【課件】高中英語必修三Book3-Unit4-astronomy-warming-up-reading

Unit4

Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsHowmuchdoyouknowabouttheuniverse?Thinkaboutthesequestionsandthendiscussthemwithyourpartner.Inoursolarsystemeightplanetscirclearoundthesun.Whatarethey?Canyoumatchthenameswiththeplanets?solarsystem太陽系Mercury(水星)Venus(金星)Mars(火星)Jupiter(木星)Uranus(天王星)Neptune(海王星)Earth(地球)Saturn(土星)MyVeryExcellentMotherJustSentUs

NinePizzasHowtoremembertheorderoftheeightplanetsaroundthesun?EarthJupiterMarsMercuryNeptuneSaturnUranusVenus水星最接近太陽，是太陽系中第二小行星。水星的英文名字Mercury來自羅馬神墨丘利。墨丘利也就是希臘神話中的Hermes?；蛟S由于水星在空中移動(dòng)得快，才使它得到這個(gè)名字。

金星是離太陽第二近，太陽系中第六大行星。古希臘人稱之為Aphrodite(阿芙羅狄蒂)，是希臘神話中愛與美的女神。而在羅馬神話中愛與美的女神是維納斯—Venus，因此金星也稱做“維納斯”。

地球是距太陽第三顆，它是太陽系類地行星中最大的一顆，也是太陽系第五大行星，行星年齡估計(jì)大約有45億年(4.5×109)。地球是唯一一個(gè)不是從希臘或羅馬神中得到的名字。Earth一詞來自于古英語及日耳曼語。這里當(dāng)然有許多其他語言的命名。在羅馬神話中，地球女神叫Tellus－肥沃的土地。

火星為距太陽第四遠(yuǎn)，也是太陽系中第七大行星。因?yàn)榛鹦窃谝箍罩锌雌饋硎茄t色的，所以在西方，以羅馬神話中的戰(zhàn)神Mars命名它。

木星是離太陽第五顆行星，而且是最大的一顆。木星是天空中第四亮的物體。木星是自轉(zhuǎn)最快的行星。在西方稱它為朱庇特—Jupiter，是羅馬神話中的眾神之王，相當(dāng)于希臘神話中的宙斯（Zeus）。

土星是離太陽第六遠(yuǎn)的行星。是太陽系中僅次于木星的第二大行星。中國古代稱之為鎮(zhèn)星或填星。土星的英文名字Saturn（以及其他絕大部分歐洲語言中的土星名稱）是以羅馬神的農(nóng)神薩杜恩命名的。希臘神話中的農(nóng)神Cronus是Uranus（天王星）和該亞的兒子，也是宙斯的父親。

天王星是太陽系中離太陽第七遠(yuǎn)行星，顏色為灰藍(lán)色，是一顆巨型氣體行星(GasGiant)。以直徑計(jì)算，天王星是太陽系第三大行星；天王星的命名，是取自希臘神話的天神烏拉諾斯—Uranus。烏拉諾斯是古希臘神話中的宇宙之神，是最早的至高無上的神。他是該亞的兒子兼配偶，是Cronus（農(nóng)神土星）、獨(dú)眼巨人和泰坦（奧林匹斯山神的前輩）的父親。

海王星為太陽系九大行星中的第八個(gè)，是一個(gè)巨行星。海王星。目前海王星是太陽系內(nèi)離太陽第二遠(yuǎn)的行星。海王星的名字是羅馬神話中的海神涅普頓（Neptune）。古希臘神話中海神叫波塞冬(Poseidon)。

Whatinterestsyouinastronomy?Doyouknowanyquestionsthatastronomersareinterestedin?Aristotle亞里斯多德Metaphysics(宇宙哲學(xué))張衡(78AD-139AD),earliestastronomerinChinaLaterHanDynastySeismography地震儀InventedseismographyandtheArmillarySphere(渾天儀)soastoobservetheuniverseandpredictearthquake

