初中英語上海中考自招講義-8-復(fù)合句

課程主題：自招系列講義8學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)掌握復(fù)合句的具體用法，綜合能力訓(xùn)練教學(xué)內(nèi)容復(fù)合句是由一個主句加一個或幾個從句構(gòu)成的句子。從句只用作句子的一個成分，不能獨(dú)立。根據(jù)從句在句子中的作用,可分為名詞性從句,形容詞性從句(定語從句)和副詞性從句(狀語從何)三類。一名詞性從句主語從句(1)引導(dǎo)詞從屬連詞that,whether,if連接代詞what,who,which,whoever,whatever=nomatterwhat=anythingthat連接副詞how,when,where,why(2)用法that引導(dǎo) Thathewaslatemademeunhappy.他遲到了，這令我很不高興。wh-引導(dǎo) Whoever(Who)brokethewindowisunknown.尚不知道是誰打破了窗戶。Whether,if引導(dǎo)Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion,它是否真實(shí)還是個問題。It'sdoubtfuliftherewillbeanyseatsleft.無法確定是否還剩座位。表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中說明“主語是什么”，結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+系動詞+表語從句”(1)that引導(dǎo)的表語從句that僅僅是連接的作用,在句中不作任何成分，但不能省略。特別是當(dāng)主語是reason時，表語從句不可以用why或because,只能用that,如:“Thereasonwhy...isthat+表語從句”Whywedecidedtoputoffthefootballmatchisthattheweatherwastoobad.我們之所以推遲足球賽是因?yàn)樘鞖獠缓谩hereasonwhyIdidn'tattendtheconferencewasthatIwastoobusy.我之所以未參會是因?yàn)槲姨Α?2)wh-引導(dǎo)的表語從句連接詞whether起著連接的作用,意思是?是否，到底”,但if不能引導(dǎo)表語從句Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.問題在于我們能否在短時間內(nèi)做好準(zhǔn)備。連接代詞:what,which,who,whom,whose陳述句在句中起連接作用外，還在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、亭；五堂定語等Theproblemiswhoisreallyfitforthehardjob.問題在于誰真的適合這個艱難的工作。(3)連接副詞:when,where,how,why等除了在句中起連接作用外,還在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)、方式、原因狀語等ThatiswhereIcan'tagreewithyou,那是我無法同意你的地萬(4)連接詞:because,從句僅限于一個句型“This/That/Itisbecause(that)...ItmaybebecauseIamnomathematician,可能是因?yàn)槲也皇莻€數(shù)字家。(5)連接詞:asif/though,通常用于感官系動詞look,seem,sound,smell等后，常用于虛擬語氣，表示不可能存在的動作或狀態(tài)Theytalkedandtalkedasiftheywouldnevermeetagain.他們聊啊聊，就像永遠(yuǎn)不會再見了一樣。Theoldmanlookedatthepicture.Hefeltasthoughhehadgonebackto20yearsago.老人看著照片，感覺自己似乎回到了20年前。同位語從句(1)同位語指兩個成分處于相同地位，同位語是后置修飾語,起補(bǔ)充、說明、修飾、描繪的作用。Mr.Wang,mychild'steacher,willbevisitingusonTuesday.王先生，我孩子的老師,將于周二家訪我們。I,theoldestgirlinthefamily,alwayshadtocarefortheotherchildren.我作為家里最大的女兒,總得照顧其他孩子。(2)若用一個句子作同位語，就叫同位語從句。下列名詞后常常接同位語從句：belief信念、相信doubt懷疑 explanation解釋 idea想法、主意advice建議 fact事實(shí)hope希望 possibility可能性fear害怕 news消息 order命令 opinion觀點(diǎn)promise答應(yīng)、諾言problem問題 question問題 report報道reply答復(fù) statement論斷suggestion建議 thought想法truth事實(shí) wish愿望 warning警告 word消息引導(dǎo)同位語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為that時,不能用which代替。Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.我們聽到了我們團(tuán)隊(duì)獲勝的消息。Theywereworriedoverthefactthatyouweresick.他們擔(dān)心你生病了。(3)在某些名詞,例如suggestion,advice,request,order,demand,requirement等意為“建議，命令，要求”的名詞后,同位語從句的謂語動詞通常用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu),should可以省略。Thesuggestionthatthenewrule(should)beadoptedcamefromtheChairman.采用新規(guī)議出自主席之口。Theyexpressedthewishthatshe(should)accepttheaward.他們表達(dá)了她應(yīng)接受獎勵的愿望。(4)whether可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。名詞doubt“懷疑”后的同位語從句用whether連接;nodoubt“不懷疑”后的同位語從句用that連接。Wehavesomedoubtwhethertheycancompletethetaskontime.我們懷疑他們能否按時完成任務(wù).ThereisnodoubtthatLiWeiwillkeephispromise.毫無疑問，李雷會信守諾言。*賓語從句(1)結(jié)構(gòu):“主句(主語+謂語)+連接詞+賓語從句(主語+謂語+其他成分)”(2)當(dāng)從句的原句為以下句子以及what,who作主語時，語序不變Icouldn'tunderstoodwhatwaswrongwithhim.我不能理解他怎么了。Thepolicemancameuptoseewhatwasthematterwithme.警察走上前來看看找怎么了。(3)時態(tài)當(dāng)主句中謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)時，從句中謂語動詞按需要可以使用任何時態(tài)。Shesaysthatshewillleaveamessageonhisdesk,她說她將在他的桌上留張字條。ShesaysthatshehasneverbeentoMountEmei.她說她從未去過峨嵋山。當(dāng)主句謂語是過去時態(tài),從句中的時態(tài)一般用表示過去的某種時態(tài)Hesaidthattherewerenoclassesyesterdayafternoon.