主旨大意推斷

主旨大意專題閱讀中主旨大意題的設題方式第一步:識別文體,找主題句尋找主題句的方法第二步:推敲選項,排除干擾主題句的呈現(xiàn)形式：文首，文尾，文中，首尾呼應，無主題句推理判斷專題一、題型特點與命題方式二、解題思路與應試技巧三、高考解讀探析1：細節(jié)推斷題探析2：態(tài)度觀點判斷題探析3：寫作意圖題探析4：深層推理題探析5：邏輯結論題探析6：文章的題材或出處探析7：預測推斷題

小結:

推理判斷類型題并非無章可循,而是有一定的規(guī)律.關鍵是按照作者陳述的觀點和描述的事實,進行正確合乎邏輯地推論和引申.做到”有理有據(jù)”,從而得出符合原文信息或提示的答案.推理判斷一、題型特點與命題方式1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______.2)Fromthetextweknowthat______.3)Thestoryimpliesthat______.4)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillprobablybe_.5)Thewriter’sattitudetoward...is______.6)Theauthorimplied（suggested）that．．．

7)Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat．．．

8)Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？

或提問中含有表示推測的情態(tài)動詞，如：can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的副詞或詞組，如probably,mostlikely等。二、解題思路與應試技巧首先，考生在閱讀時，要抓住文章的主題和細節(jié)，分析文章結構，根據(jù)上下文內在聯(lián)系，挖掘文章的深層含義。其次，對于暗含在文章中的人物的行為動機、事件的因果關系及作者未言明的傾向、意圖、態(tài)度、觀點等要進行合乎邏輯的判斷、推理、分析，進一步增強理解能力，抓住材料實質性的東西。再次，在解答推理性問題時，應清楚所要解答的問題是針對某個細節(jié)進行推斷，還是針對主題思想、作者的意圖進行推斷。注意事項：1、吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示。2、注意作者遣詞造句的特點，弄清詞的含蓄含義。3、時刻提醒自己作者想讓我們推斷什么，要忠于原文，不可臆斷，憑空想象。4、利用文章中明確表示的內容，進行推理，挖掘作者在文章中的隱含意義。高考解讀Inmanycountriesthestandardoflivingenjoyedbytheirpeoplehadincreasedrapidlyinrecentyears.Sadly,noteveryoneinthesecountriesissofortunateandmanypeopleinrichcountriesarehomeless.Thereasonsforhomelessnessarevarious,butpoverty(貧窮)isundoubtedlyoneofthemaincauses.Thehomelesspeoplemayhavebecomejoblessandthenbeenunabletopaytheirrentandsonolongerhavearoofovertheirheads.Often,thefactthatunemployedpeoplegethelpfromthegovernmentpreventsthisfromhappening,butnotalways……探析1：細節(jié)推斷題Somecynics(憤世嫉俗的人)declarethathomelesspeoplechoosetolivethelifewhichtheylead.Butwhowouldwillinglychoosetoliveinashopdoorway,underabridgeorinacardboardbox?Q:Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

.A.youwillnotfindhomelesspeopleincountrieswithahighstandardoflivingB.thementalillliveonthestreetbecausetheywantthecompanyofotherhomelesspeopleC.theunemployedwhoreceivehelpmaystillbeamongthehomelessD.thehomelessarewillingtoliveunderabridgeorinacardboardboxC探析2：態(tài)度觀點判斷題常見的問及態(tài)度的詞語有:

Apositive,negative,neutral,approval,disapproval,indifferent,sarcastic,critical,optimistic,pessimistic,objective,subjective,doubtful.典例2：Whyisn’tyounewspaperreportinganygoodnews?AllIReadaboutismurder,bribery(行賄)anddeath.Frankly,I’msickofallthebadnews.Q:Thisauthorsattitudetowardsthenewspaperreportingisto

.A.complainB.apologizeC.amuseD.informEarthquakemayrightlyrankedasoneofthemostdisastrousforcesknowntoman:sincerecordbegantobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimated(估計)thatearthquake-relateddeathshavenumberedinthemillions,andthatearthquake-relatedlosshasbeenbeyondcalculation…Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakeoccurredintwoparticularareasinhistory…Itisdoubtfulthatmanwillbeeverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandgetridoftheirdamagealtogether.Butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpossibledamagebeforetheyoccur.探析3：寫作意圖題

Q:Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageprobablyisto____.A.informthereaderB.entertainthereaderC.supportatheoryD.questionatheoryATodayabout70countriesuseDaylightSavingTime(DST).DaylightSavingwasfirstintroducedduringWorldWarIinAustralia.Duringtheworldwars,DSTwasusedforthelatesummersbeginningJanuary1917and1942,andthefullsummersbeginningSeptember1942and1943.……ThedifferencesindaylightsavinginAustraliacontinuetocauseseriousproblemsintransportandmanyothersocialactivities.Italsoreducesthenumberofhoursintheworkingdaythatarecommontoallcentersinthecountry.Inparticular,timedifferencesalongtheeastcoastcausemajordifficulties,especiallyforthebroadcastersofnationalradioandtelevision.探析4：深層推理題Q:WhatdoweknowabouttheuseofDSTfromthelastparagraph?A.Thereexistsomeundesirableeffects.B.Ithelpslittletosaveenergy.C.Itbringsaboutlongerworkingdays.D.RadioandTVprogramsbecomedifferent.A.Thereexistsomeundesirableeffects.SeveraldifferentbisonspecieshavelivedontheNorthAmericancontinentsincetheIceAge;todayonlytwoexist.Thewoodbisonisthelargerofthetwo,andisfoundmostlyinwesternCanada.BetterknownintheUnitedStatesisthePlainsbison,orbuffalo.Atonetime,herdsoftheanimalscouldbesightedeverywherefromtheAppalachianMountainsintheEasttotheRockyMountainsintheWest.Q:Theauthorimpliesthatseveraltypesofbison