Galileo伽利略Galileomadeaseriesofprofounddiscoveriesusinghisnewtelescope,includingthemoonsoftheplanetJupiterandthephasesoftheplanetVenus(similartothoseofEarth’smoon).Copernicus哥白尼sun-centeredorheliocentric(以太陽為中心)theoryIsaacNewton,牛頓1642—1727

Universalgravitation萬有引力gravity地心引力,重力Einstein,Albert(1879-1955)愛因斯坦Relativity(相對(duì)論)andtheCosmos(宇宙)Thetheoryaboutblackholes(黑洞理論)霍金B(yǎng)lack

holesSatellites衛(wèi)星Spaceflights(太空飛行)Cheer

up

FloatWeightlessCarbin1.Doyouknowtheoriginoflife

onearth?

2.

Eachreligionorculturehasits

ownideasabouthowlifebegan

onearth.

InChineseculture…____________separates(分)thesky

fromtheearth.Pangu盤古skyearth_____________madehumanbeings.Nuwa(女媧)Inwesterncountries:

______________created

theworldandall

livingthings.God(上帝)Day1:GodspokeandseparatedlightfromdarknesscreatingDayandNightDay2:GodspokeandseparatedthewatercreatingskyandoceanDay3:GodspokeandcreateddrylandTheBiblicalAccountDay4:Godspokeandcreatedthesun,moonandstarsDay5:GodspokeandcreatedlivingcreaturesintheairandseaDay6:GodspokeandcreatedthelandanimalsandmanDay7:GodrestedandblessedthisdaycallingitHolyUnit4HowLifeBeganontheEarthTheBigBang

BigBangAsolidballAtmosphereTheearth地球大氣Theearth’satmospherenitrogenoxygendioxidecarbonvapour

Itwasfullofwater.Originalcells.Thecellsinthewaterbegantoseparate.waterPlantsinthe waterShellfishandfishPlantson landInsectsandamphibiansReptilesDinosaursMammalsManhadevolvedfromapes.1.Whywastheearthdifferentfromotherplanets?A.Itproducedalotofheat.B.Thewaterremained.C.Thewaterdisappeared.D.Itwastheoldestplanet.Choosethebestanswer.BFastReading2.Whywaslifeabletodevelopontheearthbutnotonotherplanets?A.Theearthhadasolidshape.B.Theearthdidnothaveharmfulgasesinitsatmosphere.C.Thewaterstayedontheearthbutnotonotherplanets.D.Theearthwasnottoohotandnottoocold.C3.Whywasitnecessaryforplantstogrowbeforeanimals?A.Animalsneededplantstoprotectthemfromthesun.B.Plantsprovidedoxygenforanimalstobreathe.C.Animalscouldhidefromhuntersintheforest.D.Itwaseasierforplantstogrow.B4.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat___.A.after“BigBang”,whatthedustwastobecomeremainedamysteryB.plantsappearedbeforetheanimalsC.plantsmultipliedandfilledtheoceanswithoxygenD.plantsplayedanimportantpartintheappearanceoftheanimalsD

Awidelyacceptedtheoryabouttheformationoftheuniverse

Theformationoftheearth

Theimportanceofwaterforlife

Thedevelopmentofplantsandanimalsontheearth

ThearrivalofhumansandtheirimpactontheearthPara.1Para.2Para.3Para.4Para.5Themainideaforeachparagraph.CarefulReadingPuttheeventsintoatimeline.1.Insectsandamphibiansappeared.3.Theearthbecameasolidball.5.Reptilesappeared.7.Theearthwasacloudofdust.9.Shellfishandotherfishappeared.11.Cleveranimalswithhandsandfeetappeared.Keys:1073849615212112.Dinosaursappeared.4.Smallplantsgrewonthewater.6.Plantsbegantogrowondryland.8.Waterappearedontheearth.10.Theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”.12.Mammalsappeared.CombineintoExplodewithfireandrockdissolveharmfulgases

BigBangEnergeticdustaviolentsolidballAtmosphereWateroceansandseasCooldownFinishthefollowingform.Para

