2023年職稱英語等級(jí)考試?yán)砉ゎ怉級(jí)試題

職稱英語等級(jí)考試?yán)砉ゎ怉級(jí)試題第1部分：詞匯選項(xiàng)（第1～15題，每題1分，共15分）

下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語劃有橫線，請(qǐng)為每處劃線部分確定1個(gè)意義最為靠近旳選項(xiàng)。1Whycan'tyoustopyoureternalcomplaining?

Along

Beverlasting

Ctemporary

Dboring2Hundredsofbuildingswerewreckedbytheearthquake.

Adamaged

Bshaken

Cfallen

Djumped3Thesepaintingsareconsideredbymanytobeauthentic.

Afaithful

Broyal

Csincere

Dgenuine4Manyeconomistshavegivenintothefatallureofmathematics.

Asimplicity

Battraction

Cpower

Drigor5Tenyearsaftertheevent,herdeathstillremainsapuzzle.

Amist

Bfog

Csecret

Dmystery6Johnwasirritatedbythenecessityforpoliteconversation,

Atroubled

Bannoyed

Cthreatened

Daroused7Academicrecordscannotbeduplicated.

Aborrowed

Bpurchased

Ccopied

Drewritten8Theemphasisontheimportanceofeducationhasspurredscientificresearch

Aencouraged

Bfastened

Craised

Dinitiated9Wehaveamplemoneyforthejourney

Asome

Blittle

Cenough

Dextra10Thedoctor'spillsworkedmarvelsforme.

Amiracles

Bpatients

Cillness

Drecovery11Mary'sperpetualmoaningnearlydrovememad.

Aendless

Bmonotonous

Cserious

Dbitter12Itwashardtosaywhythemandeservedsuchshabbytreatment

Aold

Bunforgettable

Cunfair

Dfunny13Youdidn'tadheretotheseprinciples.

Aorder

Bfollow

Cprove

Dhandle14Thefarmersalsowanttousethewatertoirrigatethebarrenland.

Aempty

Bhairless

Csmooth

Dbare15Anyonewhowantstoapplyforaloanneedreadthefollowingspecifications.

Aexpressions

Bwarnings

Cadvertisements

Dinstructions第2部分：閱讀判斷（第16～22題，每題1分，共7分）

下面旳短文后列出了7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文旳內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子做出判斷：假如該句提供旳是對(duì)旳信息，請(qǐng)選擇A；假如該句提供旳是錯(cuò)誤信息，請(qǐng)選擇B；假如該句旳信息文中沒有提及，請(qǐng)選擇C。Water-theIssueofThisCenturyTheworldisrunningshortoffreshwater.PopulationsaregrowingbiggerandThirstier（渴旳),withtheresultthatfreshwaterisbecomingincreasinglyscarce(缺乏).Halftheworld'swetlandshavedisappearedduringthelastcentury,whileestimatessuggestthatwaterusewillriseby50%inthenext30years.

TheWorldBankreportestimatesthatasmuchashalfoftheworld'spopulation,concentratedinAfrica,theMiddleEastandsouthAsia,willface'severewatershortages'by2025.Localwaterconflictsandthelossoffreshwaterecosystemsappearlargeinsomeregions.

Asimilarpictureemergesfromtheglobe'ssaltwaterregions.Three-quartersoftheworld'speoplemaylivewithin100kmoftheseain2025,puttingevenmorepressureonstretchedcoastalecosystems.Twothirdsoffisheries(漁業(yè))areexploitedatorbeyondtheirsustainablelimits,andhalftheworld'scoralreefs(珊瑚礁)mayperishin100years.Almost60%ofcoralreefsand34%offishspeciesareatriskfromhumanactivities,theBanksays.

Thereportconcludesthatthereisampleevidencetojustifyimmediateandcoordinatedactiontosafeguardsuppliesandusewatermoreefficiently.

Freshwaterconsumptionisrisingquickly,andtheavailabilityofwaterinsomeregionsislikelytobecomeoneofthemostpressingissuesofthe21stcentury.

Athirdoftheworld'spopulation-aroundtwobillionpeople-liveincountriesthatareexperiencingmoderatetohighwatershortages.Thatproportioncouldrisetohalformoreinthenext30yearsunlessinstitutions(制度)changetoensurebetterconservationandallocationofwater.

