擬南芥表皮毛發(fā)育機制

MolecularControlofArabidopsisTrichomesDevelopment姓名：王巖學號：2014051614生命學院遺傳專業(yè)1Maincontent1.abstractabouttrichomesinArabidopsis2.theprocessoftrichomesdevelopment3.molecularcontrolofArabidopsistrichomesdevelopment4.conclusion21.Abstract:

InArabidopsis,trichomesaretypicallyunicellularstructuresandproducedonnearlyalltheaerialorgansexceptforthehypocotylandthecotyledons.Itsfunctionisprotectionagainstplant-eatinganimalsattack.Inthelasttwodecades,molecularmechanismsinvolvedintheinitiationanddevelopmentoftrichomeshavebeeninvestigatedwiththeobjectiveofanalyzingfactorscontrollingcellfateanddifferentiationinplantcells.Withtheavailabilityofalargenumberoftrichome-relatedmutantsinArabidopsis,manykeyregulatorscontrollingtrichomeformationhavebeenidentified.InArabidopsis,trichomesonrosetteleavesarelargesinglecells,usuallywiththreebranches,anduntilnowhavebeenthesubjectofresearch.342.發(fā)育過程建立在形態(tài)學標準基礎上,擬南芥表皮毛發(fā)育分為6個階段:階段1:最開始,一個定向的表皮細胞相對于周圍的表皮細胞快速膨脹(圖1A),細胞核進行核內(nèi)復制。表皮毛細胞之間大約相隔3-4個細胞階段2:當表皮毛前期細胞擴展到比周圍細胞直徑大2–3倍時,開始出現(xiàn)垂直于表皮細胞層面的凸起,產(chǎn)生了表皮毛細胞的桿狀結(jié)構(gòu)(圖1A)。階段3:緊接著,正在生長的細胞頂端發(fā)育出細胞增大的共軛焦點,表皮毛分支開始發(fā)生(圖1A)。擬南芥葉表皮毛根據(jù)地理品系一般會形成2–4個分支。分支的方向與葉片基部到頂部軸向相互對齊,且分支間的角度非常規(guī)則階段4:在所有分支發(fā)生后,細胞通過彌散性生長繼續(xù)增大,這樣該細胞在直徑和高度上就會有所增大。開始,正在生長的表皮毛分支是鈍的(圖1A)表皮毛細胞形態(tài)發(fā)生的不同發(fā)育階段(每個細胞右下角的數(shù)字表示特定的發(fā)育階段)5階段5:頂端逐漸變尖(圖1B)階段6:在細胞增大停止后,表皮毛細胞表面形成數(shù)量不等的乳突(圖1B),周圍由1圈表皮支持細胞圍繞63.Arabidopsistrichomes:amodeloftrichomedevelopmentandregulationtheactivator–inhibitormechanism:Initialepidermalcellsequivalentlyexpresstrichome-promotingfactors,whichcanactivaterepressorsbutresultindifferentcellfateintheneighboringcells.Numeroustrichome-relatedmutantshaveenabledtheidentificationofmanytrichomepatterninggenes,whichcanbedividedintotwotypes:trichome-positiveandtrichome-negativeregulators.InArabidopsis,oneregulatorymodelshavebeenidentifiedintrichomeformationthatistheactivator–inhibitormodel.71)ThepositiveregulatorsincludetheR2R3MYBtranscriptionfactor

GL1,thebHLHfactorGL3andtheWD40-factorTTG1.GL1andTTG1interactwithGL3,formingaMYB/bHLH/WDcomplex.ThisregulatorycomplexstimulatesepidermalcellstodifferentiateintotrichomesbyactivatingtheexpressionofitsdownstreamactivatorsGL2andTTG2.whichencodesahomeodomain-leucinezipper(HD-Zip)andaWRKYtranscriptionfactorindividually.

2)Thenegativeregulatorsarerepresentedbysixredundantlyactinggenes:CPC,TRY,ETC1,ETC2,ETC3andTCL1.AllofwhichencodesinglerepeatR3MYBproteins.8ThesesmallsizedinhibitorscanmovelaterallyintoneighboringcellsandcompetewithGL1forbindingtoGL3,forminganinactivatingcomplex,whichcannotpromoteGL2andTTG2expression,therebyinhibitingtrichomefate.3)ItwasreportedthatGL1andGL3containaDNA-bindingdomain,respectively,anddeletionoftheDNA-bindingdomainscompletelyrepressestheexpressionoftheirdownstreamgeneGL2,suggestingthatGL2maybepositivelyregulatedbythemthroughDNA–proteinbinding.Thereafter,itwassuggestedthatGL1directlybindstothepromotersofGL2,whichcorrespondstothefindingthatTTG2isdirectlyregulatedbyGL1.Simultaneously,bothTTG1andGL3weredemonstratedtointeractwiththepromotersofTTG2.9

TTG1candirectlyactivatetheGL3/GL1transcription,indicatingthatTTG1mayactupstreamofGL3andGL1.Moreover,GL3wasfoundtobindtoitsownpromoterandanauto-inhibitionwasshownforthisgeneusingco-transfectionassaysinprotoplasts.Thesefindingsfurtherourunderstandingoftheactivator–inhibitormechanismoftrichomeformation.4.結(jié)語：擬南芥表皮毛作為一種特化的、典型的單細胞表皮毛,其發(fā)育過程簡單,在植物表面的分布有一定模式,其突變體不改變植物發(fā)育的其它性狀而便于遺傳分析,所以擬南芥表皮毛一直被作為一種模式系統(tǒng)來研究細胞命運決定、細胞周期調(diào)控、細胞極性以及細胞增大等細胞分化方面的問題。10目前對擬南芥表