L2 翻譯的貫通術

句子的聯(lián)綴-------翻譯的貫通術2014-03何為貫通術？--成竹在胸惟法獨尊，融會貫通

語言的連貫性句子各部分意義上的連貫（意群的整合）句子部分之間結構上的連貫（邏輯關系的勾連起、承、轉、合）詞義的選擇；同義詞、近義詞的呼應；句子時體態(tài)的一致；長短句的錯落；邏輯連詞的勾連英語貫通術漢語重意合parataxis，一盆散葡萄；英語重形合hypotaxis，一串葡萄。英語重形合hypotaxis:特別注重過渡連接詞的運用漢語重意合parataxis：特別強調上下文之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系英語貫通術英語句子主謂賓結構鮮明、語法要求嚴格。相對英語句子而言，漢語句子復雜多變，顯得較松散。英語句子講究形合，句意圍繞主語展開；漢語句子重意合，組句方式相對靈活，整個句子以所要表達的思想為中心構建。中文句子經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)多個并列短語和“一逗到底”的現(xiàn)象，層次感不太明顯，邏輯關系經(jīng)常隱含在句子里面英文句子往往更注重框架的搭建英語貫通術在中譯英時，翻譯前必須透徹理解原文，挖掘出句子與句子之間的邏輯關系。否則，譯文容易偏離英語“形合”的要求，產(chǎn)生過多單個的句子，結構松散，意思不明。連貫（Coherence）連貫指一個段落中，句子與句子之間的連接自然流暢，前后脈絡清晰，使讀者讀后有行云流水的感覺。要使段落具備連貫性，段落的內(nèi)容關系必須清楚，句子之間的過渡和發(fā)展要順暢，前后應相互照應。連貫的兩個方面:“形連”、“神連”。連貫之“形連”常見的銜接手段有：指代、替代、省略、各種轉折過渡詞語和詞匯銜接。指代、替代、省略等通過語法手段實現(xiàn)段落的自然銜接；轉折過渡詞語是充分利用表示各種不同關系（如時間、遞進、對比、舉例、空間、總結、因果、讓步等）的轉折詞語，達到承上啟下的目的；詞匯銜接則是利用詞匯（同義詞、近義詞、上義詞、下義詞、一般詞和具體詞的形式）的復現(xiàn)和詞匯的搭配實現(xiàn)段落的前后連貫一致。連貫之“神連”根據(jù)不同的題材、內(nèi)容和目的，使用時間順序、空間順序、漸進順序、演繹順序和歸納順序等把段落的內(nèi)容有機地組織起來，段落句子前后自然順暢，表達的意思無任何歧義。通常采取下列幾種辦法：1)使用平行結構；2)重復一個詞語或短語；3)在復指上一句提到的名詞時使用代詞；4)動詞時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)等保持一致；5)使用過渡詞語。段落紐帶(ParagraphContinuity)

連句成篇的手段是多種多樣的，大體可以分為三類：第一類是表示時間順序、方位順序、因果順序等邏輯概念的過渡詞語，統(tǒng)稱為“邏輯紐帶”；第二類是通過一定時、體形式以及省略、替代、照應等句法手段所表示的承接關系，這一類連句手段統(tǒng)稱為“語法紐帶”；第三類是通過詞匯的重復，同義詞、近義詞、反義詞的使用所表示的承接關系，統(tǒng)稱為“詞匯紐帶”，這三類連句手段在語篇中通常是交織使用的。（1）邏輯紐帶

并列關系，因果關系，遞進關系，轉折關系，解釋關系，概括關系，順序關系，讓步關系，對照比較關系，轉換關系等等。過渡詞（transitionalwords）在句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間起到承上啟下的作用，使句子或段落之間的銜接自然、連貫，邏輯合理，結構嚴謹。語義連貫（1）一般來說，句與句之間或段與段之間存在著下列10種語義連貫：例舉、附加、對比、讓步、重復、結論、時間、地點、和強調等語義聯(lián)系。1.例舉：forexample,forinstance,foronething,toillustrate,inparticular,ingeneral,significantly,frequently,occasionally.

2.附加：again,inaddition,too,besides,furthermore,aswell,nestto

3.比較：similarly,likewise,atthesametime,inthesameway,likewise

4.對比：but,however,nevertheless,still,conversely,whereas,though,onthecontrary,bycontract,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand.

5.讓步：doubtless,surely,grantedthat,althoughthismaybetrue,nodoubt,Iconcede,Iadmit

語義連貫（2）6.重復：again,ashasbeenpointedout,torepeat,inotherwords,asIhavesaidabove,onceagain.

7.結果：therefore,thus,hence,so,consequently,asaresult,allinall.

8.結論：thus,finally,hence,inconclusion,tosumup,tosummarize,toconclude,inshort.