他說昨天下午沒課。Hesaidthattheywerehavingameetingatthattime.他說當(dāng)時他們正在開會。當(dāng)主句謂語是過去時態(tài)，而賓語從句敘述某一客觀真理(事實(shí))時,賓語從句的時態(tài)則用一般現(xiàn)在時。Theteachertoldusthatnothingisdifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.老師告訴我們，世上無難事，只怕有心人。Shesaidthatherfatheristwenty-eightyearsolderthanher.她說她爸爸年長她28歲。(4)引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞that通常不能省略在以下動詞后接賓語從句,that不能省略agreeargueassureholdindicatemaintaininformobjectsuggestIassureyouthatI'llbethere.我向你保證我會去那兒。Heobjectedthatitwasimpossible,他反對說這是不可能的。主句謂語動詞后接兩個并列的賓語從可時，連接第二個賓語從句的that不可省略Iknowyouaren'tadoctorandthatyouwantyoursontobecomeadoctor,我知道你不是醫(yī)生，你希望你的兒子成為醫(yī)生。(5)介詞后通常不踉由that引導(dǎo)的從句，但可以是艮thefactthat從句結(jié)構(gòu)做賓語Marywroteanarticleonwhytheteamhasfailedtowinthegame瑪麗就該團(tuán)隊(duì)未贏得比資原因?qū)懥似恼隆erefusedtohelpmedespitethefactthatIaskedhimseveraltimes.盡管我請求了他兒次,心還是拒絕幫我。二，定語從句定義：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，定語從句一般緊踉在它所修飾的先行問之后。先行詞:被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個作用:A.引導(dǎo)定語從句;B.代替先行詞;C.在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.其中'3卜。isshakinghandswithmy自小?「”是定語從句，修飾先行詞theman,“who”是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞，代替先行詞theman,在定語從句中作主語。*who指人，在定語從句中作主語。Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點(diǎn)到大門口集合。*whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語，?？墒÷浴r.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.劉先生就是你們在公共汽車上談?wù)摰哪莻€人。Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.老師經(jīng)常表揚(yáng)的那個女孩是我們的班長.注意:關(guān)系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho來代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.你剛見到的那個人是我的老朋友。*which指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時?？墒÷?。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運(yùn)動。Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.他們昨晚看的電影一以意思也沒有。*that指人時，相當(dāng)于who或whom;指物時，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.每年米來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達(dá)一百萬。Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那個人在哪兒？Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.你介紹給我的那個人很友好。*whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作定語。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學(xué)家。Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾經(jīng)住在一幢屋頂已經(jīng)塌陷了的房子里。*when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國成立的日子。Doyouremembertheyearswhenyoulivedinthecountrysidewithyourgrandparents?你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？*where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。*why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.請告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。注意:關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如：Since1990when/inwhichhewasinprimaryschoolhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自1990年他讀小學(xué)時，他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么。Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous他曾經(jīng)就讀過的這所學(xué)校很出名。TomorrowI'llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowI'llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked明天我將把你要的雜志帶來。ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.我工作的那家公司的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。注意：含有介詞的動詞短語一般不擠升，介飼仍放在短語動詞的后面。如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等.Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(d這是我正在找的手表。ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(x)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(d)那個護(hù)士正大看的小寶寶們都很健康。Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.(X)若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時只可用whom,不可用who,that;關(guān)系代詞指物時只可用which,不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.(d)你剛才是艮他談話的那個人是我的鄰居。Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.(X)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(d)我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機(jī)實(shí)在很舒服。TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(x)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深愛著他的父母,他們倆待他都很好。限制性定語從句舉例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老師告訴我說湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中國是一個歷史悠久的國家Inthestreet,Isawamanwhowasfrom人行元2在街上我看到一個來自非洲的人非限制性定語從句舉例：Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴(yán)格關(guān)系代詞使用that的情況：(1)當(dāng)先行詞是everything,anything,nothing(something除夕卜),all,none,few,littleom等不定代詞或先行詞受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代詞修飾，又或先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級、thevery,theonly修飾時,只能用that連接。HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?李先生講的你都記下來了嗎？ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能為你做什么。注意:當(dāng)先行詞指人時,偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.王華是學(xué)校唯一將出席會議的人。(2)當(dāng)先行詞前面有who,which等疑問代詞時。Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在門口的那個人是誰？WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？⑶當(dāng)先行詞為人與動物或人與物時。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool.他們談?wù)撝麄冇浶械脑谛r的人和事。關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,其用法有相同之處,也有不同之處。具體情況是：as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他是艮她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，關(guān)系詞往往只用whichAsweallknow,Chinahasalonghistory.眾所周知，中國歷史悠久。Heisafoodie,asisknowntoallofus.我們都知道他是個吃貨。Hedidn'tgivemeanygifts,whichmademeangry,他沒給我任何禮物,這讓我很生氣。當(dāng)先行詞受such,thesame修飾時，關(guān)系詞常用as.I'veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我從未聽過像他講的這樣的故事。Heisnotsuchafoolashe100ks.他可不像他看上去的那樣傻。注意:當(dāng)先行詞受thesame修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding,她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她是艮她妹妹穿著同款連衣裙。以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由inwhich或that引導(dǎo),而且通?？梢允÷?。Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising:他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜歡你嘲笑她的樣子。關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用(即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。試比較：Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.我知道一個我們可以野炊的地方。Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery,我知道一個以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過的日子。C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.這就是他被解雇的原因。Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.這就是他向我解釋的未參力口會議的原因。*定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別(1)定語從句修飾先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系;同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis.（定語從句）剛剛起飛的那架飛機(jī)是開往巴黎的。Thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear.（同位語從句）他已經(jīng)去世了，這個事實(shí)很明了.（2）定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時經(jīng)常可省略。同位語從句主要由連詞that引導(dǎo),在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分;有時由where,when,how,who,whether,what等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。Thenewsthathetoldmeis打皿.（定語從句）他告訴我的消息是真的。Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位語從句）他剛剛?cè)ナ懒耍@個消息是真的。（3）同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動詞be發(fā)展成一個完整的句子，而定語從句則不能。Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位語從句）我們可以向老師詢問建議的這個想法很棒。Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.想法是我們可以向老師詢問建議。Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.（同位語從句）地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn),這個事實(shí)眾所周知。Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.事實(shí)是地球是繞看太陽轉(zhuǎn)的。Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals.（同位語從句）關(guān)注我們?nèi)绾伪Ｗo(hù)野生動物的問題。Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.問題是我們?nèi)绾伪Ｗo(hù)野生動物。.Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulinthejobstheyarebeingtrained.A.inthat B.forthatC.inwhichD.forwhich.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeonetheycantalkfrequently.A.who B.as C.aboutwhichD.withwhomhavemanyfriends,somearebusinessmen.A.ofthemB.fromwhichC.whoofD.ofwhomLastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods,fromeffectthepeoplearestillsuffering.A.that B.whoseC.thoseD.whatTherearetwobuildings,standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.A.thelargerB.thelargerofthemC.thelargeronethatD.thelargerofwhichMarkwasastudentatthisuniversityfrom1999to2003,hestudiedveryhardandwasmadeChairmanoftheStudents'Union.A.duringwhichtimeB.forwhichtimeC.duringwhosetimeD.bythattime7.IcanthinkofmanycasesstudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn'twriteagoodessay.A.whyB.which C.whenD.where8.Ifashophaschairswomencanparktheirmen,womenwillspendmoretimeintheshop.A.that B.which C.when D.where9.Wewentthroughaperiodcommunicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas.A.which B.whose C.inwhichD.withwhichDon'tleavethesharpknifeourlittleJanecangetit.A.inwhichB.towhichC.thatD.whereItwasanexcitingmomentforthesefootballfansthisyear,forthefirsttimeinyearstheirteamwontheWorldCup.A.that B.while C.which D.whenWearelivinginanagemanythingsaredoneonthecomputer.A.which B.that C.whose D.whenThereweredirtymarksonhertrousersshehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that10-Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?-Right,justtheoneyouknowIusedtoworkforyears.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.whatIwalkedinourgarden,TomandJimweretyingabigsignontooneofthetrees.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.that16.Iworkinabusinessalmosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.A.howB.which C.whereD.that三、狀語從句*when引導(dǎo)狀語從句When,意思為“當(dāng)??…?時”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“特定時間”Whenhecomes,Iwillshowhimmyphotos.他來了，我會把我的相片給他看表示突然發(fā)生的事,意思為“正在?????時，這時，忽然”begoingtodosth./beabouttodosth./beonthepointofdoingsth....whenIwasjustcomingalongtoseeyouwhenIranintoJack.我正要來看你,這時撞見了Jack。Iwasabouttotakeashowerwhenthetelephonerang.我正要去沖個澡,這時電話鈴響了。表示條件,意思為“在??????的情況下”，表示原因或讓步，?？勺g為“既然、雖然、如果”Whydoyouwalkwhen(since)youhaveacar?既然你有車，為何還要步行？Hesayshehasn'tgotanymoneywhen(although)he'sgotplenty.他說他沒有錢，雖然他有不少錢。*while引導(dǎo)狀語從句while意思為“當(dāng).?…?時”，從句用持續(xù)性動詞，表時間的一段，而不是一點(diǎn)Whilehewaseatinghisbreakfast,heheardthedoorbellring.正在吃早飯時，他聽到門鈴響了。意思為“雖然，盡管”(多放句首)，從句和主句主語多為同一人或物Whileforbiddenfruitissaidtotastesweeter,itusuallyspoilsfaster.雖然有人說禁果的味道更甜，但它腐爛得也11更快。as引導(dǎo)狀語從句強(qiáng)調(diào)同一時間里兩個事件相繼發(fā)生或變化的情況有著“伴隨”的意思Hereyesightworsenedasshegrewolder,隨著年齡的增長，她的視力變得越來越差。Asyougraduallygetbetteratthejob,you'llfindthatitbecomeseasier.當(dāng)你逐漸熟悉了這份工作,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)它變得越來越容易。.theelectiondrewnear,theviolencegotworse.A.AsB.WhenC.WhileD.With.Theywereonthepointofsettingoutalightrainbegantofall.A.whileB.asC.sinceD.when.Timwashappytotakeonallthehouseworkhiswifewentouttowork.A.while B.as C.during D.since.hegrewolderhegaveupgoingforwalkseverymorning.A.While B.As C.During D.Themoment.Haveyoueverseentheexpressiononsomeone'sfacethey'vejusthadareallybadshock?A.whenB.asC.duringD.whilehadjuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclothesIheardvoicescomingfromtheoutside.A.immediatelyB.themomentC.whenD.whilebefore意為“在?