化學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯

普通化學(xué)術(shù)語中英文對照表原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus質(zhì)子proton中子neutron電子electron（abbr。e）離子ion['aisn]陽離子cation陰離子anion分子molecular[ms'lekjels]單質(zhì)element化合物compound純凈物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相對原子質(zhì)量relativeatomicmass（abbr。Ar）相對分子質(zhì)量relativemolecularmass（abbr.Mr）化學(xué)式量relativeformulamass物質(zhì)的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德羅常數(shù)Avogadroconstant（abbroNA）摩爾mole摩爾質(zhì)量molarmass實(shí)驗(yàn)式/最簡式/經(jīng)驗(yàn)式empiricalformula氣體摩爾體積molarvolume阿伏加德羅定律Avogadro’sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve濃度concentration質(zhì)量/體積分?jǐn)?shù)mass/volumeconcentration濃縮concentrate稀釋dilute蒸餾distillation萃取extraction化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式chemicalequation反應(yīng)物reactant生成物product固體solid液體liquid氣體gaseous溶液aqueous配平balance化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)stoichiometry酸acid堿base/alkali（referstosolublebases）鹽salt酸式鹽acidsalt離子方程式ionicequation結(jié)晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated無水的anhydrous滴定titration指示齊Uindicator氧化數(shù)oxidationnumber氧化還原反應(yīng)redoxreaction氧化反應(yīng)oxidationreaction還原反應(yīng)reductionreaction歧化反應(yīng)disproportionationreaction歸中反應(yīng)comproportionation（symproportionation）reaction氧化劑oxidisingagent還原劑reducingagent電子層（殼）（electron）shell電離能ionisationenergy（abbr。I.E.）第一，第二，第三等電離能first,second,third ,etc。ionisationenergy（abbr。1st,2nd,3rd,etc。I。E。）電子親和能electronaffinityenergy（abbr.A.E.）屏蔽效應(yīng)electronicshielding（screening）原子軌道atomicorbital電子云electroncloud電子亞層sub—shell能層layer能級energylevel電子排布electronconfiguration電子云重疊shelloverlap洪特規(guī)則Hund'srule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基態(tài)groundstate激發(fā)態(tài)excitedstate躍遷transition手性chirality[kai'—]化學(xué)鍵chemicalbond鍵長bondlength鍵級bondorder鍵角bondangle鍵能bondenthalpies離子鍵ionicbond供體donor受體acceptor靜電吸引electrostaticattraction巨型離子結(jié)構(gòu)giantionicstructure共價(jià)鍵covalent[k9u'veilsnt]bond巨型共價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)giantcovalentstructure共用電子對sharedpair/bondingpair孤對電子lonepair/non-bondingpairo鍵?！猙ondn鍵n-bond6鍵3—bond極性共價(jià)鍵polarbond非極性共價(jià)鍵non-polarbond配位鍵dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond電負(fù)性electronegativity極性polarity偶極子dipole分子間作用力intermolecularforces氫鍵hydrogenbond范德華力vanderWaal’sforce色散力dispersionforce誘導(dǎo)力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金屬鍵metallicbond離域delocalisation[di:,lsukslai,zeijn]延展性malleability[,m出lia'biGti]可鍛性ductility[dAk,tilsti]導(dǎo)電性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序數(shù)protonnumber同位素isotope['aiset9up]核素nuclide[,nju:klaid]同量異位素isobar[,aiss(u)ba:]金屬metal非金屬nonmetal堿金屬alkalimetal堿土金屬alkalineearthmetal鹵素halogen稀有氣體noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活潑active穩(wěn)定noble分解反應(yīng)decompositionreaction化合反應(yīng)combination(synthesis)reaction取代反應(yīng)displacementreaction復(fù)分解反應(yīng)saltmetathesis[ms't出Basis]reaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀precipitation[pri,sipi’teij(s)n]官能團(tuán)functionalgroup碳?xì)浠衔?烴hydrocarbon飽和烴saturatedhydrocarbon不飽和烴unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烴aliphatic[，出li'f出tik]hydrocarbon脂環(huán)烴alicyclic[,saiklik；]hrdrocarbon同系物homologous[hD'mDlagas]series異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象isomerism[,aisamarizam]同分異構(gòu)體isomeride[ai'somaraid]同素異形體allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula結(jié)構(gòu)式displayedformula結(jié)構(gòu)簡式structuralformula鍵線式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission異裂heterolyticfission親核試劑nucleophile[,njukliafail]親電子試劑electrophile力口成反應(yīng)additionreaction力口水加成hydrationreaction力口成聚合反應(yīng)additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer單體monomer鏈節(jié)repeatunit縮合聚合反應(yīng)condensationreaction縮聚物condensationpolymer取代反應(yīng)substitutionreaction脫水dehydration水解hydrolysis鹵代反應(yīng)halogenationreaction酯化反應(yīng)esterificationreaction親核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反應(yīng)eliminationreaction裂化反應(yīng)cracking(reaction)石油分餾fractionaldistillation燃燒combustion發(fā)酵fermentation氟氯烴chlorofluorocarbons產(chǎn)率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy紅外光譜學(xué)infraredspectroscopy質(zhì)譜分析massspectroscopy光譜spectrum揮發(fā)性volatility冷凝回流reflux反應(yīng)機(jī)理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy熱力學(xué)thermodynamic[09：m9udai'—]焓enthalpy(abbr.H)[en'B出lpi]焓變enthalpychange(abbr.AH)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.AHQ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)反應(yīng)焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.AHrQ)燃燒熱heatofcombustion標(biāo)準(zhǔn)燃燒焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr。AHc0)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.AHf?)放熱反應(yīng)exothermic[ekssu'—]reaction吸熱反應(yīng)endothermicreaction熱化學(xué)方程式thermochemical[09：msu'-]equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比熱容specificheatcapacity鍵焓bondenthalpy平均鍵焓averagebondenthalpy蓋斯定律Hess’law有效碰撞理論collisiontheory反應(yīng)速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反應(yīng)動力學(xué)reactionkinetics催化劑catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzyme['enzaim]波爾茲曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化學(xué)平衡(chemical)equilibrium[i:kwi'-]可逆反應(yīng)reversiblereaction動態(tài)平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常數(shù)chemicalequilibriumconstant濃度幕concentrationpower平衡移動shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.AG)阿累尼烏斯方程theArrhenius[s'ri:ni9s]Equation自發(fā)反應(yīng)spontaneous[spon'teiniss]reaction熵entropy(abbr。AS)溫室效應(yīng)greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption綠色化學(xué)greenchemistry溶解度solubility離子反應(yīng)ionicreaction電離ionisation電解質(zhì)electrolyte電離平衡ionisationequilibrium電離常數(shù)ionisationconstant離子積ion—productconstant氫離子濃度指數(shù)hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentield'hydrogene)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibrium[disc’luj(s)n]ekwi溶度積solubilityproduct原電池galvanic(voltaic)cell[g出l'v出nik]鹽橋saltbridge電極electrode正極/陽極anode負(fù)極/陰極cathode標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電勢standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干電池drycell一次電池primarycell(battery)二次電池/蓄電池secondarycell/storagebattery充電charge放電discharge燃料電池fuelcell電解electrolysis電解池/電解槽electrolyticcell電鍍galvanisation[,g出lvanai’zeijan]電偶腐蝕/電化腐蝕galvaniccorrosion分子空間構(gòu)型moleculargeometries雜化hybrid軌道orbital晶格lattice晶體crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆積作用sedimentation[ysedimsn,teijsn]常見元素氫hydrogen(abbr。H)['haidrsdjsn]氦helium(abbr.He)['hi：lism]鋰lithium(abbr.Li)[,liQism]硼boron(abbr。B)[，b3：r3n]碳carbon(abbr.C)['ka:bsn]氮nitrogen(abbr。N)['naitrsd^sn]氧oxygen(abbr。O)[勺ksid^sn]氟fluorine(abbr。F)[,flusri:n]氖neon(abbr.Ne)['ni：on]鈉sodium(abbr.Na) ['ssudism]鎂magnesium(abbr。Mg)鋁aluminum(abbr.Al)[足s'minism]硅silicon(abbr。Si)[,siliksn]磷phosphorus(abbr.P)[,fosfsrss]硫sulfur(abbr。S)['sAlfs]氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)['kb:ri：n]氬argon(abbr。Ar)[，a：gbn]車甲potassium(abbr。K)[ps't出sism]鈣calcium(abbr.Ca)['k出lsism]鈦titanium(abbr.Ti)[tai,teinism]銘chromium(abbr.Cr)[,krsumjsm]鎰manganese(abbr.Mn)['m?Qgsni:z]鐵iron(abbr。Fe)['aisn]鉆cobalt(abbr.Co) [ksu,bb:lt]鎮(zhèn)nickel(abbr。Ni)['niksl]銅copper(abbr。Cu)['kbps]鋅zinc(abbr.Zn) [zigk]碑a(chǎn)rsenic(abbr。As)[,a：ssnik]澳bromine(abbr。Br)[,brsumi：n]銀silver(abbr.Ag)[,silvs]錫tin(abbr。Sn)[tin]碘iodine(abbr。I)氙xenon(abbr.Xe)[,zenon]鋇barium(abbr。Ba)['besrism]鎢tungsten(abbr.W)[tAgstsn]箱platinum(abbr。Pt)[,pl出tinsm]金gold(abbr。Au)[gsuld]汞mercury(abbr。Hg)[，ms：kjuri]鉛lead(abbr。Pb)[led]常見單質(zhì)氫氣、氮?dú)?、氧氣、氟氣、氯氣、液澳、固態(tài)碘的名稱同元素名稱金剛石diamond['daismsnd]石墨graphite[,gr出fait]臭氧ozone['suzsun]紅磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常見根離子(commonradicals)氫化的hydride['haidraid]硼酸boric(acid)adj.borate['bb：reit]碳化的carbide[‘ka:baid]碳酸carbonic[ka:'bDnik](acid)adj.carbonate碳酸氫根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitride['naitraid]疊氮化的azide['出zaid]不硝酸nitric(acid)adj。nitrate亞硝酸nitrous[,naitrss](acid)adjonitrite氧化的oxide['bksaid]二氧化的dioxide[dai—']三氧化的trioxide[trai'Dksaid]過氧根peroxy(radical)adj.peroxide[ps,bksaid]超氧化的superoxide[sjups,bksaid]氫氧根hydroxyl[hai'drbksil] (radical)adj.hydroxide水合氫離子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏鋁酸meta—aluminic[mets,出ljuminik](acid)adj。