Chinaisonecountrywheretheportents(征兆)aregloomy.Themostwater-stressedcountryinEastAsia,Chinaisexploiting44%ofitsusablewater,afigureprojectedtoriseto60%by.Primarywithdrawalofwaterofmorethan60%iswidelyconsideredbywaterexpertstoexceedtheenvironmentalcarryingcapacityofariverbasinsystem.AlthoughChina'stotaluseappearsstilltobereasonable,ithasseveralbasinsthatareseverelystressedenvironmentally.

WithdrawalsexceedenvironmentallimitsinAfghanistanandPakistan,andwillexceedtheminIndiaby.IntheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica,only16Itisestimatedthatwaterusewillriseby50%inthenext30years.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

17Mostdevelopedcountrieswillfacewatershortagesin20years.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

18Mostoftheworld'spopulationmaylivewithin100kmoftheseain2025.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

19Almostallcoralreefsmaydisappearin100years.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

20SomespeciesoffishintheAtlanticareatdangerouslylowlevels.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

21TheWorldBankreportimpliesthaturgentactionshouldbetakentoprotectwatersupplies.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

22Indiaexceedsenvironmentallimitsforwateruse.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned第3部分：概括大意與完畢句子（第23～30題，每題1分，共8分）

下面旳短文后有2項(xiàng)測(cè)試任務(wù)：（1）第23～26題規(guī)定從所給旳6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為第1～4段每段1選擇個(gè)最佳標(biāo)題；（2）第27～30題規(guī)定從所給旳6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。Chimpanzees1Chimpanzees(黑猩猩)willsoonbeextinct(滅絕).Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat(棲息地)destructioncontinues,thenwithin20years,therewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy(悲劇).Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications(含意)forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives-humanbeings.

2In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes(基因組)matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouse,usedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtests,whichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.Infact,chimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey.Aswellasresemblingusgenetically,chimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority(優(yōu)先).Butthereisanother,moreselfishreasontopreservethechimp.

3Thechimpanzees'trumpcard(王牌)comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians(獸醫(yī))oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticular,chimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting.

4Forexample,chimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Indeed,theiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant.

5Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing(找到)theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumans,scientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.This,theyhope,willallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration(變化)ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompletedhumangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach.23Paragraph1___________.

24Paragraph2___________.

25Paragraph3___________.

26Paragraph4___________.

AGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsand"humans

BReasonsforHIVresistance

CImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumans

DEffectiveAIDStreatment

EGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumans

FChimps'resistancetoHIV27Chimpanzeeextinctionmayaffect___________

28Thereisadifferenceoflessthan2%betweenthechimpand___________

29Scientistssuspectthatgenesplayasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting___________

30Thediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfulto___________

Ahealthierlifestyle

Bsomehumandiseasetreatments

Csomediseases

Dhumansurvival

Ehumangenomes

Fkeyareas第4部分：閱讀理解（第31～45題，每題3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。第一篇YouthEmancipationinSpainTheSpanishGovernmentissoworriedaboutthenumberofyoungadultsstilllivingwiththeirparentsthatithasdecidedtohelpthemleavethenest.

Around55percentofpeopleaged18-34inSpainstillsleepintheirparents'homes,saysthelatestreportfromthecountry'sstate-runInstituteofYouth.

Tocoax(勸誘)youngpeoplefromtheirhomes,theInstitutestarteda"YouthEmancipation(解放)"programthismonth.Theprogramoffersguidanceinfindingroomsandjobs.

Economistsblameyoungpeople'sfamilydependenceontheprecarious(不穩(wěn)定旳)labormarketandincreasinghousingprices.Housingpriceshaverisen17percentayearsince.

Culturalreasonsalsocontributetotheproblem,saysociologists(社會(huì)學(xué)家).FamilytiesinsouthEurope-Italy,PortugalandGreece-arestrongerthanthoseinmiddleandnorthEurope,saidSpanishsociologistAlmudenaMorenoMinguezinherreport"TheLateEmancipationofSpanishYouth:KeyforUnderstanding".

"Ingeneral,youngpeopleinSpainfirmlybelieveinthefamilyasthemainbodyaroundwhichtheirprivatelifeisorganized,"saidMinguez.

InSpain-especiallyinthecountryside,itisnotuncommontofindentiregroupsofaunts,uncles,cousins,niecesandnephews(外侄/侄子)alllivingonthesamestreet.TheyregularlygettogetherforSundaydinner.

