemism

sourgrapesmaidenworkgraspastrawAstick-and-carrotpolicycat’spawopensesame酸葡萄處女作撈救命稻草大棒加胡蘿卜政策火中取栗芝麻開門

Stick:

infml,severetreatmentCarrot:infml,apromisedrewardoradvantagefordoingsomething,esp.offeredasawayofpersuadingsomeone(fromtheideathatyoucanencourageadonkeytomovebyputtingacarrotinfrontofit)thecarrotandstick=promisesandthreats

據(jù)法新社8日?qǐng)?bào)道，伊朗周一奉勸美國當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)奧巴馬放棄對(duì)伊朗實(shí)施“胡蘿卜加大棒”戰(zhàn)略。（《環(huán)球時(shí)報(bào)》，2008.12.9，第9版)當(dāng)然由于美國不用再與蘇聯(lián)在歐洲競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，他可以調(diào)往亞洲的軍事資源比冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期更多，但航母能唬人，不能服人，美國支撐其在亞洲的影響力，需要更多經(jīng)濟(jì)的胡蘿卜。（《環(huán)球時(shí)報(bào)》，2010.10.29，第14版社評(píng)：《美國自封“亞洲領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”缺少自謙》)

salade-mailbetraycoolVenusgene

jazzvitaminCocaColaMediaBroadway

Angelmarathonpokerhumorcaloriecarnation安琪兒馬拉松撲克幽默卡路里康乃馨

DinkballetcarbinejazzT-shirtsaunaaidsrally丁克族芭蕾舞卡賓槍爵士樂T-恤衫桑拿浴愛滋病拉力賽

transliteration+categoryword

3.2influenceofforeignizationonEnglish紙老虎保全面子丟臉好久不見papertigertokeepfacetolosefacelongtimenosee

“Alltheimperialistnationsarenothingbutpapertigers.”毛澤東，安娜·路易斯特朗“紙老虎”→‘scarecrow’（稻草人）

papertiger，theinternationalstandardtr.Thecommonusageissynonymouswiththeadjectivetoothless,meaningineffective.

ItwasfirsttranslatedwhenitwasappliedtodescribetheUnitedStates.In1956,MaoZedong,saidoftheUnitedStates:"Inappearanceitisverypowerfulbutinrealityitisnothingtobeafraidof,itisapapertiger.Outwardlyatiger,itismadeofpaper,unabletowithstandthewindandtherain.IbelievetheUnitedStatesisnothingbutapapertiger."

InMao'sview,thetermthatcouldbeappliedtoallallegedly"imperialist"nations,particularlytheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion(followingtheSino-Sovietsplit):Maoarguedthattheyappearedtobesuperficiallypowerfulbutwouldhaveatendencytooverextendthemselvesintheinternationalarena,atwhichpointpressurecouldbebroughtuponthembyotherstatestocausetheirsuddencollapse.

茶絲荔枝枇杷高粱餃子人參teasilklitchiloquatkaoliangjiaoziginseng

舢板磕頭功夫麻將畝元斤

sampankowtowkungfu

makjongmu

yuan

jin

熊貓?jiān)嘛炘录绝x鴦銀兩虛詞金魚pandamooncakeChinarosemandarinducktaelemptywordgoldfish

3.3However,sometranslationsthatusedtobeconsideredsuccessfulcannotstandthetestoftime.

internationaltelephonedemocracysciencebourgeois英特納雄耐爾

德律風(fēng)

德謨克拉西，德先生

賽因斯，賽先生

（法語）布爾喬亞

4.foreignizationintranslationgeneralprincipalintranslation:source-oriented/foreignization-oriented“Translateliterally,ifpossible,or,appealtofreetranslation.”

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

Thoughatranslationmaybelikeoldwineinnewbottlesorawomaninman’sclothing,theresultscanbebothtastefulandalive.雖然一篇譯文可以像置于新瓶中的老酒，或似身著男裝的女子，但是，酒仍不失其甘醇、而女子仍風(fēng)韻不減。——foreignization,retainingtheoriginalimagesof‘wine,bottles,womanandclothing’.

Abrewer’swifemaydrinkofatun.A:釀酒人的妻子不愁酒?！猣oreignizationB:近水樓臺(tái)先得月?！猟omestication

Hehadonefootinthegrave.A:他的一只腳踏進(jìn)墳?zāi)?，離死不遠(yuǎn)了。B:他已經(jīng)是風(fēng)燭殘年。Hewasonlyacockofthedunghill.A:他不過是只自家糞丘上啼叫的公雞而已。B:他只是個(gè)井底之蛙。

Aburnedchilddreadsthefire.A:燒傷的孩子害怕火。B:一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井繩。Ratsdesertafallinghouse.A:屋倒鼠搬家。B:樹倒猢猻散。

SomeinsistthatVersionBsaresuperiortoVersionAsinthatVersionBsdevelopthestrongpointsofChinese.That’safactthatcan’tbedenied.However,theprimarytaskoftr.istotransfertheculturalconnotationofthesourcetext.Todevelopthestrongpointsofthetargettextshouldcomesecondintr.

IsupposedIshouldbecondemnedinHareton

Earnshaw’sheart,ifnotbyhismouth,tothelowestpitintheinfernalregions…A:我想，哈雷頓·厄恩肖即便嘴里不說，心里也要詛咒我下到地獄最底層里去……(Christianity)B:我想，哈雷頓·厄恩肖即便嘴里不說，心里也要詛咒我下到十八層地獄里去……(Buddhism)

“十八層地獄”isaBuddhistterm,whichisimpossibletocomefromthemouthofaChristian.Inordertoavoid“culturaldisposition”文化錯(cuò)位,itisadvisabletoemployforeignization.

Unlessyou’veanaceupyoursleeve,wearedished.A:除非你袖中藏有王牌，否則我們輸定了。

B:除非你有錦囊妙計(jì)，否則我們輸定了。differentculturalassociations

anaceupone’ssleeve是西方玩牌賭博時(shí)藏在袖中的“王牌”。而“錦囊妙計(jì)”則是中國古代宮廷爭(zhēng)斗或疆場(chǎng)征戰(zhàn)是封在錦禳中的神妙計(jì)策，彼此有著截然不同的文化背景和內(nèi)涵，因而能引起不同的聯(lián)想，如果用來互譯，勢(shì)必給譯語讀者帶來錯(cuò)覺。

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

HehasfishedinManhattan’swalletanddugoutcoins…A:他把手伸進(jìn)曼哈頓的錢囊里撈錢，只撈到幾個(gè)小錢……——foreignzation,creatingfreshnesstothereader,讀者有耳目一新之感B:他到曼哈頓去掙錢，只撈到幾個(gè)小錢……

AsIremainedintheThirdForththreetimesaslongasanyoneelse,Ihadthreetimesasmuchofit.Ilearneditthoroughly.ThusIgotintomybonestheessentialstructureoftheordinaryEnglishsentence——whichisanoblething.因?yàn)槲以谒哪昙?jí)三班呆的時(shí)間是別人的三倍，所以我受的這種訓(xùn)練也是別人的三倍。我掌握得很徹底。就這樣，普通英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)便深入我的骨髓里——這可是件了不起的事。getsomethingintoone’sbone牢牢地掌握；了如指掌，刻骨銘心——losingtheoriginalimage,dull

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

4.1retainingthefeaturesofthesourceculture4.2bringingfreshnesstothetargetreadersbyretainingtheoriginaltoneandstyle4.3borrowingsomeexoticexpressionsfromtheSTtoenrichthelanguageoftheTT

bottleneckshedcrocodiletearsbearmedtoteeth瓶頸（窄路，障礙）灑鱷魚淚（貓哭老鼠）武裝到牙齒（全副武裝）

saynoto…（dic）否定，拒絕，反對(duì)Theysaidasharpnotoourproposals.他們斷然拒絕我們的建議。Theydaresaynotothesuperpower!他們敢對(duì)那個(gè)超級(jí)大國說不！——moreemphatic他們敢于反對(duì)那個(gè)超級(jí)大國。法國一直有與世界大國對(duì)抗的“愛好”。戴高樂時(shí)期便有向美國說“不”的傳統(tǒng)。（《中法沖突考驗(yàn)外交智慧》，《環(huán)球時(shí)報(bào)》，2008.1210，第1版轉(zhuǎn)第16版）

