Unit2 Lesson 7 The future of abortion 美英報刊選讀

Lesson7TheFutureofAbortion

美英報刊閱讀教程（第三版）Lesson7StructureAnalysisKeytoQuestions

Photos&Diagrams

AdditionalNotes

BackgroundInformationContentsBackgroundInformation1.TheSupremeCourt

最高法院

ThejudicialbranchofthefederalgovernmentisheadedbytheU.S.SupremeCourt,whichinterpretsthemeaningoftheConstitutionandoffederallaws.聯(lián)邦政府的最高級司法機(jī)構(gòu)是最高法院，擁有對憲法和聯(lián)邦政府的解釋權(quán)。Lesson7Itconsistsofninejustices(includingthechiefjustice)appointedforlifebythepresidentwiththeconsentoftheSenate.經(jīng)參議院的批準(zhǔn)，由總統(tǒng)任命九個法官（終身制），包括大法官IthastheauthoritytoactincasesarisingundertheConstitution,laws,ortreatiesoftheUnitedStates;incontroversiestowhichtheUnitedStatesisaparty;incontroversiesbetweenstatesorbetweencitizensofdifferentstates;incasesofadmiraltyandmaritimejurisdiction;andincasesaffectingambassadors,otherpublicministers,andconsuls.最高法院有權(quán)判決美國憲法，法律，條約等管轄下的案子。

BackgroundInformationLesson7

2.Roevs.WadeCase

In1973theU.S.SupremeCourtruledinRoeVs.Wadethatunduly過度地restrictivestateregulationofabortionwasunconstitutional,ineffectlegalizingabortionondemandforwomeninthefirstthreemonthsofpregnancy.Acounter-movementfortherestorationofstrictcontroloverthecircumstancesunderwhichabortionsmightbepermittedsoonsprangup,andtheissuebecameentangledinsocialandpoliticalconflict.1973年的RoeVs.Wade案件，最高法院裁定對墮胎過于嚴(yán)格的州法律是違反憲法的，并裁定妊娠前三個月的墮胎是合法的。一場反對嚴(yán)格控制墮胎的運(yùn)動隨之迅速發(fā)展，墮胎議題卷入社會和政治沖突。BackgroundInformationLesson7

3．AbortionintheUnitedStates

Itisahighly-chargedissueinvolvingsignificantpoliticalandethicaldebate.在美國，墮胎是一個能引起激烈反響的政治和道德的議題。Abortionreferstoanypregnancythatdoesnotendinalivebirthandthereforecanrefertoamiscarriageoraprematurebirththatdoesnotresultinaliveinfant.Sucheventsareoftencalledspontaneousabortionsiftheyoccurbefore20weeksofgestation孕期.Incommonparlance,however,abortionisusedtomean“inducedabortion”ofanembryo胚胎orfetus胎兒atanypointinpregnancy,andthisisalsohowthetermisusedinalegalsense.BackgroundInformationLesson7NumberofabortionsinUnitedStates:AccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),therewere854,122legalinducedabortionsintheUSin2003.Therearelotsofreasonsforpregnantwomentochooseanabortion,forexample,somewanttopostponechildbearing

,othershaverelationshipproblemsorthepartnerdoesnotwantpregnancy,ect.Variousreasonscontributingtotheirhavingalateabortionarereported,thatis,somedidn’trecognizetheywerepregnantormisjudgedgestation,somefoundithardtomakearrangementsforabortion,otherswereafraidtotelltheirpartnersorparents,etc.BackgroundInformationLesson7

