2014年6月英語六級考試真題

PartIDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayexplainingwhyitisunwisetojumptoconclusionsuponseeingorhearingsomething.Youcangiveexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthe1.A)ThemanfailedtokeephisThewomenhasapoorThemanborrowedthebookfromtheThewomendoesnotneedthebookanyA)ThewomenismakingtoobigafussaboutherFatigueisatypicalsymptomoflackofThewomenshouldspendmoretimePeopletendtoworklongerhourswithartificialA)TheprintingonherT-shirthasItisnotinfashiontohavealogoonaT-SheregretshavingboughtoneoftheT-ItisnotagoodideatobuytheT-A)HeregretshavingpublishedtheMostreadersdonotsharehisNotmanypeoplehavereadhisThewomanisonlytryingtoconsoleA)LeaveDaisyaloneforthetimeB)GoseeDaisyimmedia C)ApologizetoDaisyagainbyphone.D)BuyDaisyanewA)Batteries.B)Gardentools.C)Cameras.D)LightA)ThespeakerswillwatchthegameThewomanfeelsluckytohavegotaThemanplayscenteronthebasketballThemancangettheticketatitsoriginalA)ThespeakerswilldressformallyfortheThemanwillreturnhomebeforegoingtotheItisthefirsttimethespeakersareattendingaThewomanisgoingtobuyanewdressfortheQuestions9to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Hewantstosignalong-termHeisgoodatbothlanguageandHeprefersteachingtoadministrativeHeisundecidedastowhichjobtogoA)TheyhateTheyallplantostudyinTheyareallTheyaregoingtoworkinA)DifficultbutTime-consumingandDemandingandQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)InterviewingamovieDiscussingteenageroleHosting evisionReviewinganewA)HelosthisHewasunhappyinCalifornia.hernissedhisHehadtoattendschoolA)HedeliveredpublicHegotseriouslyintoHehostedtalkshowsonHeplayedaroleinEastofA)HemadenumerouspopularHehaslongbeenalegendaryHewasbestatactinginHollywoodHewasthemostsuccessfulactorofhisSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions16to19arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ItcarriedpassengersleavinganAterroristforcedittolandonItcrashedwhenitwascirclingto18ofthepassengerssurvivedtheA)HelostlotsofmoneyinhisAfricanHewaskidnappedeightmonthsHefailedinhisnegotiationswiththeHewasassassinatedinCentralA)ThemanagementandunionrepresentativesreachedanTheworkers’paywasraisedandtheirworkinghourswereThetradeuniongaveupitsTheworkersonstrikewereallPassageQuestions20to22arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)SomeofthemhadonceexperiencedanMostofthemlackedinterestintheVeryfewofthemknewmuchaboutAcoupleofthemhadlistenedtoasimilarspeechA)ByreflectingonAmericans’previousfailuresinpredictingBynotingwherethemostsevereearthquakeinU.S.historyBydescribingthedestructivepowerofByexplainingsomeessentialgeologicalA)InterrupthimwheneverhedetectedaFocusontheaccuracyofthelanguageheStophimwhenhehaddifficultyWritedownanypointswherehecouldPassageQuestions23to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ItwasinventedbyagroupoflanguageexpertsintheyearofItisalanguagethathasitsorigininancientItwascreatedtopromoteeconomicItisatoolofcommunicationamongspeakersofdifferentA)ItaimstomakeEsperantoaworkinglanguageintheIthasincreaseditspopularitywiththehelpoftheIthasencounteredincreasinglytougherIthassupportersfrommanycountriesintheA)ItisusedbyanumberofinfluentialscienceItiswidelytaughtatschoolsandinIthasarousedtheinterestofmanyyoungIthashadagreaterimpactthaninanyotherSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthetime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.GeorgeHerbertMeadsaidthathumansaretalkedintohumanity.Hemeantthatwegainalidentityaswecommunicatewithothers.Intheearliestyearsofourlives,our uswhoweare.