Parents'toleranceisanotherfactor.Spanishparentsacceptlate-nightpartyingandarewaryofsettingbedtimerules.

"Achildcanarrivehomeatwhatevertimehewants.Ifparentscomplainhe'llputupafightandcallthefatherafascist,"saidJoseAntonioGomezYanez,asociologistatCarlosIIIUniversityinMadrid.

Mothers'willingnesstodochildren'shouseholdchores(家務(wù))worsenstheproblem.DionisioMasso,a60-year-oldin31The"YouthEmancipation"programaimsathelpingyoungpeople

Aliveinanindependentway.

Bfightforfreedom.

Cfightagainstsocialinjustice.

Dgetridoffamilyresponsibilities.32Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatfamilytiesarestrongerinPortugalthanin

AGreece.

BFinland.

CSpain.

DItaly.33Youngpeople'sfamilydependencecanbeattributedtoallthefollowingfactorsEXCEPT

Aparents'tolerance.

Bhousingproblems.

Cunwillingnesstogetmarried.

Dculturaltraditions.34Whichofthefollowingstatementsis,NOTtrueofDionisioMasso?

AShehasaboyfriend.

BSheis60yearsold.

CShehasthreechildren.

DShelivesinMadrid.35Thephrase"waryof"inparagraph8couldbebestreplacedby

Atiredof.

Bafraidof.

Cworriedabout.

Dcautiousabout.第二篇ListeningtoBirdsongAmalezebrafinch(雀科鳴鳥)chirps(鳴)awaytohimself.Suddenlyhenoticesafemalebirdnearby.Herealizeshehasanaudienceandimmediatelychangeshissong.Canthefemaletellthedifferenceinhisperformance?Accordingtoanewstudy,thefemalezebrafinchknows.Andsheprefersthespecialtrillshecreateswhenhesingstoher.Amalezebrafinchchangeshissongwhensingingtoafemaleinwaysthatpeoplecanbarelydetect.Butthefemalefinchcantellthedifference.

Scientistshadnoticedslightvariationsinthesongsofmalezebrafinchesbasedonwhethertheyweresingingaloneorwhethertherewasafemale(andpotentialmate)nearby.Withanaudience,themalesspedupthepaceoftheirsongsandcontrolledthenotestheyused.

Forthisstudy,.researchersSarahC.WoolleyandAllisonDoupeattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFranciscodecidedtofocusattentiononthelisteningfemales,whichhavenotbeenwellstudiedinthepast.

Inthestudy,WoolleyandDoupesetupalongcagewithasoundspeakerateachend.Onebroadcastthesoundofamalezebrafinchsingingtohimself,likesomeonesingingintheshower.Theotherspeakerbroadcastamaleperformingforafemaleaudience,asifhewasgivingaconcert.

Femalebirdswereplacedbetweenthetwospeakers.Someofthebirdshadmates,othersdidn't.Thefemalesshiftedaroundabit,andthenmostofthemhoppedovertositbesidejustonespeaker.Allthebirdsthatmadeaclearchoicelikedsongsmeantforafemaleaudience,evenifthey'dnevermetthemale.

Matedfemalesalsohadachancetolistentotwodifferentperformancesongs,onefromanunknownmale,andonefromtheirmate.Theyspentmoretimelisteningtotheconcertversionoftheirmates'songs,thissuggeststhatafterawhile,femaleslearntorecognize-andprefer-thesongsoftheirmates.

Scientiststhenstudiedthebrainsofthefemales.Theyfoundcertainareasofthebrainperkedup(活躍起來)whenthebirdslistenedtotheconcertsongs.Thesebrainareasmaybeinvolvedinrecognizingandevaluatingthesongs,andstoringthememoriesofthem.

Thisresearchdealswithwhat'scalleddirectedcommunication,whenthecommunicator,orsender,focusesthemessageforaspecificaudience.Oneexampleisthewaymornsspeaktotheirbabies.Mothersaroundtheworldusethesamesortofhigh-pitchedsing-songchatter(喋喋不休),andthebabiesrespondbesttothosesounds.Songbirdsareoneoftheonlyotherspeciesknowntolearntheircommunication,inthiscasetheirsongs.36Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutbirdsongs?

AFemalezebrafinchesaretooshytosingbeforemales.

BMalezebrafinchessinglouderthanfemales.

CMalezebrafincheschangetheirsongstoattractfemales.

DFemalezebrafinchesliketolistentounknownmalessing37Whatdidtheresearchersfindintheirstudyoffemalezebrafinches?

AFemalefincheslikedsongsmalefinchessangforthem.

BFemalefinchesonlylikedsongsmalefinchessangfortheirmates

CFemalefincheslikedtolistentosongsfrombothspeakers,

DFemalefincheschosethebestmalesingersastheirmates.38Whatismeantby"concertsongs"inparagraph7?

ASongssungbyzebrafinchesataconcert.

BSongssungbyfemalefinchesformalefinches

CSongssungbymalefinchestootherfinches.

DSongssungbymalefinchesforfemalefinches

39Theexpression"directedcommunication"inthelastparagraphmeanscommunicationinwhich

Athecommunicatorsendsmessagestohimself.

Bthemessagesenderhasaspecificaudience.

Ctwocommunicatorssendmessagestoeachother.

Dmotherstalktotheirbabiesintheirmothertongue.40Whichofthefollowingcanbestreflectthethemeofthepassage?

AChirpingaway.

BZebrafinchesandtheirlife.

CFrequenciesofbirdsongs.

DBirdsongsascommunication.第三篇TheRobotManAccordingtoHansMoravec,universalrobotswilltakeoverallthephysicalactivitiesthatweengagein,leavinguswithlittletodo.Moravecseesfourgenerationsontheroadtotrueuniversalrobots.Thefirstgenerationwillbeherebyandwillconsistoffree-rangingrobotsthatcannavigatebybuildinganinternalmentalmapoftheirsurroundings.Innewsituationsthey'llbeabletoadapt,unliketoday'smobileindustrialrobots.Theserobotswillhavethecomputingpower,tocopewithsimplespeechandtextrecognition,andwillbeusedfortaskssuchasdomesticcleaning.

Thesecondgenerationwillarrivearoundandwillbedistinguishedbytheabilitytolearn.Secondgenerationrobotsareprogramdwithsetsofprimitivetasksandwithfeedbackthatprovide"pleasure"and"pain"stimuli.Forexample,acollisionprovokesanegativeresponse,acompletedtaskwouldbepositive.

Moveforwardanothertenyearsto2030andyougettogenerationthree.Thisrobotcanbuildinternalsimulationsoftheworldaroundit.Before=beginningatask,itcanimaginewhatwillhappeninordertopredictproblems.Ifithasafreemoment,itcanreplaypastexperiencesandtryvariationsinordertofindabetterwayofdoingthingsnexttime.Itcouldevenobserveapersonor-anotherrobotperformingataskandlearnbyimitation.Forthefirsttime,wehaveherearobotthatcanthink.

Bythetimewegettogenerationfourin2040,Moravecpredictsthatrobotswillbeableto:matchhumanreasoningandbehaviour;generaliseabstractideasfromspecificexperience;and,conversely,compiledetailedplansofactionfromgeneralcommandssuchas'earnaliving'or'makemorerobots'.

TheMoravecmanifesto(宣布)runssomethinglikethis.Asrobotsstarttobecomeusefulingenerationone,they'llbegintotakeon-manytasksinindustry.Drivenbytheavailabilityofthischeapandtirelesslabourforce,theeconomywillboomandthedemandforrobotswillgrowsorapidlythattheywillsoonbecomelow-costcommodityitemsSomuchsothatthey'llmoveintothehome,wherethedomesticrobotwillrelieveusofmanychores.

Withincreasingautomationingenerationstwoandthree,thelengthoftheaverageworkingdaywillplummet,eventuallytonearzero.Mostpeoplewillbeunemployedasrobotstakeovernotjustprimaryindustry,buttheserviceeconomytoo.Moravecseesthefourthgenerationasanopportunitytosurpassourhumanlimitations.

Thesefuturemachineswillbeour"mindchildren".Likebiologicalchildrenofpreviousgenerations,theywillembodyhumanity'sbesthopeforalong-termfuture.41Whatwillbethedistinctivefeatureofthesecondgenerationrobots?

ATheywillbeabletolearnbythemselves.

BTheywillbeabletorecognizespeechesandtexts.

CTheywillbeabletopredictproblems.

DTheywillbeabletomatchhumanreasoningandbehavior.42Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthefuturerobots?

ATheywilltakeovertheinformationindustry.

BTheywillrelieveusofmanychores.

CTheywillneversurpassus.

DTheywillbecomehigh-costcommodityitems.43Theauthor'smainpurposeisto

Asupporttheviewthatrobotswillplayamajorroleinourlife.