1-3A

cloud

of

energetic

dust

AsolidballAtmosphere

Aworldfullofwater4132CombineintoExplodewithfireandrockdissolveharmfulgases

Cooldownwatergreenplantsonland234HowlifebeganontheearthAnalysing5678forestsshellfishandallsortsoffishinsects(onland)amphibians(onlandandinwater)

reptiles(onland) dinosaurs(onland) mammals(onland)smallcleveranimalswithhandsandfeet human

smallplantsinwater1arrivalofsmallplantsinwaterearly

shellfishplantsanimals

allsortsoffishearlyshellfishAfew

kindsmany

kindsPlantsinthewaterPlantsonlandwaterlandinsectsdinosaurs

simplecomplex

Fillintheblanks.

Thearrivalof___________encouragedthe____________ofearly________________________.Manymillionsofyearslater__________________begantoappear_________.Later____________appeared.Somewere________.Otherscalled__________,wereabletoliveonlandswellas__________.Whentheplantsgrewintoforests,_________appearedforthefirsttime.Aftertheydisappeared,_________becamemoreimportant.Theywerethelastgroupofanimalsdifferentfrombecausethey_________milkfromwithintheirbodies.development

shellfishandallsortsoffish

on

land

land

animalsamphibians

dinosaurs

mammals

produced

small

plants

thefirstgreenplants

insects

in

the

seaLanguagepoints1.Theearthbecamesoviolentthatitwas

notclear

whether

theshapewouldlastornot.1)violent

猛烈的,激烈的2)whether可以引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句;而if只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

引導(dǎo)賓語從句既可以用whether,也可以用if。Couldyoutelluswhether/ifitsnowsinwinterinAustralia?2.Theywereintimetoproduce…intime

及時(shí);終于Thedoctorcameintime

tosaveherlife.醫(yī)生及時(shí)趕來救了她的命。注意:

intime還有“過些時(shí)候;最后”之意。You’llgetusedtoitin

time.過些時(shí)候你會(huì)習(xí)慣它的。Don’tworry.I’msurethingswillgetbetterintime.

別著急,我肯定過些時(shí)候事情會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)的。與time相關(guān)的短語:

innotime

立刻,馬上

at

times

有時(shí)

at

atime

每次;依次

once

upon

atime

從前

on

time

按時(shí);準(zhǔn)時(shí)

at

one

time

從前

for

the

time

being

暫時(shí)

from

time

to

time

不時(shí)地3.atmospheren.大氣層;氣氛Anatmosphereoftensionfilledtheroom.屋子里籠罩著緊張的氣氛。Theatmosphereoverdinnerwaswarmandfriendly.用餐時(shí)洋溢著熱情友好的氣氛。注意:指“大氣層”時(shí),常用theatmosphere;

指“氣氛”時(shí),常使用單數(shù)形式。4.….astheearthcooled

down,waterbegantoappear

onitssurface.

隨著地球的冷卻,地球的表面就開始出現(xiàn)了水。1)cooldown變涼,冷卻2)appear

“出現(xiàn),似乎”是不及物動(dòng)詞當(dāng)表示“似乎，好像”時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞,該詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

OurteacherappearedonTVthismorning.Sheisfiftybutsheappearsyoung.她五十歲了,但看起來很年輕。5.…bylayingeggs.放,把……放在……；產(chǎn)卵

Helaidhisbooksonthedesk.注意:說謊lieliedlied躺；位于lielaylain下蛋；擱放laylaidlaid

口訣：規(guī)則的說謊,不規(guī)則的躺，躺過就下蛋，下蛋不規(guī)則。Thenaughtyboy____tomethatthehenthat____therejustnowhad____twoeggsthedaybefore.A.laid;laid;laidB.laid;lay;lainC.lied;laid;lainD.lied;lay;laidD6.givebirthto1)生(孩子)

She’sjustgivenbirthtoahealthybabygirl.她剛剛生了個(gè)健康的女嬰。2)產(chǎn)生Theextraordinaryexperience

gavebirthto

hislatestnovel.這段奇特的經(jīng)歷促成了他的最新的一部小說的誕生。7.Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,which

preventsheat

from

escapingfromtheearthintospace.他們把太多的二氧化碳釋放到大氣層中,這就使得熱量不能從地球上散發(fā)到太空中去。preventsth./sb.(from)doingsth.