“You’re26 .”“You’resostrong.”Wefirstseeourselvesthroughtheeyesofothers,sotheirmessagesformimportant ofourself-concepts.Laterweinteractwithteachers,28partners,andco-workerswhocommunicatetheirviewsofus.Thus,howweseeourselvesreflectstheviewsofusthatotherscommunicate.The29connectionbetweenidentityandcommunicationisdramaticallyevidentinchildrenwho30humancontact.Casestudiesofchildrenwhowereisolatedfromothersrevealthattheylackafirmself-concept,andtheirmentalandpsychologicaldevelopmentisseverelyhinderedbylackoflanguage.Communicationwithothersnotonlyaffectsoursenseofidentitybutalsodirectlyinfluencesourphysicalandemotional31.Consistently,researchshowsthatcommunicatingwithotherspromoteshealth,whereassocialisolation32stress,disease,andearlydeath.Peoplewholackclosefriendshavegreaterlevelsofanxietyanddepressionthanpeoplewhoareclosetoothers.Agroupofresearchersreviewed33studiesthattracedtherelationshipbetweenhealthandinteractionwithothers.Theconclusionwasthatsocialisolationis34asdangerousashighbloodpressure,smokingandobesity.Manydoctorsandresearchersbelievethatlonelinessharmstheimmunesystem,makingusmore35toarangeofminorandmajorillnesses.PartIII ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.MillionsofAmericansareenteringtheir60sandaremoreconcernedthaneveraboutretirement.Theyknowtheyneedtosave,buthowmuch?Andwhatexactlyaretheysavingfortospendmoretime thegrandkids,gotraveling,orstartanothercareer?Itturnsoutthathusbandsandwivesmaxhave differentideasaboutthesubject.Thedeepestdivideisinthewayspousesenvisagetheirlifestyleintheirlateryears.FidelityInvestmentsInc.found41percentofthe500couplesitsurveyed onwhetherbothoratleastonespousewillworkinretirement.Wivesaregenerallyrightregardingtheirhusbands'retirementage,butmen theagetheirwiveswillbewhentheystopworking.Andhusbandsareslightlymore abouttheirstandardoflivingthanwivesare.Busyjuggling（窮于應對）careersandfamiliesmostcouplesdon'ttaketimetositdown together,andthinkaboutwhattheywouldliketodo5,10or20yearsfromnow. theyareonthesamepage,butthe istheyhaveavoidedeventalkingaboutIfyouareself-employedorinajobthatdoesn’thaveastandardretirementage,youmaybemoreapttodelaythinkingabouttheseissues.Itisoftena retirementdatethatprovidesthecatalyst（催化劑）tostartplanning.Gettinglaidofforacceptinganearly- canforceyourhand.Butdon’twaituntilyougetaseverance（遣散費）checktobeginA)assume N)spoilingO)SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetWhatIfMiddle-ClassJobsThemostrecentrecessionintheUnitedStatesbeganinDecemberof2007andendedinJune2009,accordingtotheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch.However,twoyearsaftertheofficialendoftherecession,fewAmericanswouldsaythateconomictroublesarcbehindus.Theunemploymentrate,inparticular,remainsabove9%.Somelabormarketindicators,suchastheproportionoflong-termunemployed,arcworsenowthanforanypostwarrecession.Therearetwowidelycirculatednarrativestoexplainwhat’sgoingon.TheKeynesiannarrativeisthattherehasbeenamajordropinaggregatedemand.Accordingtothisnarrative,theslumpcanbelargelycuredbyusingmonetaryandfiscal（財政的）stimulus.Themainanti-Keynesiannarrativeisthatbusinessesaresufferingfromuncertaintyandover-regulation.Accordingtothisnarrative,theslumpcanbecuredbyhavingthe ernmentcommittoandfollowamorehands-offapproach.Iwanttosuggestathirdinterpretation.Withoutrulingoutaroleforaggregatedemandorfortheregulatoryenvironment,Iwishtosuggestthatstructuralchangeisanimportantfactorinthecurrentrateofhighunemployment.Theeconomyisinastateoftransition,inwhichtheclassjobsthatemergedafterWorldWar[|havebeguntodeclineAsErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeputitinarecente-bookRaceAgainsttheMachineTherootofourproblemsisnotthatwe'reinagreatrecession,oragreatstagnation（停滯）.butratherthatweareintheearlythroes（陣痛）ofagreatrestructuring.”Infact.IbelievetheGreatDepressionofthe1930scanalsobeinterpretedinpartasaneconomictransition.Theimpactoftheinternalcombustionengine（內燃機）andthesmallelectricmotoronfarmingandmanufacturingreducedthevalueofuneducatedlaborers.Instead,bythe1950s,amiddleclassoflargelyclerical（從事文秘工作的）workerswasthemostsignificantpartofthelaborforce.Between1930and1950,UnitedStateseconomyunderwentagreattransition.Demandfellforhumaneffortsuchaslifting,squeezingandhammering.Demandincreasedforworkerswhocouldreadandfollowdirections.Theevolutionaryprocesseventuallychangedusfromanationoflaborerstoanationofclerks.Theproportionofemploymentclassifiedas“clericalworkers’,grewfrom5.2%in1910toapeakof19.3%in1980.(However,by2000thisproportionhadedgeddownto17.4%.)Overall,workersclassifiedasclericalworkers,technicalworkers,managersandofficialsexceeded50%ofthelaborforceby2000.Correspondingdeclinestookplaceinthemanualoccupations.Workersclassifiedaslaborers,otherthanfarmhandsorminers,peakedat11.4%ofthelaborforcein1920butwerebarely6%by1950andlessthan4%by2000.Farmersandfarmlaborersfellfrom33%ofthelaborforcein1910tolessthan15%by1950andonly1.2%in2000.Theintroductionofthetractorandimprovementsinthefactoryrapidlyreducedthedemandforuneducatedworkers.Bythe1930s,amarginalfarmhandcouldnotproduceenoughtojustifyhisemployment.Sharecrop,nevermuchbetterthanasubsistenceoccupation,wasnolongerviable（可行的）Meanwhilemachineswerereplacingmanufacturingoccupationslikecigarrollingandglassblowingforlightbulbs.Thestructural-transitioninterpretationoftheunemploymentproblemofthe1930swouldbethatthedemandforuneducatedworkersintheUnitedStateshadfallen,butthesupplyremainedhigh.Thehighschoolgraduationratewasonly8.8%in1912andstilljust29%in1931.By1950,ithadreached59%.Withanewgenerationofworkerswhohadcompletedhighschool,themismatchbetweenskillsandjobshadbeengreatlyreduced.WhattookplaceafterWorldWarⅡwasnottherevivalofa1920seconomy,withitssmallfarmingunitsurbanmanufacturing,andpluralityoflaborersInstead,the1950ssawthecreationofanewsuburbaneconomy.withapluralityofwhite-collarworkersWithanexpandedtransportationandcommunicationsinfrastructure（基礎設施）,businessesneededephoneoperators,shipclerksandsimilaroccupations.Ifyoucouldread,followsimpleinstructions,andsettleintoaroutine,youcouldfindajobinthepost-wareconomy.Thetrendawayfrommanualtaborhascontinued.Evenwithinthemanufacturingsector,theshareofproductionandnon-supervisoryworkersinmanufacturingemploymentwentfromover85%justafterWorldWarIItolessthan70°oinmorerecentyears.Toputthisanotherway,theproportionofwhitecollarworkinmanufacturinghasdoubledoverthepast50years.Onthefactoryflooritself,workhas elessphysicallydemanding.Instead,itrequiresmorecognitiveskillsandtheabilitytounderstandandcarryoutwell-definedprocedures.Asnotedearlier,theproportionofclericalworkersintheeconomypeakedin1980.Bythatdate,computersandadvancedcommunicationsequipmenthadalreadybeguntoaffectephoneoperationsandbanking.TheriseofthealcomputerandtheInternethaswidenedtheimpactofthesetechnologiestoincludenearlyeverybusinessandindustry.Theeconomytodaydiffersfromthatofagenerationago.Mortgageandconsumerloanunderwriters（風險評估人）havebeenreplacedbycreditscoring.Recordstoreshavebeenreplacedbymusicdownloads.Bookstoresareclosing,whilesalesofbooksonelectronicreadershaveincreased.Dataentryhasbeenmovedoffshore.RoutinecustomersupportalsohasbeenThesetrendsservetolimittheavailabilityofwell-definedjobs.Ifajobcanbecharacterizedbyaprecisesetofinstructions,thenthatjobisacandidatetobeautomatedoroutsourcedtomodestlyeducatedworkersindevelocountries.TheresultiswhatDavidAutorcallsthepolarizationoftheAmericanjobmarket.UsingthelatestCensusBureaudata.MatthewSlaughterfoundthatfrom2000to2010therealearningsofcollegegraduates(withnoadvanceddegree)fellbymoreinpercentagetermsthantheearningsofhighschoolgraduates.Infact,overthisperiodtheonlyeducationcategorytoshowanincreaseinearningswasthosewithadvanceddegrees.Theoutlookformid-skilljobswouldnotappeartobebrightCommunicationstechnologyandcomputerinligencecontinuetoimprove,puttingmoreoccupationsatrisk.Forexample,manypeopleearnalivingasdrivers-includingtrucksandtaxicabs.However,theageofdriverlessvehiclesappearstobemovingcloserAnotherexampleisinthefieldofeducation.Inthefallof2011,anexperimentwithanonlinecourseinartificialinligenceconductedbytwoStanfordprofessorsdrewtensofthousandsofregistrants（報名者）.Thisincreasesthestudent-teacherratiobyafactorofclosetoathousand.Imaginethenumberofteachingjobsthatmightbeeliminatedifthiscouldbedoneformath,economics,chemistry,andsoon.It’simportanttobearinmindthatwhenweofferastructuralinterpretationofunemployment,a“l(fā)ossofjobs”meansanincreaseinproductivity.Traditionally,economistshavearguedthatproductivityincreasesareagoodthing,eventhoughtheymaycauseunemploymentforsomeworkersintheshortrun.Inthelongrun,theeconomydoesnotrunoutofjobs.Rather,newjobsemergeasoldjobsdisappear.Thestorywelisthataveragewell-beingrises,andthemorepeopleareabletoadapt,themorewidespreadtheimprovement Evenfactoryfloorworktodayhas einlectuallychallengingratherthanphysicallyIncreasesinproductivityprovebeneficialthoughsomepeoplemaylosetheirjobsTheunemploymentrateremainedhigheventwoyearsaftertheernmentdeclaredtherecentrecessionwasover.Theauthorsuggeststhattherecenthighunemploymentrateismainlycausedbyadecreaseofmiddle-classjobs.Thecreationofasuburbaneconomyinthe1950screatedlotsofofficeInthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,onlypeoplewithpostgraduatedegreesexperiencedanincreaseinearnings.OneeconomicstheorysuggestsusingmonetaryandfiscalstimulustocopewithaneconomicThepopularityofonlinecoursesmayeliminatemanyteachingComputertechnologyhasbroughtaboutrevolutionarychangesintherecordandbookWhite-collarworkersaccountedformorethanhalfofthelaborforcebytheendofthe20thSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowing"Deepreading”—asopposedtotheoftensuperficialreadingwedoontheWeb—isanendangeredpractice,oneweoughttotakestepstopreserveaswewouldahistoricbuildingorasignificantworkofart.Itsdisappearancewouldjeopardizetheinlectualandemotionaldevelopmentofgenerationsgrowinguponline,aswellasthepreservationofacriticalpartofourculture：thenovels,poemsandotherkindsofliteraturethatcanbeappreciatedonlybyreaderswhosebrains,quiteliterally,havebeentrainedtounderstandthem.Recentresearchincognitivescienceandpsychologyhasdemonstratedthatdeepreading—slow,immersive,richinsensorydetailandemotionalandmoralcomplexity—isadistinctiveexperience,differentinkindfromthemeredecodingofwords.Althoughdeepreadingdoesnot,strictlyspeaking,requireaconventionalbook,thebuilt-inlimitsoftheprintedpageareuniquelyhelpfultothedeepreadingexperience.Abook'slackofhyperlinks（超）,forexample,freesthereaderfrommakingdecisions—ShouldIclickonthislinkornot?—allowinghertoremainfullyimmersedinthenarrative.Thatimmersionissupportedbythewaythebrainhandleslanguagerichindetail,indirectreferenceandfiguresofspeech:bycreatingamentalrepresentationthatdrawsonthesamebrainregionsthatwouldbeactiveifthescenewereunfoldinginreallifeTheemotionalsituationsandmoraldilemmasthatarethestuffofliteraturearcalsovigorousexerciseforthebrain,propellingusinsidetheheadsoffictionalcharactersandeven,studiessuggest,increasingourreal-lifecapacityforempathy（認同）.Noneofthisislikelytohappenwhenwe’rebrowsingthroughawebsite.Althoughwetheactivitybythesamename,thedeepreadingofbooksandtheinformation-drivenreadingdoontheWebareverydifferent,bothintheexperiencetheyproduceandinthecapacitiestheydevelop.Agrowingbodyofevidencesuggeststhatonlinereadingmaybelessengagingandlesssatisfying,evenforthe“digitalnatives”towhomitissofamiliar.Lastmonth,forexample,Britain'sNationalLiteracyTrustreleasedtheresultsofastudyof34910youngpeopleaged8to16.Researchersreportedthat39%ofchildrenandteensreaddailyusingelectronicdevices,butonly28%readprintedmaterialseveryday.Thosewhoreadonlyonscreenwerethreetimeslesslikelytosaytheyenjoyreadingverymuchandathirdlesslikelytohaveafavoritebook.Thestudyalsofoundthatyoungpeoplewhoreaddailyonlyonscreenwerenearlytwotimeslesslikelytobeabove-averagereadersthanthosewhoreaddailyinprintorbothinprintandonscreen.Whatdoestheauthorsayabout“deepItisanindispensablepartofItservesasacomplementtoonlineItshouldbe beforeitistooItismainlysuitableforreadingWhydoestheauthoradvocatethereadingofItis inganendangeredIthelpspromotereaders’ lectualandemotionalItenablesreaderstoappreciatethecomplexityofIthelpsreadersbuildupimmersivereadingInwhatwaydoesprintedreadingdifferfromonlineIthelpsthereaderlearnrhetoricalItensuresthereader'scognitiveItenablesthereadertobefullyItactivatesadifferentregionoftheWhatdothestudiesshowaboutonlineItrendersreadinglessItgraduallyimpairsone'sItkeepsarousingreaders'Itprovidesup-to-dateWhatdowelearnfromthestudyreleasedbyBritain’sNationalLiteracyItisnoweasiertofindafavoritebookonlinetoOnscreenreadersmaybelesscompetentThosewhodoreadinginprintarelessYoungpeoplefindreadingonscreenmorePassageQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingManycurrentdiscussionsofimmigrationissuestalkaboutimmigrantsingeneral,asifthey peopleinan world.ButtheconcretedifferencesbetweenimmigrantsfromdifferentcountriesaffectwhethertheircominghereisgoodorbadfortheAmericanpeople.TheverythoughtofformulatingimmigrationlawsfromthestandpointofwhatisbestfortheAmericanpeopleseemstohavebeenforgottenbymanywhofocusonhowtosolvetheproblemsofillegalimmigration.Itishardtolookfor“theideal e”onimmigrationinthe .EconomicsprofessorMiltonFriedmanoncesaid.“Thebestistheenemyofthegood,”whichtomemeantthatattemptstoachieveanunattainableidealcanpreventusfromreachinggood esthatarepossibleinToomuchofourcurrentimmigrationcontroversyisconductedintermsof suchas“Weareanationofimmigrants.”O(jiān)fcourseweareanationofimmigrants.Butwearealsoanationofpeoplewhowearshoes.DoesitfollowthatweshouldadmitanybodywhowearsTheimmigrantsoftodayareverydifferentfromthosewhoarrivedhereahundredyearsMoreover,thesocietyinwhichtheyarriveisdifferent.Tome,itisbettertobuildawallaroundthewelfarestatethanthecountry.Butthewelfarestateisalreadyhere—and,farfromhavingawallbuiltaroundit,thewelfarestateisexpandinginalldirections.WedonothaveachoicebetweenthewelfarestateandopenAnythingwetrytodoasregardsimmigrationlawshastobedoneinthecontextofahugewelfarestatetha