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1FluidsandElectrolytesManagementoftheSurgicalPatientZongfangLi(李宗芳),MD.PHDProfessorofGeneralSurgerylzf2568@2和諧社會3旱災(zāi)4水災(zāi)5

Case1:

王某,女,23歲。以“嘔吐、腹瀉36小時(shí)”入院患者于36小時(shí)前,吃剩飯后即感上腹不適,繼則腹痛、嘔吐頻繁,嘔吐出大量食物和胃液,并腹瀉十余次,為大量黃色稀水便。逐漸出現(xiàn)口渴、尿少、惡心、厭食、軟弱無力。半小時(shí)前便后起立時(shí),突然暈倒在廁所,救醒后速送醫(yī)院求治。入院查體:體溫37.8℃,脈搏120次/分.呼吸深快(28次/分),血壓90/70mmHg,體重50Kg,神志淡漠,面色蒼白,皮膚彈性差,眼眶凹陷。肢端濕泠,腹部輕度深壓痛。

化驗(yàn):①血常規(guī):RBC550萬/mm3,Hb12g%,WBC15000/mm3,N80%;②尿常規(guī):比重1.030,強(qiáng)酸性;③糞常規(guī):黃色稀水便,WBC(+);④血清Na+138mEg/L、K+3.5mEg/L、CO2CP30VOL%,BUN39mg/ml。

Diagnosis:?Prescription:?6

Case2

趙××,男性,60歲,體重65Kg

“膽囊切除,膽總管探查術(shù)后第一天”

術(shù)后從胃管內(nèi)共抽出液體600ml。

T管引流出膽汁400ml。煙卷引流出滲液約240ml

體溫持續(xù)在38.2℃Prescriptionoffluidreplacement:?7

BodyFluid&ItsCompartmentsComposition:Water+ElectrolytesVolume:50%(female)~60%(male)

80%(infant)ofbodyweight

FACTOR:sex、age、lean&fatDistribution(figure1):

ExtracellularFluid(20%)Plasma5%、InterstitialFluid15%

IntracellularFluid(35%~40%)Skeletalmuscle35%Electrolyte:ECF:Na+/CI-、HCO3-、proteinICF:K+、Mg++/P3-、proteinTheeffectiveosmoticpressureinthetwocompartmentsareconsideredequal,about290-310mOsm/L.

以上的穩(wěn)定持機(jī)體新陳代謝正常進(jìn)行的保證8FunctionofWater

Waterisoneofthemostimportantmaterialtomaintainthemormalfunctionsofhumanbody.

人只飲水可生存十日之久,無水只能生存數(shù)日

①調(diào)節(jié)體溫Regulatebodyheat②促進(jìn)物質(zhì)代謝Facilitatemetabolism:

溶解dissolve,、運(yùn)輸

transportation③潤滑作用lubrication9FunctionofElectrolytes①M(fèi)aintainingtheOsmoticPressureandthebalanceofwater:

K+/HPO4-;Na+/CI-②MaintainingAcid-baseBalance:Buffersysteminbodyfluids.③Maintainingtheexcitabilityofnerveandmuscle:

[Na+]+[K+]theexcitability∝[Ca++]+[Mg++]+[H+]④K+

istheactivatorofmanyenzymesinhumanbody:

K+

takepartinthebiosynthesisofglycogenandprotein.10水的攝入與排出

Watergainandloss

每天代謝產(chǎn)生固體廢物35~40g,每g至少需尿15ml將它排出。因此,每天尿量不應(yīng)少于500ml(1.030).但每天尿量1500ml±(1.012)時(shí)腎臟負(fù)擔(dān)最輕。∴Anormaladultneedatleast1500mlwatereveryday,but2500mlismorereasonable.H2OGain(ml)H2OLossOralfluids1000~1500 Urine1000~1500Solidfoods700 Stool150endogeny300 InsensibleSkin500Lungs350Total2000~2500Total2000~250011ElectrolyteContentofBodyFluid1正常人血漿or血清中的電解質(zhì)濃度