RoevWade[1973]羅伊訴韋德Fact：Roe,aTexasresident,soughttoterminateherpregnancybyabortion.Texaslawprohibitedabortionsexcepttosavethepregnantwoman'slife.Conclusion

dissentdissent三、美國：

判決理由法律應(yīng)該保護(hù)正在承受肉體和精神折磨而又不愿意生育的婦女，而不是法律地位不清的胎兒。"從一切情形看，聯(lián)邦憲法所指的'人'都是特指出生后的人"自由墮胎權(quán)是個人隱私權(quán)的重要組成部分應(yīng)該對于妊娠期的不同階段區(qū)別對待。最初三個月，胎兒沒有成形，墮胎一般不會對于婦女造成危害，可以允許婦女有充分的選擇自由；中間三個月期間可以加以一些管理，但僅限于規(guī)范墮胎程序安全，以切實保護(hù)孕婦身體安全健康，墮胎的決定應(yīng)由孕婦與醫(yī)生協(xié)商做出；最后三個月，胎兒基本發(fā)育成熟，墮胎對于孕婦風(fēng)險很大，州政府的禁止墮胎"有邏輯學(xué)和生物學(xué)上的合理性"

影響

美國政府最終頒布了著名的羅伊.威德法案，該法案頒布于1973年——內(nèi)容為美國聯(lián)邦法院賦予婦女墮胎權(quán)。在美國200多年歷史中，從來沒有一個判例象聯(lián)邦最高法院1973年的Roev.Wade案那樣，在整個社會引起如此廣泛和持久對立。

現(xiàn)在美國：各州對墮胎的法律規(guī)定不同Lesson7AdditionalNotesForanother,thecourtclearlyinvitedstatelegislaturestoexperimentwithnewlawsdesignedtolimitaccesstoabortion—anattempttoforceabortionpolicyoutofthecourtsandintothepoliticalarena

(Line6-7,Para.2)—另外，最高法院明顯慫恿州立法機(jī)構(gòu)嘗試旨在限制墮胎的新法律——這是一種迫使墮胎政策從法院領(lǐng)域走向政治領(lǐng)域的嘗試

（accesstoabortion：allowtoabortion

）Thepost-Roeeramayliveuptothesenightmarepredictions,oritmaynot

(Line1,Para.3)—所預(yù)測的這些可怕情況在羅案后時代或許會出現(xiàn)，或許不會出現(xiàn)

(liveupto:todoaswhatisexpected

)

Lesson7AdditionalNotes3.Andinwordsthatchilledabortionadvocateseverywhere,headded,“wedonotseewhy…butprohibitingitbeforeviability…”

(Line7-11,Para.4)—他在講那些讓各地?fù)碜o(hù)墮胎者感到無比失望的話時補(bǔ)充說道，“我們不明白為什麼只是在胎兒具有可存活性時，國家才對保護(hù)胎兒生命表現(xiàn)關(guān)心，因而要劃一條僵硬的界線允許對有存活性胎兒墮胎加以限制，而對未達(dá)到存活性階段胎兒的墮胎則禁止限制?！?/p>

（whythestate’s…和thatthereshould…是并列賓語從句，作see的賓語

）4.Theresult…foeofabortion

(Line5-7,Para.5)—結(jié)果是按憲法精神新的裁決措辭謹(jǐn)慎、模糊不清。這結(jié)果導(dǎo)致極力反對墮胎的安東尼奧·斯卡利亞法官的激烈批評(muddle:astateofconfusionanddisorder)

Lesson7AdditionalNotes5.TheWebstercase"preservesachaosthatisevidenttoanyonewhocanreadandcount,"Scaliawrote."Wecannowlookforwardtoatleastanothertermwithcartsfullofmail…andstreetsfullofdemonstratorsurgingus…tofollowthepopularwill…"

(Line7-10,Para.5)—“韋伯斯特案將造成思想上的混亂，對這一點任何有點知識的人都可以看得出來?！盨calia寫道，“等著瞧，至少下一階段將會有成堆的來信和滿街的示威者要求我們按照民意行事。”

（cartsfullofmail:alotofmailexpressingdifferentopinionsonthecase

）

Lesson7AdditionalNotes6.Indismissingthetrimestersystemandtheconceptoffetalviability,Rehnquistleftavacuumthatwillbeveryhardtofill

(Line2-3,Para.7)—由于摒棄了原先妊娠劃為三個階段的方法和胎兒可生存性的觀念，倫奎斯特所寫的裁決留下了一個無法填補(bǔ)的真空

(trimester:theusualAmericanwordforaTERMataschoolorcollege[美式]三個月的一個學(xué)期

)

Lesson7Photos&DiagramsPro-life要生命權(quán)反對墮胎Pro-choice選擇權(quán)支持墮胎（婦女對自己的身體有選擇權(quán)）Lesson7KeytoQuestions1.WhattheMissourilawsharplyrestrictedwas____.A. abortionservicesofallkindsB. women’srighttoabortionC. PubliclyfundedabortionservicesD. women’srighttoworkLesson7KeytoQuestions2.ElectedofficialsfeelworriedabouttheMissouricaseverdictbecause____.A.itisharmfultopublicinterestsB.Women’srightstoabortionwillbelimitedC.itwillcausedisunityD.ItwillcausethelossofvotesofaconstituencydividedontheabortionissueLesson73.WhichofthefollowingSupremeCourt’sjusticesisthemostliberalontheabortion____.A.WilliamRehnquistB.HarryBlackmumC.SandraDayO’ConnorD.AntoninScaliaKeytoQuestionsLesson74.WhichofthefollowinggroupsfeelhappyabouttheSupremeCourt’sverdictontheMissouricase?A. right-to-lifersB. pro-choicersC. pro-abortionistsD. women’s-rightactivistsKeytoQuestionsLesson75.Theauthor’soverallattitudetowardstheMissouricaseverdictis____.A. criticalB. positiveC. objectiveD. unknownKeytoQuestionsLesson71.Whatrightdidthe1973SupremeCourtdecisionestablishforAmericanwomen?

The1973SupremeCourtdecisionestablishedAmericanwomen’srighttoabortion.KeytoQuestionsLesson72.Whowastheauthorofthe1973Courtdecision?

JusticeHarryBlackmunistheauthorofthe1973Courtdecision.

KeytoQuestionsLesson73.Whatwasthegistofthe1989SupremeCourtdecisiondraftedbyRehnquist?

ThisdecisionupheldtheconstitutionalityofaMissourilawthatsharplyrestrictedtheavailabilityofpubliclyfundedabortionservicesandrequireddoctorstotestfortheviabilityoffetusat20weeks.

KeytoQuestionsLesson74.Howdidthe1989decisionaffectthe1973decision?The1989decisionnarrowedthe1973decision.ItrepresentedthefirstrealcrackinthelegalfoundationofRoe.KeytoQuestionsLesson75.HowdoestheAmericanpublicfeelabouttheabortionissueaccordingtotherecentNewsweekpoll?MostAmericanpublicsupporttheideaofcompromise.Thepollshowsanincreaseinpublicsupportforlegalizingabortionunderallcircumstances.Butdetailedquestionsonproposalstorestrictabortiontelladifferentstory.Thepublicbacksmandatorytestsoffetalviabilityandopposestheuseofpublicmoneyorpublicfacilitiestoterminateapregnancyunlessthemother’slifeisendangered.

KeytoQuestionsLesson76.TothemindofJusticeAntoninScalia,whatresultwouldtheWebstercasecreate?

TothemindofJusticeAntoninScalia,theWebstercasewouldcreatechaosandcontroversyandthepublicmightexpressdifferentopinionsonthiscaseandevenholddemonstrations.

KeytoQuestionsLesson77.HowdoesJusticeHenryBlackmumfeelabouttheRehnquistdecision?

HeisagainsttheRehnquistdecision.Hechargedthatthedecisionis“deceptive”andisintendedtodoawaywiththe1973decision.

KeytoQuestionsLesson78.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBlackmum’sdecision?

TheauthorthinksBlackmun’sdecisionwasanattempttobalancetherightofwomenagainsttherightsoftheunborn.