BdescribethelifeofHansMoravec.

CmakefunoftheviewsofHansMoravec.

Dgetpeoplepreparedforthethreatoffuturerobots.44Theword"plummet"inparagraph6means

Astretch.

Bdecrease.

Cextend.

Dgrow.45WhatdoesMoravecthinkofthesefuturerobots?

ATheywillbehumans'mind-children.

BTheywilllooklikepreviousbiologicalchildren

CTheywillcreateadangerousworld.

DTheywillruletheworld.第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文（第46～50題，每題2分，共10分）

下面旳短文有5處空白，短文后有6個(gè)句子，其中5個(gè)取自短文，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容將其分別放回原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。MyLifeatRenda

Ilearnedveryquicklythatbeingateachingassistant(TA)attheUniversityofIowawouldbedifferentfrombeingateacheratRenminUniversity.

___________(46)Eyesstaring,mouthsopen,studentsexaminedmybignose,whileIwaswritingmynameontheblackboard.

AtIowa,whenmyfirstclassesbegan,halfofmystudentsstillhadn'tarrived.Wheneveryonefinallyfoundaseat,ringingcellphonesandloudyawns(哈欠)interruptedmyopeningremarks.ItisnotthatAmericanstudentsweredisrespectful.___________(47)Theywere,however,farmoreskepticalthanthestudentsIhadatRenda.ThetruthisIcouldn'tfaultthemfortheirskepticism.UndergraduatesatlargeABackatRenda,Ihadwalkedintomyfirstclassesfeelinglikeacelebrity

BInmystudents'minds,Ihadlittletoofferthem,exceptperhapssomesamplequestionsforthemid-termexam.

CInothers,theTAworksasagraderanddiscussionleader

DIencounteredtheseinChina,andIfacedthemintheUS.

EOntheotherhand,beingtaughtbyagraduatestudentisnotnecessarilybad

FMostwerepolite,oratleast,indifferent.第6部分：完形填空（第51～55題，每題1分，共15分）

下面旳短文有15處空白，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容為每處空白確定一種最佳選項(xiàng)。SharksPerformaServiceforEarth'sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto___________(51)peoplefrequently.Althoughthesefishperformavaluable___________(52)forearth'swatersandforhumanbeings,businessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir___________(53).Asaresult,somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfromEarth.

Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandshark___________(54).Manyfishswimnearcoastalareasbecauseoftheir___________(55)waters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas,___________(56)peoplealsoswim.Infact,mostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson___________(57)aseaanimal,suchasaseal(海豹)orsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup,becausethosearethetimeswhensharksarelookingfor___________(58).Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelry(珠寶)maycausesharkstoattack.

Asharkhasanextremely'goodsenseof___________(59),withwhichitcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwater,suchasblood,bodyliquidsandchemicals___________(60)byanimals.Thesepowerfulsenseshelpsharksfindtheirfood.Sharkseatfish,any___________(61)sharks,andplantsthatliveintheocean.

Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark'sbodydefenseandimmune(免疫旳)___________(62)againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks___________(63)quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.

Sharksareimportantfortheworld'soceans,astheyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Their___________(64)activitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo___________(65).Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.51AmeetBattackCrecognizeDvisit

52AresearchBexperimentCanalysisDservice

53AexistenceBpowerCmatesDskills

54AintelligenceBshapeCactivityDsize

55AfreshBsoftCdeepDwarm

56AwhoseBwhichCwhereDthat

57AforBtoCasDwith

58AhelpBfoodCfriendsDtrainers

59AhumorBsecurityCtouchDsmell

60AproducedBcontainedCusedDadded

61AthoseBtheseCotherDanother

62AprocessesBsystemsCideasDtheories

63AescapeBrecoverCreturnDcut

64AhuntingBmentalCsocialDswimming

65AweakBlittleCgreatDfew

職稱英語考試?yán)砉級(jí)考題答案詞匯選項(xiàng)eternal–everlasting(B)

wrecked–damaged(A)

authentic–genuine(D)

attraction–lure(B)

puzzle–mystery(D)

annoyed–irritated(B)

duplicated–copied(C)

encourage–spur(A)

ample–enough(C)

marvels–miracle(A)

perpetual–endless(A)

shabby–unfair(C)

adhereto–follow(B)

barren–bare(B)

specifications–instructions(D)

閱讀判斷16.Itisestimatedthatwaterusewil