positiveionmEg/LnegativeionmEg/LNa+

142CI-

103K+

5HCO3-

27Ca++

HPO4-22

SO4-21Mg++

organicacid5Protein16Total154Total15412ElectrolyteContentofBodyFluid2各種消化液每日分泌量(ml)及其電解質(zhì)濃(mEg/L)DigestivejuiceVolumeofsecretion(ml/day)H+(mEq/l)Na+(mEq/l)K+(mEq/l)Cl-(mEq/l)HCO3-(mEq/l)saliv18Gastricjuice20000~9040~10010~4550~1400~5Bilejuice700135~145580~11035Pancreaticjuice800135~185550~7090Smallintestinaljuice>3000105~1355~20100~12020~30TotalVolume>8000,Only150mlfluidexcretethroughdejectainnormalstate.Duringvomitinganddiarrhea,thebodyfluidwillchange.Lossofanydigestivejuicewillleadtospecificsequent.13MetabolizeofElectrolytesElectrolytesisingestedfromfood,comeintoeverytissuethroughblood,andexcretedfromkidneymostly.Theurineofadultcontains:

natrium(≈NaCI6~9g)andkalium(2~3g).TheexcretionofNa+andK+fromkidneyNa+:themoreingested,themoreexcreted,viceversa.noingested,noexcreted.K+:themoreingested,themoreexcreted,viceversa.noingested,stillexcerted.14AdjustofBodyFluidBalance1可以分為:出入量的調(diào)節(jié);細(xì)胞內(nèi)外的調(diào)節(jié);血管內(nèi)外的調(diào)節(jié)。晶體滲透壓血漿膠滲壓毛細(xì)管通透性毛細(xì)管靜水壓飲水a(chǎn)nd排尿主要通過腎臟,其調(diào)節(jié)功能受神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌反應(yīng)影響首先:Hypothalamus—neurohypophysis—ADHsystemosmoticpressure然后:Rein–angiotensin–aldosteronesystemvolume

但當(dāng)血容量↓↓↓時(shí),機(jī)體優(yōu)先保持和恢復(fù)血容量,→使重要生命器官的灌流得以保證,維護(hù)生命。

15AdjustofBodyFluidBalance2下丘腦、垂體后葉、抗利尿激素S體內(nèi)水份喪失,細(xì)胞外液滲透壓↑(靈敏度2%)

口渴、飲水增加下丘腦、垂體后葉分泌ADH遠(yuǎn)曲腎小管、集合管上皮細(xì)胞吸收水、尿量保留水份于體內(nèi)細(xì)胞外液滲透壓↓細(xì)胞外液滲透壓16細(xì)胞外液↓(血容量↓)BP↓腎素醛固酮S

交感神經(jīng)興奮壓力感受器(腎小球入球小動脈)腎小球?yàn)V過率↓經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)曲腎小管的Na+↓鈉感受器(遠(yuǎn)曲腎小管致密斑)腎小球旁細(xì)胞分泌腎素血管緊張素原血管緊張素Ⅰ血管緊張素Ⅱ腎上腺皮質(zhì)球狀帶醛固酮合成分泌↑血漿中遠(yuǎn)曲腎小管再吸收Na+↑→CI-↑→H2O↑(排泌K+、H+↑)細(xì)胞外液↑循環(huán)血量↑BP↑AdjustofBodyFluidBalance317神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌對細(xì)胞外液的調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞外液變化滲透壓↑容量↓下丘腦腎素↑口喝ADH↑血管緊張素Ⅰ飲水↑保水(尿量↓)血管緊張素Ⅱ醛固酮↑保Na(尿Na↓)滲透壓↓容量↑細(xì)胞外液恢復(fù)AdjustofBodyFluidBalance418BodyFluidAbnormalitiesTotalBodyWaterLossDehydration=saltdeficient+waterdeficientInsurgicalpatients,waterandsaltdeficitsmoreoftenoccurtogether.

Dehydrationcanbeclassifiedintothreecategories:hypertonic,hypotonic,isotonic.19高滲性脫水.1

Hypertonicdehydration

Definition:waterdeficient>sodiumdeficientPNa+>150mEq/L(hypertonia)Cause:Intakedeficient--unabletoregulateintake,fountaindiscontinuity

Overabundantloss–

profuse

sweatingfromardentfever,excessivediuresisIt’salsocalledprimarywaterdeficits.Pathophysiology:ECFvolumedeficitaccompaniedbyhypernatremia,ADH↑,aldostenrone↑20高滲性脫水.2

Hypertonicdehydration

LaboratoryInvestigation:WBC↑、Concentratedblood,increasedurinespecificgravity(spgr?1.035).Plasmaprotein,Potassium,Natrium,Chlorine,BUN,andOsmoticpressureareallincreased.ExtentWeight↓%ClinicalfindingLight2ThirstyModerate3~4Severethirsty,Ligulaxeransis,Flexibilityofskindecerase,Sunkeneyes,Apathy,Xeransisinaxillaandinguen,Oliguria,increasedurinespecificgravitySevereAbove5~6Severethirsty+obvioussymptomofcentralnervoussystem,Mania,Hallucination,Phrenitis,Hyperpyrexia,Eclampsia,coma,DecreasedBP,Shock212.低滲性脫水.1

Hypotonicdehydration

Definition:waterdeficient<sodiumdeficientPNa+<135mEq/L(hypotonia)Cause:

Chronicbodyfluidlossor

bodyfluidlossarereplacedwithonlywithnoly5%dextroseinwaterorahypotonicsodiumsolution.It’salsocalledChronicwaterdeficits.Pathophysiology:

ECFvolumedeficitandhyponatremia,Circulationfailurepresentsintheearlystage.ADHdecreasesinearlystageandincreasesinterminalstage,Increasedaldostenrone222.低滲性脫水.2Hypotonicdehydration

LaboratoryInvestigation:Concentratedblood,increasedMCV,MCHC,Oliguria,non-increasedurinespecificgravity,SeverelydecreasedNatriumandChlorineinurine.IncreasedplasmaproteinandBUN,DecreasedplasmaNatriumandChlorine,DecreasedOsmoticpressure.ExtentΔNaCl/kgBWPNa(meq/L)ClinicalfindingLight0.5g130~135Tired,Apathy,Faint,extremeanaesthesia,Withoutthirsty,decreasedurineNa,normalurinevolumeModerate0.6~0.8g120~130Theabovesymptomaggravate,Anorexia,Nausea,Vomiting,Sleepiness,Collapsedveinsandpulse,UnsteadyordecreasedBP,illegibleeyesight,Orthostaticfaint,Oliguria,withoutchlorideinurine

SevereAbove0.8gbelow120CNSsymptom:Dottiness,Jerk,Decreasedtendonreflexes,Anesthsiaofdistalextremities,shock.233.等滲性脫水.1

IsotonicdehydrationDefinition:ThelossoffluidiswaterandelectrolytesinapproximatelythesameproportionasthatinthichtheyexistinnormalECF.PlasmaNa+isnormal.(isotonia)Cause:Acutelossesofgastrointestinalfluidsduetovomiting,diarrhea.Ponderosusascitedrainage,Earlystageoflargeareaempyrosis(exudation).It’salsocalledacutewaterdeficits.Pathophysiology:DecreasedECF,Severevolumedepletion,Increasedaldostenrone

24Clinicalfinding:Hydropeniasyndrome:Thirsty,Oliguria,Withthesodiumdeficit:Anorexia,nausea,adynamia.Above4%ofweight:Symptomofseverevolumedepletion.Absentperipheralpulses,Coldextremities,unsteadyordecreasedBP.Above6%ofweight:peripheralcirculatoryfailure,ShockItisoftenaccompaniedwithmetabolicacidosis.Whenthegastricjuicelostseverely,itwillbeaccompaniedwithmetabolicalkalosis.LaboratoryInvestigation:Concentratedblood,NormalMCV,MCHC,Increasedurinespecificgravity,DecreasedNatriumandChlorineinurine.IncreasedplasmaproteinandBUN,NormalplasmaNatrium,Chlorine,andOsmoticpressure3.等滲性脫水.2

Isotonicdehydration25Thetreatmentoftheprimarydiease.Restoringvolumeandthedeficientelectrolytes.Thecontentsoffluidreplacementcontain:thevolumeofphysiologicalrequirements,Preexistingdeficits,andongoinglosses.Thereplacementofexistingdeficitsofvolume:theextentandcategoryofdehydrationdecidethevolumeandthetypeofsolution(G/N),respectively.Hypertonicdehydration----5-10%GlucoseSolution.