5.domesticationintranslation5.1foreignization≠word-for-wordtranslation

5.2domesticationonidiomsandallusions

ConsequentlyMr.Micawberwassoonsoovercome,thathemingledhistearswithhersandmine.A:結(jié)果密考伯先生不久就傷感得把他的眼淚同她的和我的混合起來了?！獁ordforwordtr.,incomprehensibleB:結(jié)果是，一會(huì)兒密考伯先生也受不了，我們?nèi)艘黄?，眼淚對(duì)流起來。C:……我們?nèi)丝蕹梢粓F(tuán)/抱頭痛哭?！猟omestication

Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth.A:她降生時(shí)，嘴里銜著一把銀勺子?！猣oreignizationB:她出生在富貴之家?！猟omestication

Tesssetupinbed,lostinvagueinterspacebetweendreamsandthisinformation.A:苔絲從床上坐起來，沉湎于夢(mèng)和這個(gè)信息的茫然的空隙之間。

B:苔絲從床上坐起來，一聽這個(gè)話，一半朦朧，一半清醒，在那兒發(fā)愣。

C:……，半夢(mèng)半醒，……

ShecouldnotdesertTara;shebelongedtotheredacresfarmorethantheycouldeverbelongtoher.A:她不會(huì)放棄塔拉；她屬于這些紅土地，遠(yuǎn)比它們屬于她更加真實(shí)。(F.)B:她不能放棄塔拉；這塊紅土地是屬于她的，而她更是永遠(yuǎn)屬于這塊紅土地。C:……與其說這塊紅土地屬于她，不如說她屬于這塊紅土地。

(D.)

HighbuildingsandlargemansionsarespringinguplikemushroomsinBeijing.A:在北京，高樓大廈猶如蘑菇般地涌現(xiàn)?！猣oreignizationB:在北京，高樓大廈猶如雨后春筍般拔地而起?！猟omestication

Ifwedonothang

together,weshallmostassuredlyhangseparately.Impliedmeaning:Weshouldallfighttogethersidebyside,orelse,wewillallbecrushinglydefeated.A:咱們要是不鏢到一塊兒，保準(zhǔn)會(huì)吊到一塊兒?！猼heoriginalgravityislost.B:如果我們不能緊密地團(tuán)結(jié)在一起，那就必然分散地走上絞刑臺(tái)?！猯ossoftheoriginalhumor

Ifwedonothang

together,weshallmostassuredlyhangseparately.C:如果我們不共同上戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，那就必然分別上刑場(chǎng)。D:我們必須共赴沙場(chǎng)，否則就得分赴法場(chǎng)。

apunandacontrast,byBenjaminFranklin字：北京方言，表示團(tuán)結(jié)，而“鏢”（biao）與“吊”（diao）同韻，這樣就和原文里的兩個(gè)hang在語音形象上更為接近。ButitisquestionabletotranslatethegravityoftheSTbyusingadialect.Moreover,“鏢”bearsaderogatorysense,whichisobviouslyimproperforthecontext.besides,contrastislostintranslation.

Franklin,Benjamin:(1706-1790)aUSpolitician,writerandscientist.HewasinvolvedinwritingtheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates《美國憲法》.HeisfamousforprovingthatLightningisaformofelectricitybydoingascientifictestinwhichheflewakiteduringastorm,andheinventedthelightningconductor避雷針.HeisalsoknownforwritingPoorRichard’sAlmanack《窮理查德歷書》.

Second,thereistheNewYorkofthecommuter——thecitythatisdevouredbylocustseachdayandspatouteachnight.(E.B.White:“TheThreeNewYorks”)其次是通勤者（家住郊區(qū)、乘公交車到市內(nèi)上班的人們）的紐約——這座城市每到白天就被如蝗的人群吞噬進(jìn)去，每到晚上又給吐出來?！猘likeinformandspirit形神俱似

ThissentencedescribeshowpeopleinNewYorkgotoworkandgobackhomefromwork.Thoughthereisonlyonesentenceofdescription,theSTisalivewiththeuseofmetaphor.ThetranslationretainstheSTimage.TheonlydifferenceisthatthemetaphoroftheSTisswitchedintoasimile.Butgenerallyspeaking,suchatranslationhasachievedbothformalandspiritualsimilarity.

Withdetermination,withluck,andwiththehelpfromlotso