9.時間：earlier,formerly,afterwards,later,presently,subsequently,meanwhile,afterawhile,atlast,atthattime,inthemeantime,inthepast,untilnow

10.強調：indeed,equally,chiefly,evenmoreimportant

除此之外，還可通過重復關鍵詞組來實現(xiàn)句與句之間或段與段之間的語義連貫。

（2）語法紐帶(GrammaticalContinuity)語法紐帶包括應用動詞的時、體形式的一致搭配以及照應、替代、省略、平行結構等語法手段。照應一般有人稱照應、指示照應和比較照應三種，也就是在行文的過程中通過使用人稱代詞和物主限定詞，或通過指示代詞和指示限定詞，或通過形容詞和副詞的比較等級以及其他比較事物的異同或質量優(yōu)劣等詞語而實現(xiàn)的照應關系，使上下文之間銜接起來。Itisdifficultforamantomanagehishomeaffairswellwhileheservesinsociety.Therefore,everymanwishestomarryawomanwhowillhelphiminconductinghisdomesticaffairs.Marriageisnotasport,itisthemostimportantthinginhumanlife.Ifwechooseourwivescarefully,ourfuturelifewillbehappyandsuccessful.Ifwechooseourwivescarelessly,ourfutureliveswillmiserable.（2）詞匯紐帶(LexicalJoint)關鍵詞的重復(RepetitionofKeyWords)

E.g.Youcanfoolsomeofthepeopleallofthetime,andallofthepeoplesomeofthetime,butyoucannotfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.(Lincoln)

同義詞、近義詞、反義詞的使用(UseoftheSynonymyandAntonym)Howeverteachingisnotaprofessionthateveryonelikes.Itisademandingjob.(同義詞、近義詞)(5)YoungAmericansalsoregarditasapridetoliveapartfromtheirparents.Theyliketoassertthemselvesbystandingontheirown(15)Marriageisnotasport,itisthemostimportantthinginhumanlife.Ifwechooseourwivescarefully,ourfuturelifewillbehappyandsuccessful.Ifwechooseourwivescarelessly,ourfutureliveswillmiserable.(4)句子的不連貫通常表現(xiàn)出下列幾個方面問題：平行結構有缺點(faultyparallelconstructions)代詞指代不清楚(pronounswithambiguousrefrence)，修飾語和被修飾語的關系不明確(danglingormisplacedmodifiers)，人稱、數(shù)、語態(tài)、時態(tài)或語氣上有混亂(confusingshiftsinpersonandnumber,orinvoice,tense,andmood)。通?？梢圆扇∠铝修k法加以改正，如：使用同義詞、代詞、過渡詞，重復關鍵詞，使用平行結果等方法。Thereisastiffpenaltyforbreakingthatlaw,anditisafairpunishment.（同義詞重復）Television,withtheirwideavailabilityandrichmediawithimageandsound,isdifficulttoignoreandevenseductiveinitsappeal.（使用代詞）Alowscoremeansfailure,andthattesttakerwillnotlikelybeadmitted.Therefore,inordertobesuccessful,oneshouldprepareforthetestsandworkhard,becauseagoodeducationwillprovidehimwithagoodjobandanopportunitytoaccomplishsomeofhisgoalsanddreams.（使用過渡詞語）Youcanfoolsomeofthepeople

allofthetime,andallofthepeoplesomeofthetime,butyoucannotfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.(-Lincoln)（重復使用關鍵詞）Lifeisamysteryandadventurewhichmanshareswithalllivingthings.（使用平行結構）段落句子的“啟、承、轉、合”

在一篇文章中，各自然段、句子都為文章的中心思想服務，各段落間，句子與句子間存在著某種邏輯關系。文章段落間的邏輯關系主要由過渡詞來完成，在修辭中稱為啟、承、轉、合。“啟”就是開頭，“承”是承接，“轉”是轉折，“合”是綜合或總結，一篇文章與一段文章一樣都有“啟、承、轉、合”關系。段落的“啟、承、轉、合”(1)“啟”，常用于引導文章開頭的過度詞有：

Itisoftensaidthat…

Generallyspeaking…

Astheproverbsays…

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…

Itisclear/obviousthat…

Marypeopleoftenask…

…(2)“承”，常用于第一年擴展段開渡詞有：

Itistruethat…

Everybodyknowthat…

Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat…

Noonecandenythat…

Onethingwhichisequallyimportanttotheabovementionedis…

Thechiefreasonwhy…isthat…

Wemustrecognizethat…

Thereisnodoubtthat…

Iamoftheopinionthat…

Thiscanexpressedasfollows…

Totake…foranexample(instance)…

Thereforeweshouldrealizethat…

Wehavereasontobelievethat…

Weknowthat…

Whatismoreseriousisthat…

(3)“轉”，常用于第二個擴展段開頭的過渡詞有：

Anotherspecialconsiderationinthiscaseisthat…

Besides,weshouldnotneglectthat…

However,…

Buttheproblemisnotsosimple,…

Therefore…

Butitisapitythat…

Ontheotherhand,…

Idonotbelievethat…

Perhapsyou’llaskwhy…

Thismaybetrue,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto…

Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith…

Thetroubleseemsthat…

Yetdifferenceswillbefound,that’swhyIfeelthat…

Solongasyouregardthisasreasonable,youmany…

(4)“合”，常用結尾段的過度詞有：

Inaword,…

Insum,…

Inconclusion,…

Fromthispointofview,…

Onaccountofthiswecanfindthat…

Theresultisdependenton…

Therefore,thesefindingsrevealthefollowinginformation…

Thus,thisisthereasonwhywemust…

句子的“啟、承、轉、合”(1)“啟”