Hypotonicdehydration----normalsalineor3~5%saline(Hypertonic)Isotonicdehydration---5%GNSTakeorallyasfaraspossible,supplyfromveinswhenthepatientcannottakeorally.

2.脫水的處理原則

Thetherapicprincipleofdehydration26ElectrolyteDisordersHypokalemia27①

Transportationbetweenextra-andintracellular:Physiologicfactor:Na+-K+ATPenzyme,Digitaloiddrugs,Catecholamine,Insulin,Bloodglucoseconcentration,BloodPotassiumconcentration,Heavyexercise.

Pathologicfactor:PlasmapH(inorganicacid),Hypertonia,histoclasia,excessivegrowth.②Regulationofbody:

IntakeandexcretedofPotassium:

Kidney:aldosterone(actatcollectingtubuletopromotethesecretionofPotassium)glucocorticosteroid(keepnatriumandexcretePotassium)AdjustofSerumPotassium28Definition:SerumPotassium<3.5mmol/L.

體內(nèi)缺鉀300mmol以上時(shí),血清鉀才下降。Cause:

鉀攝入量不足:禁食、厭食、拒食時(shí)間較久②

鉀損失過多:大量出汗、嘔吐、腹瀉、胃腸減壓、腸瘺;利尿藥、腎小管酸中毒、棉酚中毒Conn綜合征et.al.③

體內(nèi)分布異常:糖元、蛋白合成,堿中毒,低鉀性周期性麻痹,兒茶酚胺制劑,細(xì)胞生長過速,鉀進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)Hypokalemia129Clinicalfinding:

鉀的丟失主要來自細(xì)胞內(nèi),C內(nèi)含鉀很豐富,故機(jī)體丟鉀350mmol以下時(shí),無臨床表現(xiàn);臨床表現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)重與否、取決于鉀丟失的多少及丟失的速度。

臨床表現(xiàn)包括以下6個(gè)方面:

①循環(huán)系統(tǒng);②神經(jīng)肌肉系統(tǒng);③

CN系統(tǒng);

④泌尿系統(tǒng);⑤消化系統(tǒng);⑥肌纖維溶解;⑦酸堿平衡失調(diào)。Hypokalemia230①Circulationsystemcardiacdamage:壞死、細(xì)胞侵潤、瘢痕-心衰arhythmia:期前收縮、陣發(fā)性心動過速、室撲或室顫、猝死Susceptibletodigitalisintoxication:

ECG:K+﹤3.0,U波出現(xiàn)、TU融合

K+﹤2.5,ST段下移、T波倒置

U波出現(xiàn),體內(nèi)缺鉀400mmol以上

hypopiesia:植物N功能紊亂、血管擴(kuò)張引起

Hypokalemia3臨床表現(xiàn):31②neuromuscularsystem

骨骼?。杭o力(K+﹤3.0)、肌痛、肌麻痹、軟癱(K+﹤2.5)

平滑肌:腹脹、便秘、麻痹性腸梗阻、尿潴留

K+是許多酶的激活劑,與三羧循環(huán).乙酰膽堿合成有關(guān)③centralnervoussystem

神志淡漠、目光呆滯、疲乏;煩躁不安、情緒激動、精神不振;嗜睡、定向力障礙、昏迷(K+﹤2.0)

與糖代謝障礙、能量生成及乙酰膽堿生成減少有關(guān)

Hypokalemia4臨床表現(xiàn):32④urinarysystem

多尿、夜尿增多、甚至腎衰-煩渴、多飲

缺鉀可引起腎小管上皮細(xì)胞損害;體內(nèi)缺鉀200mmol時(shí)腎小管濃縮功能↓⑤digestivesystem

食欲不振、惡心、嘔吐、腹脹、便秘⑥musclefibrolysis

K+﹤2.5,肌紅蛋白尿、甚至急性腎衰

Hypokalemia5臨床表現(xiàn):33Hypokalemia6臨床表現(xiàn):⑦cid-basedisturbance

metabolicalkalosis

paradoxicalaciduria低鉀時(shí),①C內(nèi)K+與C外H+交換↑,

C內(nèi)H+↑→C內(nèi)酸中毒;

