初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精講2動(dòng)詞不定式用法

動(dòng)詞不定式用法動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句中不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。但動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞特征，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等多種成分。另外，動(dòng)詞不定式具有動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn)，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，組成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式的肯定形式是to+do；其否定形式是notto+doo下面以動(dòng)詞不定式在句中的作用來(lái)予以詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。一.作主語(yǔ)可以直接作主語(yǔ)。如： Toseeistobelieve.但在英語(yǔ)中，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)即動(dòng)詞不定式放在后面。如：It'swrongtoplaytricksonotherpeople.It'sourdutytokeepourenvironmentcleanandtidy.點(diǎn)擊規(guī)律：動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常放在Itis+adj+(forsb.)+(not)todosth句型中，表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)客觀事件的決斷，意為：做…?.是……的，it僅作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是todosthItisveryinterestingtoread.讀書是有趣的Itisusefultoread.看書是有用的Itishealthytoruneveryday每天跑步是健康的Itisalittledifficultyformetoworkoutthisquestion.解出這道題對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)有點(diǎn)難Itisbadnottofinishhomework.不完成作業(yè)是糟糕的Itisbadtobelateforschool.遲到是糟糕的Itis+adj+ofsb+(not)todosth該句型通常表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)客觀事件的驚訝、興奮、懊悔、難過(guò)等感嘆情緒，與Itis+adj+(forsb.)+(not)todosth的意義不同。Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.你能告訴我事實(shí)，真是太好了Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.他做那件傻事，真是太笨了Itisverycleverofyoutoworkoutthisquestion.你能解出這道題目，真是太聰明了Itisverywiseofyoutoreadthisnovel.你看這本小說(shuō)，真是太明智了這個(gè)句型中用介詞of而不是for的原因是這里的形容詞是用來(lái)形容人的品質(zhì)性格的。類似的詞有：careless,careful,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind, naughty,nice,silly,stupid,friendly因此區(qū)分是用Itis+adj+(forsb.)+(not)todosth還是Itis+adj+ofsb+(not)todosth,要清楚adj修飾的是sb還是todosth例如：Itisniceformetohavebreakfastwithyou(nice是指havebreakfastwithyou這件事)對(duì)于我來(lái)說(shuō)，能和你一起吃早餐真好。ItisniceofyoutohelphimwithhisEnglish.(nice是指you,形容人的品質(zhì))你幫他補(bǔ)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，真是太好了。二.作賓語(yǔ)want,decide,agree,afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend（有打算），learn,long（渴望），manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear（發(fā)誓），undertake（承擔(dān)），want,wish等動(dòng)詞后面跟并且只能跟不定式。如：Weagreedtostartearly.Shewantstobeadoctor.love,like,begin,start,hate,prefer等詞后面可以接不定式。點(diǎn)擊規(guī)律：上述動(dòng)詞后面除按不定式外，還可以接動(dòng)名詞，意思無(wú)很大區(qū)別。提示板：likedoing指經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作，而liketodo指一次性的動(dòng)作。如：Ilikeswimming,butIdon'tliketoswimnow.我喜歡游泳，但我現(xiàn)在不想游。stop,forget,remember,goon,try等詞或短語(yǔ)后面可以接不定式。點(diǎn)擊規(guī)律：上述動(dòng)詞后面按不定式和接動(dòng)名詞意思大不相同。提示板：stoptodosth.：停止一件事，去做另一件事。stopdoingsth.:停止正在做的事forgettodosth：忘記要去做某事（未做）forgetdoingsth：忘記做過(guò)某事（已做）remembertodosth：記得去做某事（未做）rememberdoingsth：記得做過(guò)某事（已做）goontodosth：接著做另一件事（接下去做與原來(lái)不同的一件事）goondoingsth：繼續(xù)不停的做某事或間斷后繼續(xù)做原來(lái)沒(méi)有做完的事5）trytodosth：試著做某事（實(shí)際上意思是努力想做成某事eg:Itriedtoescape,butIfailed.我努力著想逃走，但是沒(méi)有成功）Trydoingsth：試著做某事（實(shí)際上是為了達(dá)到另外一個(gè)目的， "Sohothere,isn'tit?" "Yes,whynottryturningontheairconditioner?""很熱，是吧。”“恩，就是。咱們開開空調(diào)吧，看看能不能涼快點(diǎn)兒?！保├洌篧hentheteachercamein，thestudentsstoppedtalking；whenhecameout，thestudentsstoppedtotalk.當(dāng)老師走進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，學(xué)生們停止說(shuō)話；當(dāng)老師走出去時(shí)，學(xué)生們又開始說(shuō)話。D.在find/feel+it+adj.+todosth,句型中，it是形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式。就是說(shuō)不定式由it代替，把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：動(dòng)詞（如find,think,consider,feel等）+it+形容詞+不定式。如：Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o'clock.Themandownstairsfounditdifficulttogettosleep.Ifeeliteasytorecitethetext.E.動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)代（副）詞+不定式：這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)代（副）詞有:what,when,where,which,how,whether等。.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart..Youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.willshowyouhowtodealwithit.三.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)tell,ask,want,order,teach,invite,warn,wish,help,get,wish,help等詞后面常接不定式作賓補(bǔ)。如：Itellhimnottogotherebybus.Edison'smothertaughthimtoreadandwrite.let,make,have,see,hear,feel,watch,notice后面接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。如：Thebossmakesthemwork16hoursaday.Iheardhersinginthenextroom．提示板：若變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式符號(hào)to要加上。如：Theyaremadetowork16hoursadaybytheboss．Shewasheardtosinginthenextroom.四.作定語(yǔ)：放在被修飾的名詞、代詞后面例句：Ihavealotofworktodo.Hecoulddonothingtohelptheboy．Therewasreallynothingtofear.Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread點(diǎn)擊規(guī)律：動(dòng)詞不定式若在句中作定語(yǔ)，常放在被修飾的名詞、代詞之后。提示板：如果動(dòng)詞不定式和前面所修飾的詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，若動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，切記不要忘掉介詞。如：Ihaveasmallbedroomtolivein.Haveyougotsomepenstowritewith?Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith.Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento.五.表語(yǔ)：放在連系動(dòng)詞be后面例句：Hiswishistobecomeascientist.Thefirstimportantthingistosavethesoldiers'lives.當(dāng)務(wù)之急是搶救戰(zhàn)士們的生命。點(diǎn)擊規(guī)律：動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常對(duì)連系動(dòng)詞前面的名詞進(jìn)行詮釋說(shuō)明。六.作狀語(yǔ)a.目的狀語(yǔ)：放在go,come,use,live,inorder等詞后面。如：Icometoseeyou.Herunsfastinordertogetthereintime.b.原因狀語(yǔ)：放在sorry,glad,surprised,disappointed,excited等詞后面。如：Iamgladtoseeyouhere.Iamsorrytotroubleyou.c.作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。如：Someoftheapplesarehardtoreach.Theroomislargeenoughtohold1000people.7.與what,who,whose,when,where,how等疑問(wèn)詞連用，作賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)等。如：Idon'tknowwhattodonext.（賓語(yǔ)）Hetaughtushowtousethecomputer.（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）It'sstillaquestionhowtogetthere.（主語(yǔ)）8、在動(dòng)詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式。例如：1.Helptheoldlady（to）carrytheheavybox.9、在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut等搭配之后，動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to。例如：1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight.2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehaviour.10.在介詞but,except之后，如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，其后不定式一般不帶to,反之則必須帶to,表示“只能”。例J如：.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm..Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender..Thespy間諜wasbothhungryandcold；therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein.hadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.11、下面一些短語(yǔ)是固定搭配，不帶to：cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut。例如：Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do,to省略：IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight.如果是下面一個(gè)固定搭配，就帶to：Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.12、緊跟在why或whynot之后的動(dòng)詞不定式總是不帶to。但是，緊跟在who,what,which,whether等連接詞后的不定式帶to。例如：Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon'tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn'tdecidewhethertostudyartsorscience.練習(xí)：?jiǎn)雾?xiàng)選擇Thechairlooksveryold,butinfactitisverycomfortableto.A.sit B.sitonC.besat D.besatonThepurposeoftheplanisnottohelptheemployersbutworkforyoungpeople.A.provideB.toprovideC.providingD.providedHearrivedattheofficeearly,agoodexampletotheothers.A.setB.tosetC.tobesetD.havingsetI'mafraidtheywouldnotallowhimhere.A.tosmokeB.smokingC.smokesD.smokeWelookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhereA.tofindB.tohavefoundC.tobefoundD.beingfoundMothertoldmethewaterbeforeIdrankit.A.boilingB.boiledC.boil D.toboilIttookusmorethantwohours thedinnerAprepareBpreparingCtoprepareDtobepreparedPleaseremembertheplantswhileI'maway.A.wateringB.tobewateringC.towaterD.beingwatering

9.wine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.A.MakingB.TomakeC.TobemakingD.MakeJohnwasmadethecarforaweekasapunishment.A.towashB.washingC.wash D.tobewashingAsaresultofmylaziness,Ifailedmyworkintime.A.andfinishedB.tofinish C.andfinishingD.tofinishedI,llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout—Idon,twantlikethis.A.toseeB.tobeseeingC.tobeseenD.beingseenTheworkerswantustogetherwiththem.AworkBworkingCtoworkDworkedHepromisedmeanicecar.A.buyB.tobuyC.bought D.tohaveboughtHewasmadeAgoBgoneCgoingDtogoYou,dbetterarestnow.A.tohaveB.have