制止(防止)某人(某物)做某事Nothingcan

prevent

thisplanfrombeingcarriedout.注意:keepsb.fromdoingsth.中from不可省略,prevent/stopsb.fromdoingsth.中的from可省，但如在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,他們中的from都不可省。Itriedto

keep

him

from

waiting

forher.我試圖叫他不要再等她了。Itriedto

keep

him

waiting

forher.我試圖讓他等她。8.…theearthmaybecome

toohot

to

liveon.地球可能會(huì)因此變得太熱而不適合生物的生存。有關(guān)too的一些用法。1)

too作“太”講。

Thereis

too

muchwater.水太多了。2)

“too＋adj.＋to”,

有兩種意義,一種為“太……以至(不)……”,Thequestionis

too

hardto

understand.問題太難,理解不了。3)

“only/all/not/but＋too＋adj.＋to”,

后面的動(dòng)詞不定式在翻譯時(shí)不必加否定詞。only等與too連用等于very(非常)。Ishallbe

onlytoo

pleasedto

hearfromyoufurther.我非常歡迎你再來信。Theyare

but

too

glad

to

doso.他們非常喜歡這么做。Weare

only

too

pleasedto

worktogetherwiththeworkers.我們和工人們一起勞動(dòng),非常高興。4)

“cannot／cannever...too”,

表示“無論怎樣……也不會(huì)過分”。

You

cannot

praisehim

toohighly.你無論怎樣表揚(yáng)他也不過分。5)當(dāng)too用于數(shù)量增減時(shí),表示“過(多、少、長(zhǎng)等)”的意思。Hehasgivenmesix

too

many.

他多給了我六個(gè)。

--Areyougoingtothefootballgame?--No.Theticketsare_____expensiveforme.A.verymuchB.fartooC.highlyD.somuch解析:“too+形容詞+forsb.”表示“太……”,far可置于too前表示程度。B9.…whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.

在未來的千百萬年中,生命能否在地球上延續(xù)將取決于這個(gè)問題能否得到解決。

depend

vi.

相信，信賴；依靠，依賴(尤指錢)；視……而定。

YoucandependonJohn—heisalwaysontime.

你可以相信約翰,他總是很準(zhǔn)時(shí)。相關(guān)短語：believesb.

相信某人(所說的話)believeinsb.信任/信賴某人trust(in)

sb.

相信/信任/信賴某人dependoncountonsb.relyon

信任/相信/依賴/依靠某人Tellhimwhatyouwanttosay;he’samanto_____.A.countB.believeC.trustD.depend解析:相信/信賴某人:countonsb./believeinsb./dependonsb./trust(in)sb.CUnit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsLearningaboutlanguagepresentpresenceviolentconfidentdifferentpatientviolence

confidencedifferencepatience1Usethecorrectprefixorsuffixforeachword.Writeoutthenewwordandexplainthedifferencebetweenthetwo.Discoveringusefulwordsandexpressionscertainfairpaidlikekindunkinduncertainunfairunpaidunlikecultureglobeuniverseagriculturemathematicsmathematicalculturalglobaluniversalagriculturalartphysicschemistrybiologysciencescientistartistphysicistchemistbiologist1.Atthebeginning,theearthhadno____.A.dustB.atomsC.waterD.matter2.Thedevelopmentofaplanetgenerallydependson____combiningtogether.A.atomsB.rocksC.gasesD.waterCA2Choosesthecorrectwordtofillineachoftheseblanks.3.The____ofmammalshappenedafterthedisappearanceofthedinosaurs.A.harmfulB.systemC.spreadD.method4.Mammals___whentheanimalsthatwereharmfultothemdisappeared