inthefirstplace，atpresent

currently，itgoeswithoutsayingthat

lately，first

firstofall，now

presently，firstly

generally，recently

inthebeginning，tobeginwith

tostartwith，ingeneral

(2)“承”

afterafewdays，afterawhile

also，atanyrate,atthesametime,besides

bythistime,certainly,consequently,forexample

forinstance,forthispurpose,fromnowon,furthermore,inaddition,inadditionto…

infact,inotherwords,inparticular,inthesamemanner,incidentally,indeed

meanwhile,moreover,nodoubt,obviously

ofcourse,particularly,second,secondly

similarly,so,soon,still,then,third

thirdly,truly,unlike…;whatismore

(3)“轉”

afterall,allthesame

anyway,atthesametime

but,bythistime

conversely,despite…

especially…fortunately

however,inotherwords

inparticular,inspiteof…

inthesameway,likewise

luckily,nevertheless

nodoubt,notwithstanding…

onthecontrary,ontheotherhand

otherwise,perhaps…

unfortunately,unlike…

whereas…yet

nonetheless,asamatteroffact

(4)“合”

aboveall,accordingly

asaconsequence,asaresult

ashasbeennoted,asIhavesaid

atlast,atlength

byandlarge,briefly

bydoingso,consequently

eventually,finally

hence,inbrief

inconclusion,inshort

onthewhole,therefore

thustospeakfrankly

tosumup,tosummarize

indeed,surely

toconcludeobviously,certainly,truly

例證演示----Passage1語義的貫通污染：pollutecontaminate;besmear;defile;stain，sewage→atmospherepollutionmoralpollutionunderground(water)pollutionradioactivecontaminationindustrialpollutionindustrialdustpollutionchemicalpollutionenvironmentalpollutionspiritualcontaminationairpollutionfloatingdustpollution;airbornedustpollutionwatercontaminationnoisepollutiondebasethestandardsofsocialconductSootfoulstheair；遏制：tokeepwithinlimits;tocontain;tochasten;tostem;tostifle;torestrain；toholdback;withlimits→控制；治理；control

controlover

getcommandof

getahankover

incontrolof

keepdown

mastering

getunder

damup

androcracy

givecontrolover

takecommandof

controls

oversway→todominate;togovern;tomanipulate;tomaster;tobringsth.undercontrol;tolayholdof;tobeatthewheel;toholdincheck;tokeepincheck;togetcommandof→togovern;tomanage；toharness;toholdsth.inleash;toputinorder;tobringundercontrolGiantYangtzeGetsClean-upChina’slongestriver,theYangtze,witnessedamajorreductioninpollutionin2002,expertshaverevealed.About22billiontonsofindustrialwasteanddailysewagewasdischargedintotheriverin2001,1.4billiontonslessthanthepreviousyear,accordingtothelatestcommuniquéfromtheYangtzeRiverWaterResourcesCommittee.AcontributoryfactortothecutinpollutionalongChina’slongestriveristhatitsmajorcentersofpopulation,suchasShanghaiandWuhan,haveenhancedtheircapabilitytoprocesssewageandindustrialwaste.Andthesecitiesareconstructingmoresewagefarms.However,owingtoballooningpopulationsalongtheriverandvigorousindustrialandagriculturalproduction,aswellasspeedymodernization,theYangtzestillfacesseverewaterpollution.Butexpertswereconfidentthat,astheindustrialwasteprocessingcapabilityincreasesstepbystep,theriver’swaterpollutionstillcanbealleviated.語義的貫通邏輯的勾連China’slongestriver,theYangtze,

witnessedamajorreductioninpollutionin2002,expertshaverevealed.About22billiontonsofindustrialwasteanddailysewagewasdischargedintotheriverin2001,1.4billiontonslessthanthepreviousyear,accordingtothelatestcommuniquéfromtheYangtzeRiverWaterResourcesCommittee.AcontributoryfactortothecutinpollutionalongChina’slongestriveristhatitsmajorcentersofpopulation,suchasShanghaiandWuhan,haveenhancedtheircapabilitytoprocesssewageandindustrialwaste.Andthesecitiesareconstructingmoresewagefarms.However,owingtoballooningpopulationsalongtheriverandvigorousindustrialandagriculturalproduction,aswellasspeedymodernization,theYangtzestillfacesseverewaterpollution.Butexpertswereconfidentthat,astheindustrialwasteprocessingcapabilityincreasesstepbystep,theriver’swaterpollutionstillcanbealleviated.learnlearningstudyemulateLearningaforeignlanguagehasbeenamosttryingexperienceforme,butonethatIwouldn’ttradeforanything.Notonlydidlearninganotherlanguageteachmethevalueofhardwork,butitalsogavemeinsightsintoanotherculture,andmymindwasopenedtonewwaysofseeingthings.ThemostwonderfulresultofhavinglearnedaforeignlanguagewasthatIcouldcommunicatewithmanymorepeoplethanbefore.Talkingwithpeop