C外H+→C外液堿中毒。②腎保Cl-↓,尿Cl-↑,

Na+重吸收時(shí)不能與Cl-

而與HCO3-→HCO3-重吸收↑低鉀時(shí),代謝性堿中毒腎小管上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)K+↓,

K+與腎小管管腔中的Na+交換↓,H+與Na+交換↑,尿呈酸性,腎排H+↑34Diagnosis:主要依靠病史+表現(xiàn)血清K+<3.5mEg/L,EKG特征改變→確診注意:酸中毒、脫水時(shí),重癥才出現(xiàn)Therapy:

積極治療原發(fā)病,必要時(shí)補(bǔ)充鉀鹽。

注意:盡量口服,不能口服者V補(bǔ)給(常用10%KCl);尿少不補(bǔ)K;濃度不宜過高(≤0.3%);速度不宜過快(<80d/分);總量不宜過多(6g左右)

最好加入NS,加入GS有可能使血鉀更低;丟正糖尿病酮癥酸中毒時(shí),應(yīng)特別注意低鉀可能。Hypokalemia735Acid-baseBalance36

Theph(thenegativelogarithmofthehydrogenionconcentrationPH=7.35~7.45)ofthebodyfluidsisnormallymaintainedwithinnarrowlimitsdespitetheratherlargeloadofacidproducedendogenouslyasaby-productofbodymetabolism.包括四個(gè)方面:A.buffersystem

(作用快,僅能應(yīng)付急需)

HCO3-

27mmol/L20==(PH7.4)H2CO31.351mmol/L1

B.CO2

excretedviathelungs

(體內(nèi)揮發(fā)性酸H2CO3)

調(diào)節(jié)血液中的呼吸性成分,即H2CO3(PCO3)

1.MaintainofAcid-baseBalance1371.MaintainofAcid-baseBalance2C.Kidney

—排出固定酸和過多的堿性物質(zhì)維持血中HCO3-濃度的穩(wěn)定機(jī)理:H+—Na+交換;HCO3-重吸收;正常尿液PH值6,最低4.4

—腎有強(qiáng)排酸功能D.Bufferingeffectofcell

細(xì)胞內(nèi)每進(jìn)入1個(gè)H++2個(gè)Na+→3個(gè)K+替換出堿中毒:H+出細(xì)胞內(nèi)→K+入細(xì)胞內(nèi)—低血鉀酸中毒:H+入細(xì)胞內(nèi)→K+出細(xì)胞內(nèi)—高血鉀382.DisturbancesofAcid-baseBalanceMetabolicacidosis(CO2CP↓,PH↓)Metabolicalkalosis(CO2CP↑,PH↑)Respiratoryacidosis

(PCO2↑、CO2CP↑、PH↓)Respiratoryalkalosis

(PCO2↓、CO2CP↓、PH↑)HCO3-H2CO3增多減少增多減少39Metabolicacidosis1

Retentionoffixedacidsorlossofbasebicarbonate.Thecausesofmetabolicacidosiscanbedividedintotwomanageablegroupsbydeterminingtheaniongap:

高AG代酸-常見于尿毒癥、糖尿病酮癥酸中毒、乳酸中毒

正常AG代酸—常見于HCO-3丟失過多及應(yīng)用含有Cl-的藥物Aniongap,AG:Amountoftheunmeasuredanions(i.e.sulfateandphosphatepluslactateandotherorganicanions).正常值:10~15mmol/L.AG=(Na++K+)-(HCO-3+Cl-)均以mEq/L為單位

145/155134/155

(95%)(85%)

=未測定陰離子-未測定陽離子

因K+很低,所以AG=Na+-(HCO-3+Cl-)40Metabolicacidosis2

Cause:Excessivelossesofbicarbonate

—見于消化道瘺、嘔吐、腹瀉Retentionofacids

—腹膜炎、休克、高熱、長期未進(jìn)食者ExcretionofH+andresorptionofHCO3-decrease

—腎衰41Metabolicacidosis3

Clinicalfinding:

輕者:常被原發(fā)病所遮蓋

重者:疲乏、眩暈、嗜睡、遲鈍、煩躁不安

呼吸深快、帶酮味(爛蘋果味)面部潮紅、心率↑、BP↓、神態(tài)不清-昏迷常伴嚴(yán)重脫水、休克、尿少、尿酸性反應(yīng)。Diagnosis:病史+臨床表現(xiàn)+血?dú)夥治?/p>

42Metabolicacidosis4

Therapy:嚴(yán)重者,才需V補(bǔ)堿性藥物

5%NaHCO3ml=(50-CO2CP)×Kg×0.5

(作用快、效確切最常用)

11.2乳酸鈉ml=(50-CO2CP)×Kg×0.3

(休克、肝功不良禁用)

3.6%THAMml=(50-CO2CP)×Kg×1

(細(xì)胞內(nèi)外均能起作用,但副作用多,一般不用)

※公式計(jì)算量易偏多,實(shí)際中常先輸入計(jì)算量1/2~2/3※也可先按提示10vol%的CO2CP補(bǔ)給,再據(jù)測得的CO2CP值調(diào)整。

45vol%以上、尿堿性、即停補(bǔ)。尿量↑、注意補(bǔ)鉀。43PrinciplesofFluid&ElectrolyteTherapyFluid&ElectrolyteAbnormalities

PreventDisease44

Prevent1.

Thevolumeofphysiologicalrequirements(2000~2500ml):

5-10%GS1500ml

等滲鹽500~1000ml10%KCI30ml2.Recruitthesensiblelossesintime

體溫每增加1℃,每公斤體重需增補(bǔ)液體3~5ml

汗?jié)?襯衣、褲-增補(bǔ)1000ml

氣管切開-增補(bǔ)1000ml/日3.Perioperativefluidreplacement

小手術(shù)—不需大手術(shù)—術(shù)日清晨開始急癥手術(shù)、有紊亂者術(shù)前盡可能部分糾正,術(shù)后繼續(xù)術(shù)后胃腸功能未恢復(fù)補(bǔ)生理需要量有胃腸減壓者—酌情↑術(shù)后1-2日不補(bǔ)K+,3日后仍不能進(jìn)食、補(bǔ)鉀3-4g/日45Therapy11.CalculationoffluidreplacementPhysiologicalrequirements:2000~2500ml,其中NS500mlPreexistingdeficits:On-goinglosses:胃腸道繼續(xù)丟失;內(nèi)在性失液;發(fā)熱出汗酌情于當(dāng)天or次日補(bǔ)給,丟失什么,補(bǔ)什么

46Therapy2已喪失量的估計(jì)方法◎缺水的日數(shù):脫水1日喪失體重的2%◎體重的減輕數(shù):◎臨床表現(xiàn):◎血清Na+濃度:高滲:降1mmol/L的Na+需補(bǔ)男4ml、女3ml/Kg體重低滲:缺Na+量mmol/L=體重Kg×0.6×(140-[Na+])∵1LNaCI=154mol.∴NS量(L)=缺Na量/15447Therapy3

根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)估計(jì)Preexistingdeficits程度高滲脫水缺水占體重需補(bǔ)液量ml/Kg體重低滲缺水缺NaCI量(g/Kg體重)補(bǔ)NS量ml/Kg體重輕度2~4%200.525中度4%~6%20~400.7520~40重度7~%40~601.040~6048Therapy4常用溶液的電解質(zhì)含量(mEg/L)SolutionNa+CI-K+Ca++Mg++HCO3-lactatePlasma142103552275Balancedsaline1541545%saline850850Ringer'ssolution14715746SodiumLactate170170LactatedRinger's1301024427635%NaHCO359559510%KCI13401340intradex15315349

Therapy5

注意事項(xiàng)1.managementforprimarydisease2.Identifytheextentandtypeofdehydration3.Takenoticeofthefunctionofpatient’sheart,lung,kidney,especiallyforagedpeople.4.Thedisturbanceofwater,electrolytes,acid-basebalancemayoccuratthesametime.5.Clo

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