….之前”,until意為“直到”，用于主句謂語是否定的非持續(xù)動詞時，意思為“直到?.…?才”ImustphonemyparentsbeforeIgo.我走之前必須給父母打個電話。Wealwayshavetowaituntilthelastcustomerhasleft,我們總得等到最后一個顧客離去。Itwasnotuntil11o'clockthathegotbackhome.他直至U11點(diǎn)才至U家。before從句的內(nèi)容可以是非真實(shí)的，意思為“沒等?…?就，，而until從句的內(nèi)容是真實(shí)的ShewalkedoutbeforeIhadachancetoexplain.沒等我做解釋她就走出去了。12Drivestraightonuntilyougettothestation.一直往前開，直到你到達(dá)車站為止。before還用于“Itwillnotbelongbefore…”和"Itwasn'tlongbefore...”結(jié)構(gòu),since"自從 ”表示從句動作或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束，為主句動作的起點(diǎn)Itwillnotbelongbeforehefinisheshistask.過不了多久，他就會完成任務(wù)。Electricityhasbeenwidelyusedsinceitwasdiscovered.電被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來，得到廣泛應(yīng)用。Ithasbeen/Itisthreeyearssinceweenteredthemiddleschool.我進(jìn)入中學(xué)已經(jīng)有3年了。hardly,nosooner表示一件事情緊接另一件事發(fā)生，意思為“剛?…?就?.?…”時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)如下主句:hardly/scarcely+過去完成時從句:when+一般過去時主句:nosooner+過去完成時 從句:than+一般過去時Ihadhardlysatdownwhenhesteppedin.我剛坐下,他就來了。Nosoonerhadtherailwaybeenbuiltthantheybegancomplainingaboutthenoise. 鐵路剛建成，他們就抱怨噪音。bythetime意思為“不遲于”，用于談?wù)搶砘蛞郧澳骋粫r刻發(fā)生的事,時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)如下Bythetime+從句（一般現(xiàn)在時） 主句（將來完成時）Bythetime+從句（一般過去時） 主句（過去完成時）Bythetimeyougetback,Iwillhavefinishedallthework.等你回來的時候，我將已完成所有工作。Bythetimethepolicearrived,thethiefhadbeenmilesaway.警察到時，小偷已經(jīng)在幾英里外了。由time構(gòu)成的名詞詞組引導(dǎo)，表示某一特定時刻發(fā)生或存在的情況thefirsttimethelasttimenexttimeeverytimeeachtimeanytimePeoplearepuzzledthefirsttimetheyreadthebook.人們第一次讀這本書時都覺得困惑。NexttimeIseeyou,Iwillshowyoumyphotos.下次見到你，我把我的照片給你看。由下列名詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)化的時間連詞引導(dǎo)從句，表示兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，意思為"一……就……"theinstantthedaytheweektheyearthemomentthesecondtheminuteShecametothescenethemomentsheheardthenews.一聽到消息她就到達(dá)現(xiàn)場。Thedayherhusbandwentabroad,shegavebirthtoason,丈夫出國那天她生了個兒子。Iwilltrytofinishthiswork.A.whileyoucameB.beforeyoucomeC.asyoucome D.untilyoucome13Wesentinthreeapplicationsweobtainedpermissiontosetupanexperimentworkshop.A.afterB.sinceC.beforeD.untilWearrivedatBirminghamwithfiveminutestogothelasttrainleft.A.afterB.beforeC.bythetimeD.whilemethim,hewasworkingasasecretaryinabigcompany.A.Firsttime B.ThefirsttimeC.Thefirsttimewhen D.ForthefirsttimeThesunhadnosoonerstartedtoshineitwascloudedoveragain.A.than B.when C.as D.whileYoucanhavethenewspaperIfinishreadingit.A.sothatB.because C.unless D.themomentTheyhadhardlybeguntogatherinthecropsitbegantorainheavily.A.but B.when C.then D. whileBythetimeyoucomebackIthework.A.finishB.shallfinish C.shallhavefinishedD.wouldhavefinished-DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?-Yes.IgaveittoherIsawher.A.whileB.themomentC.suddenlyD.once10.sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.A.Itwasnotuntildarkthat B.HardlydiditgrowdarkthatC.Nosooneritgrewdarkthan D.Scarcelyhaditgrowndarkthan*because,for,as,seeingthat和consideringthat表示原因because意為“因?yàn)椤?，著重點(diǎn)在從句，用于回答why,語氣最強(qiáng)Hegotthejobbecausehewasthebestcandidate.他得到了那份工作,因?yàn)樗亲罴讶诉x。JustbecauseIdidn'tcomplain,theythoughtIwassatisfied.就因?yàn)槲覜]有發(fā)牢騷，他們以為我很滿意。for并不說明主句行為發(fā)生的直接原因，而是表示推理的理由，且不可位于主句前Wemustbeginplanningnow,forthefuturemaybringunexpectedchanges.我們必須現(xiàn)在就卅始計(jì)劃，因?yàn)閷砜赡軙幸馔獾淖兓?。Hecouldn't