meta—aluminate[s'lju:mineit]四羥基合鋁酸hydroxyl—aluminic[hai'dr3ksil-'](acid)硅酸silicic['silisik](acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氫根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氫根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氫根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj。sulphate硫酸氫根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亞硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亞硫酸氫根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphate[Qaisu-'l焦硫酸根persulphate[ps：—']氯化的chloride['kbraid]氫氯酸/鹽酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亞氯酸chlorous(acid)adj。chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite澳化的bromide氫澳酸、高澳酸、澳酸、亞澳酸、次澳酸名稱參見氯碘化的iodide['aisdaid]氫碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亞碘酸、次碘酸名稱參見氯鹵化的halide銨根ammonium[s'msunism]高鎰酸根permanganate鎰酸根manganate鼠根cyanide[’sainaid]硫鼠根thiocyanate[Qaisu'saisneit]銘酸根chromate重銘酸根dichromate常見無機(jī)化^物(commoninorganiccompounds)氫化鈉sodiumhydride氨ammonia/azane[s—'l硅烷silane['si-l磷化氫phosphine硫化氫hydrogensulphide氮化鎂magnesiumnitride四氧化三鐵iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氫hydrogenchloride氯化亞鐵iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化鐵iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亞錫tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羥基合鋁酸鈉sodiumaluminate磷酸二氫鈉monosodiumphosphate磷酸氫二鈉disodiumphosphate氯化銨ammoniumchloride硫氫化鈉/硫氫酸鈉sodiumhydrosulphide系統(tǒng)^名法(chemicalnomenclature)一mono——二di——三tri-四tetra-五penta——六hexa——七h(yuǎn)epta——八octa-九nona——十deca-烷烴alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix-ane)甲meth——乙eth——丙prop-丁but-戊pent-己hex——庚hept—辛oct-壬non-癸dec-十一undec——十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec——十五pentadec——十六hexadec-十七h(yuǎn)eptadec-十八octadec——十九nonadec——二十eicos——三十triacont-四十tetracont—五十prntacont-正構(gòu)型normal—(n-)異構(gòu)型iso-(i-)新構(gòu)型neo——(n—)聚poly一烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr。Me)乙基ethyl(abbr。Et)丙基propyl(abbr。Pr)環(huán)烷烴cycloalkane(preffix——cyclo,suffix——ane)烯烴alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烴allene(suffix—adiene)環(huán)烯烴cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix——ene)快烴alkyne(preffixalkynyl——,suffix——yne)順式異構(gòu)preffixcis-(Z-)反式異構(gòu)preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr。Ph)(preffixphenyl-，suffix-benzene)芐基benzyl(abbr。Bn)(preffixbenzyl—，suffix-toluene)醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy—,suffix——ol)帶鹵素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-，chloro—,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo—,suffix——alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl一,suffix-carbaldehyde)竣酸carboxylic[ka：bnk'silik] (acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix—oicacid)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix—oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix—di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr。Ac)醚ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)月旨ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl—,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix——N——)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido—,suffix-amideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho一,suffix-sulphonicacid)月青nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid常見有機(jī)化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)[finolf'Qeili：n]石蕊litmus澳酚藍(lán)bromophenoblue百里酚藍(lán)thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龍膽紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform異戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcene[mair'si：n]聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龍poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr。PTF)晴綸orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蟻酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid軟脂酸/棕櫚酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸鈉sodiumstearate檸檬酸citricacid檸檬酸鈉sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸鈉sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj。gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脫氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脫氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麥芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj。sulphonate(preffixsulpho