KeytoQuestionsStructureAnalysisReadingSkillPartI(1)DecisionbytheSupremeCourt

PartIIPartIII(2)Significanceofthedecision

(3)Publicsentimentontheabortion

StructureAnalysisReadingSkillPart

IV(4)IntentionoftheSupremeCourt:torollbackRoeVs.WadePartⅤPartⅥ(5-6)Criticismofthedecisionbythetwosides(7)Author’sview:AvacuumoflogicalbasisforrevisingtheRoecaseLesson7(1)DecisionbytheSupremeCourt

Question：WhatisthedecisionofSupremeCourt?Ina5-4decisionwrittenbyChiefJusticeWilliamRehnquist,thecourtupheldtheconstitutionalityofaMissourilawthatsharplyrestricttheavailabilityofpubliclyfundedabortionservicesandrequireddoctorstotesttheviabilityofafetusat20weeks,ortwothirdsofthewaysthroughthesecondtrimesterofpregnancy.最高法院以5票對4票通過了大法官WilliamRehnquist起草的的決定中，確認(rèn)密蘇里州的一項法律是合乎憲法精神的。StructureAnalysis1989年8月，最高法院以5比4的微弱多數(shù)把1986年密蘇里州的墮胎法判決為合憲。這次判決給各州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)開了綠燈，使其得以在墮胎問題上設(shè)置各種障礙或附加條件。RoeV.Wade,thelandmark1973decisionthatestablishedawoman’srighttoabortion,wasstillthelawoftheland,butithadbeennarrowed.它的效應(yīng)縮小了。II.(2)

Significanceofthedecision

Hadasignificancefarbeyondthespecificofthedecision這個裁決的影響比它本身具體的決定有更廣泛的影響。

1.CrackinthelegalfoundationofRoe有人認(rèn)為高等法院此舉是為了鏟除當(dāng)年的1973Roevs.Wade的判決結(jié)果，讓各個州政府來決定，使得墮胎這個問題從高等法院走進(jìn)各州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)。此舉，使得保守派，反對墮胎者雀躍不已---delight女權(quán)主義者氣餒---dismay候選人緊張萬分，---terrify選舉的派系斗爭會讓墮胎問題成為對候選人的試驗，對于自己的選民分布在兩派的政客而言，這是一個無法取勝的事。

2.Encouragementforotherstatelegislaturestoexperimentwithnewlawslimitingaccesstoabortion

最高法院鼓勵其他州立法限制墮胎。Lesson7(3)Publicsentimentontheabortion

公眾的反應(yīng)Broadlysupporttheideaofcompromise妥協(xié)

1.Broadly:increaseofabortionadvocates21%-29%decreaseofabortionopponents22%-17%2.Specifically:Supportforviabilitytestandmorestringentmedicalstandards;oppositiontouseofpublicmoneyorpublicfacilitiesforabortion公眾以21%的差額多數(shù)支持強(qiáng)制性的胎兒存活試驗（限制墮胎的舉措還是很嚴(yán)格），絕大多數(shù)反對使用公家設(shè)備或公款墮胎，除非孕婦的生命受到威脅。StructureAnalysisButdetailedquestionsonproposalstorestrictabortiontelladifferentstory.限制墮胎的舉措（嚴(yán)格）IV.(4)

IntentionoftheSupremeCourt:torollbackRoeVs.Wade

Rollback廢除密蘇里案進(jìn)一步證實最高法院打算廢棄RoeVsWade案Thequestionnowishowtodevise設(shè)計alegalstandardforpoliticalcompromise---butthereislittleinlastweek’sdecisiontogivepoliticiansorlower-courtjudgesclearguidance.TherigidRoeframeworkishardlyconsistentwiththenotionofaconstitutioncase.羅案僵硬的條款和憲法是相違背的。Chillabortionadvocate讓墮胎的支持者寒心Wedonotseewhythestate’sinterestinprotectinglifeshouldcomeintoexistenceonlyatthepointof(fetal)viability,andthatthereforethereshou