.A.liveoutsidetheUnitedStatesandCanada.B.arewelladaptedtoswampyterrainC.existedbeforetheIceAgeD.havebeenkilledorhavediedout探析5：邏輯結論題D探析6：文章的題材或出處

Ourexcellentactivitiescreatepersonalizedmemoriesofyourchild’svacation.EachchildwillreceiveacampT-shirtandaphotoalbum(usually300-500pictures)oftheirstayatcamp.OurcampareofferedduringJune,JulyandAugust2007,forsmallgroupsofgirlsaged13-16years,notonlyfromCanadabutalsootherpartsoftheworld.Q:Thepassageiswrittenmainlyfor

.A.HorseridersB.teenagegirlsC.CanadianparentsD.internationaltravelersC探析7：預測推斷題

Withthepastinmind,preparationsfor2006seasonincludedsweepingchangesonboththetechnicalandpersonalsides.ThemanagementatToyotaMotorsportGmbHwasrestructed,withJohnHowettmovingfromToyotaMotorMarketingEuropetobecomePresident,thusenablingthecompanyfounder,OveAnderson,moretimetoconcentratetheoperationoftheraceteamatthetrack.Anderson’svalueasaninspirationalleaderwasoneoftheteam’sbiggestasserts(財富)in2005.Q:Whatwillthenextparagraphtalkaboutifthepassagegoeson?Preparationsforthe2006season.B.ThevalueofOveAndersonC.HowtoimprovetheEuropeanmarket?D.ChangesontechnicalsideD小結:

推理判斷類型題并非無章可循,而是有一定的規(guī)律.關鍵是按照作者陳述的觀點和描述的事實,進行正確合乎邏輯地推論和引申.做到”有理有據(jù)”,從而得出符合原文信息或提示的答案.主旨大意閱讀中主旨大意題的設題方式直接詢問文章或段落的主旨大意，如：Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?What’sthetopicofthearticle?文章標題歸納，如：Whatisthebesttitle/headlineforthepassage?3.文章的寫作目的，常見題干表述形式，如：Whatisthepurposeofthetext?4.文章的出處、來源以及寫作對象，如：Thepassageismostprobablytakenfrom____.Youcanmostprobablyreadthetextin______.Thepassageisprobablywrittenfor______.Whoaretheintendedreadersofthepassage?第一步:識別文體,找主題句主題句一般具有三個特點：

1．表述的意思比較概括。

2．句子結構較簡單，多數(shù)都不采用長、難句的形式。

3．段落中其他的句子必定是用來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表述的主題思想。尋找主題句的方法(一)

新聞報道：導語提攜全文夾敘夾議文:主題句常在議論中說明文:一般在首段議論文:一般為總分總模式,即主題句（作

者的觀點）常在首段或末段（作

者觀點的重申）。當然，由于寫

作需要，主題句偶爾也可在一段

文章中間。尋找主題句的方法(二)特別關注結論性或者轉折性的語言。如：therefore,asaresult,thus,so,forexample,infact,inshort，thestudyshowsthat…,onthewhole,

moreover,furthermore,what’smore,mostimportantofall,but,however,rather,yet等等，這些詞后面所闡述的往往就是主題句

。(三)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問題的解答就是文章主旨.(四)關注高頻詞

(常為名詞)(五)概括性選項優(yōu)先，片面選項勿選。第二步:推敲選項,排除干擾推敲選項正誤的4個竅門:⑴根據(jù)第一步尋找主題句,找出關鍵詞,與四個選項進行匹配,選出最合適恰當?shù)拇鸢涪普_選項一般不含絕對意義的詞，例如：all,completely,only,almost,absolutely,definitely等。⑶正確選項應能概括全文,內容全面,含義深刻或說明道理。⑷四個選項中,內容相近或完全相反的兩個選項中往往有一個是正確答案。第二步:推敲選項,排除干擾干擾項的特點:⑴概括范圍太窄,常為文中具體信息或某個段落大意.⑵概括范圍太寬,所表達內容常超出文章闡述的內容.⑶無關信息:即文中未提到或找不到語言依據(jù)的信息,但看起來又是對的.第二步:推敲選項,排除干擾標題的特點:

簡練,全面,范圍合理。

忌:范圍太大,過于籠統(tǒng)；范圍太小(常用文中細節(jié)或某段段落大意來混淆)。主題句的呈現(xiàn)形式Sample1 Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）文首開門見山,提出主題,隨之用細節(jié)來解釋,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想.最常見的演繹法寫作方式.在議論文，科技文和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。

Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）文尾。在表述細節(jié)后,歸納要點,印象,結論建議或結果,以概括主題.這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式.Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3）文中

當主題句被安排在中間時,通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出,而后又作進一步的解釋,支撐或發(fā)展.Sample4(首段)Shu

Pulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.“shesaid…(尾段)“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.”Shusaid.（4）首尾呼應.為突出主題,作者先提出主題,結尾時再次點出主題,這種首尾呼應的寫作方式較為多見.但前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復,后面的表述往往有進一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。Sample5（無主題句） JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer. B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.

C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation. D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.Sample6 Doyouwanttolivewithastrongsenseofpeacefulness,happiness,goodness,andself-respect?Thecollectionofhappinessactionsbroadlycategorizedas"honor"helpyoucreatethislifeofgoodfeelings. Here‘sanexampletoshowhowhonorableactionscreatehappiness.……

50.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?HowtoLiveTruthfullyImportanceofPeacefulnessC.WaysofGainingSelf-respectD.HappinessthroughHonorableActions Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection. Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining. Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.75.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.

A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels

Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffict