創(chuàng)意問(wèn)題解決TRIZ

創(chuàng)意問(wèn)題解決TRIZ

TheoryofInventiveProblemSolving

12目錄z簡(jiǎn)介

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TRIZ四個(gè)特性

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矛盾矩陣

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39項(xiàng)工程參數(shù)

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40項(xiàng)發(fā)明原則

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8種技術(shù)演化類(lèi)型

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技術(shù)系統(tǒng)的演化型態(tài)

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創(chuàng)新情境問(wèn)卷(ISQ

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相關(guān)範(fàn)例

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TRIZ相關(guān)文章

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TRIZ相關(guān)網(wǎng)站簡(jiǎn)介前蘇聯(lián)的GenrichAltshuller

(1926)，在蘇聯(lián)政府認(rèn)命下，審閱200,000專(zhuān)利，發(fā)現(xiàn)只有2%的專(zhuān)利是真正的首創(chuàng)發(fā)明(pioneeringinventions)，剩下的皆是使用前人已知想法或概念，加上新奇方法，這也奠下了TRIZ系統(tǒng)化的創(chuàng)意設(shè)計(jì)方法之基礎(chǔ)。TRIZ依其39個(gè)參數(shù)、40個(gè)創(chuàng)新法則、76種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解答、物質(zhì)-場(chǎng)分析等分為不同的部份，藉此將一個(gè)問(wèn)題系統(tǒng)化，形成實(shí)用可行的創(chuàng)意原理，並以快速及效率化的運(yùn)作流程，解決困難度高的工程或製造方面的問(wèn)題TRIZ是解決問(wèn)題的一種方法，其針對(duì)問(wèn)題點(diǎn)的所在加以分析，並找出矛盾，再將矛盾分為物理矛盾與技術(shù)矛盾，進(jìn)而採(cǎi)取不同的解決方式。<TRIZ四個(gè)特性>TRIZ是科技起源和科技發(fā)展之理論TRIZ是一種可克服心理慣性(psychologicalinertia)之技術(shù)TRIZ是一種為了分析、公式化和解決創(chuàng)意問(wèn)題(inventiveproblems)之技術(shù)TRIZ可指出結(jié)合各種科技知識(shí)及設(shè)計(jì)理念形成之產(chǎn)品功能之未來(lái)發(fā)展方向矛盾矩陣ContradictionMatrix當(dāng)試圖改善一個(gè)產(chǎn)品或是工程特性時(shí)，卻導(dǎo)致另外一個(gè)產(chǎn)品或是工程特性惡化。傳統(tǒng)的方法是用妥協(xié)的方式，而TRIZ卻是利用消除的方法。Altshuller分析歸納經(jīng)常遇到技術(shù)矛盾的系統(tǒng)特徵共有三十九個(gè)，將其對(duì)應(yīng)解決的法則，整理成矩陣的方式，提供一個(gè)快速簡(jiǎn)單的方式，幫助你找到解決技術(shù)矛盾的法則，這個(gè)矩陣為39x39的矩陣，共有1263個(gè)元素。使用矛盾表時(shí)，先從矩陣之縱軸找出"欲改善的參數(shù)"，接著從矩陣之橫軸找出"避免惡化的參數(shù)"，對(duì)照到矛盾矩陣表中的元素，元素中的數(shù)字就是矛盾矩陣表建議解決此矛盾的創(chuàng)新發(fā)明法則。39項(xiàng)工程參數(shù)(六大群組)幾何3.移動(dòng)件長(zhǎng)度4.固定件長(zhǎng)度5.移動(dòng)件面積6.固定件面積7.移動(dòng)件體積8.固定件體積12.形狀

資源19.移動(dòng)件消耗能量20.固定件消耗能量22.能源浪費(fèi)23.物質(zhì)浪費(fèi)24.資訊喪失25.時(shí)間浪費(fèi)26.物料數(shù)量害處30.物體上有害因素31.有害側(cè)效應(yīng)

物理1.移動(dòng)件重量2.固定件重量9.速度10.力量11.張力、壓力17.溫度18.亮度21.動(dòng)力能力13.物體穩(wěn)定性14.強(qiáng)度15.移動(dòng)件耐久性16.固定件重量27.可靠度32.製造性34.可修理性35.適合性39.生產(chǎn)性操控

28.量測(cè)精確度29.製造精確度33.使用方便性36.裝置複雜性37.控制複雜性38.自動(dòng)化程度

<解決物理衝突原則與相關(guān)TRIZ40發(fā)明原理>時(shí)間分離：NO.9,10,11,15,16,18,19,20,21,22,29.空間分離：NO.1,2,3,4,7,17,24,26,30.構(gòu)造分離(轉(zhuǎn)變至上位、次、對(duì)立系統(tǒng))：NO.5,22.

、NO.1,27、NO.25,6.改變物質(zhì)形態(tài)(相變化)：NO.13,28,32,35,36,38,39時(shí)間：老花眼鏡及近視眼鏡空間：老花+近視眼鏡物質(zhì)的物理狀態(tài)：鏡片使用自動(dòng)調(diào)焦40項(xiàng)發(fā)明原則Segmentation

分割免削鉛筆、組合式沙發(fā)、積木、相容電腦硬體、接起來(lái)花園水管2.Extraction移除照X光、無(wú)噪音中央真空吸塵系統(tǒng)、機(jī)場(chǎng)用鳥(niǎo)聲音嚇走小鳥(niǎo)3.LocalQuality局部品質(zhì)水中焊接、鉛筆加橡擦、

低噪音長(zhǎng)壽命的複層輪胎4.Asymmetry非對(duì)稱(chēng)性輪胎不對(duì)稱(chēng)的紋路、不對(duì)稱(chēng)的爐子、

可旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)身的迷你數(shù)位相機(jī)5.Combining組合/合併高性能筆記型電腦冷卻系統(tǒng)6.Universality通用/普遍性太陽(yáng)能車(chē)的電瓶、沙發(fā)床、汽車(chē)座位、蓄太陽(yáng)能發(fā)光路標(biāo)7.Nested堆疊免削鉛筆、俄羅斯娃娃、CSP封裝8.Counterweight配重Run-Flat輪胎系統(tǒng)、水翼船9.PriorCounteraction預(yù)先抵銷(xiāo)加強(qiáng)混合柱、捲線收納器10.PriorAction預(yù)先作用打石膏前放入鋼條、

免用電池與電燈泡之手電筒11.Beforehandcushioning預(yù)先緩衝賽車(chē)旁的輪胎稻草、

圖書(shū)館的磁片、自清式抽油煙機(jī)排風(fēng)罩12.Equipotentiality均衡潛能在地下坑內(nèi)引擎換機(jī)油、

特殊車(chē)輛搬動(dòng)大水管13.Inversion反向利用振動(dòng)法去掉表面的清潔、

汽機(jī)車(chē)的測(cè)試的運(yùn)動(dòng)14.Spheroidality球體化利用圓形跑道取代直線、

電腦滑鼠球的運(yùn)動(dòng)改變?yōu)槠矫?5.Dynamics動(dòng)態(tài)性三組輪子的汽車(chē)過(guò)凸塊16.Partialorexcessiveactions部份或過(guò)量作動(dòng)漆滴在圓柱上，旋轉(zhuǎn)圓柱17.Anotherdimension移至新的空間凸透鏡讓房間照明提高、垂直放置木頭18.Mechanicalvibration機(jī)械振動(dòng)超音波振動(dòng)清洗機(jī)械元件、鑄件的振動(dòng)19.Periodicaction週期性動(dòng)作噴水灑草、煙囪冒煙、扳手用力、警示閃燈

20.Continuityofusefulaction利用動(dòng)作連續(xù)性

折斷鐵絲、懶惰蘇珊21.Skipping急衝切割薄的圓塑膠管，高速切下22.ConvertHarmintoBenefit轉(zhuǎn)變害處為利處沙用在雪地、高頻率電流會(huì)使金屬表面加熱，

用作表面處理23.Feedback回饋主動(dòng)避震控制、主動(dòng)噪音控制24.Intermediary(Mediator)媒介影印碳粉25.Self-service自我服務(wù)錐形混泥土的霸26.

Copying複製利用影子量高樓、

利用拍照方式量樹(shù)頭尺寸27.Dispose丟棄紙尿布、紙褲28.Mechanicssubstitution置換機(jī)械系統(tǒng)監(jiān)聽(tīng)工具機(jī)狀態(tài)29.Pneumaticsandhydraulics氣壓或液壓構(gòu)造載貨車(chē)箱用氣球充空間、

包裝用汽包、汽車(chē)安全汽囊30.Flexibleshellsandthinfilms可撓性薄板或薄膜用薄膜分隔在不同液體的油罐車(chē)

31.PorousMaterials多孔性材料印表機(jī)墨水盒的海綿、人工腎臟32.Colorchanges改變顏色鋼廠用布幕保護(hù)工人的熱度、

汽車(chē)隔熱紙、電池充電與否33.Homogeneity均質(zhì)性利用氧的蒸汽器熔化固態(tài)氧34.Discardingandrecovering去除且重新產(chǎn)生零件子彈的彈殼、發(fā)射衛(wèi)星的援助筒35.TransformationofProperties改變物質(zhì)特性轉(zhuǎn)換物體之物理、化學(xué)狀態(tài)36.PhaseTransition相變化波浪狀的管、液態(tài)瓦斯

37.Thermalexpansion熱膨脹雙金屬38.AcceleratedOxidation

加速氧化增加爐火，加氧39.InertEnvironment

隔絕環(huán)境滅火器、啞焊隔離氧40.CompositeMaterial

複合材料飛機(jī)、自76種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解答<技術(shù)系統(tǒng)的七項(xiàng)演化型態(tài)>

七項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化的規(guī)則，對(duì)於整個(gè)工程品質(zhì)及系統(tǒng)的改善，將有一個(gè)明確的進(jìn)展目標(biāo)。進(jìn)化S曲線理想性目標(biāo)和諧性運(yùn)作動(dòng)態(tài)性控制複雜與簡(jiǎn)化節(jié)律調(diào)和增加使用能量領(lǐng)域<八種技術(shù)演化類(lèi)型>增加理想性類(lèi)型

（2）演化階段類(lèi)型

（3）系統(tǒng)元件非均衡發(fā)展類(lèi)型

（4）增加動(dòng)態(tài)與可控制性類(lèi)型

（5）增加複雜性再簡(jiǎn)單化

（6）部份耦合與非耦合類(lèi)型

（7）過(guò)渡至微觀水準(zhǔn)與利用場(chǎng)觀念

（8）減少人之交互作用增加自動(dòng)化<最後理想結(jié)果(IFR)分析>一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)或製程發(fā)展，從某一起始點(diǎn)向最後理想結(jié)果之演進(jìn)，一般稱(chēng)為理想性理想性(I)＝Σ利益/(Σ成本+Σ損失)消除原系統(tǒng)缺點(diǎn)。保留原系統(tǒng)之優(yōu)點(diǎn)。不會(huì)使系統(tǒng)複雜化(利用免費(fèi)或可利用資源)。不導(dǎo)入新的缺點(diǎn)。<技術(shù)系統(tǒng)>任何物品能執(zhí)行某種機(jī)能者，一般稱(chēng)為技術(shù)系統(tǒng)。任何技術(shù)系統(tǒng)可能由一個(gè)或多個(gè)次系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成。最簡(jiǎn)單的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)是由兩元件所組成，而必須有一種能量從一元件作用到那一元件。<技術(shù)衝突>一系統(tǒng)中兩個(gè)子系統(tǒng)間之衝突。在某一子系統(tǒng)建立有利功能，引起另一子系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生有害功能。在某一子系統(tǒng)消除有害功能，引起另一子系統(tǒng)有用功能之損壞。強(qiáng)化有用功能或減少有害功能，引起另一子系統(tǒng)或全體系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生無(wú)法接受之併發(fā)癥。<物理衝突>為某一目的，必須增加技術(shù)系統(tǒng)某參數(shù)狀態(tài)

如溫度，同時(shí)為某一目的，必須降低技術(shù)系統(tǒng)

該參數(shù)狀態(tài)。<創(chuàng)新情境問(wèn)卷(ISQ)>

創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)的資料與環(huán)境

系統(tǒng)名稱(chēng)、主要功能、系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、子系統(tǒng)與元件交互作用、環(huán)境

可利用的資源

物質(zhì)、場(chǎng)、功能性、資訊性、時(shí)間、空間、資源改變

問(wèn)題情況的資料

改進(jìn)、消除缺點(diǎn)、缺點(diǎn)發(fā)生的機(jī)制、問(wèn)題的歷史

改變的系統(tǒng)

系統(tǒng)容許改變、限制<TRIZ解題程序>ARIZ-85C<相關(guān)範(fàn)例>假如沒(méi)有吊車(chē)，如何將重達(dá)一噸的變壓器從一公尺高的磚臺(tái)搬運(yùn)至地上呢？答案可能是出乎你預(yù)料的簡(jiǎn)單。運(yùn)用冰，將變壓器移至用冰塊堆疊起與磚臺(tái)等高的平臺(tái)，冰會(huì)融化，變壓器便會(huì)逐漸下降。怎樣才能加倍皮帶的工作時(shí)間而不用增加皮帶的長(zhǎng)度呢？答案是MobiusStrip。拿一條紙，扭轉(zhuǎn)這紙條的一端一百八十度，再黏貼這條紙的兩端成為一個(gè)環(huán)日本三洋公司開(kāi)發(fā)的超音波洗衣機(jī)，每分鐘可以產(chǎn)生5000萬(wàn)個(gè)微細(xì)氣泡，氣泡破裂的衝擊波，內(nèi)含每秒震動(dòng)20000次以上的超音波，相當(dāng)於每秒洗衣20000次。超音波微細(xì)氣泡能夠深入纖維內(nèi)部，強(qiáng)化洗淨(jìng)能力，使得洗衣劑用量減少一半，洗淨(jìng)能力提高50%，而且衣物使用壽命增加兩倍。馬桶為日常生活中的重要用品，而馬桶用水大約佔(zhàn)一般家庭用水的40%，所以馬桶最需要改善的環(huán)境效率特性為水的使用量，即"減少商品和服務(wù)的原料密集度"，一種可以重複使用數(shù)十次的公文信封套，在大同公司已經(jīng)使用了數(shù)十年，這種信封兩面印有數(shù)十個(gè)欄位的空白格子，可以書(shū)寫(xiě)收發(fā)雙方的姓名和單位信箱號(hào)碼，收件者可將目前收發(fā)者的資料畫(huà)掉，繼續(xù)使用下一個(gè)空格發(fā)送文件。

11(1)

ObjectPluralizationMethod

OperateoneachObjectto'Pluralize'it.

'Plural',inthesenseofEnglishlanguage,meansanynumberexcept1;hence,0,2,3,...,?,1/2,1/3,...,1/?,etc.

Besides,introduceanew/modifiedObject.1a)

EliminatetheObject(into0).

(Simplification,Trimming)

Eliminatethe(subsidiary)ObjectinthesystemandreassigntheFunctionsinthesimplifiedsystem.(1b)

MultiplytheObject(into2,3,...,?).MultiplytheObjectinto2,3,...,andinfinitelymany,thenmodifythepropertiesoftheObjects(slightlyorlargely),andusethemtogether.(1c)

DividetheObject(into1/2,1/3,...,1/?).

DividetheObjectintomultipleparts(1/2,1/3,...,1/?),modifytheparts(slightly,ordifferentlyfordifferentparts),andcombinethemforusingtogetherinthesystem.(1d)

UnifymultipleObjectsintoone.

Combinemultipleinter-relatedObjectsinthesystemandturnthemintooneObjectwithunifiedstructureandfunctionality.(1e)

Introduceanew/modifiedObject.

ModifythepresentObjectinitspropertiesorstructure,orelseintroduceanew-typeofObjecthavingnewpropertiesandfunctionality,soastoachievedesirableeffectsandfunctionality.(1f)

IntroduceanObjectfromtheEnvironment.

Environmentheremeansanythingwhichisaroundthepresentsystemandisavailableeasilyandinexpensively.

(Thoughthisispointedoutin(1e)astheresourceforobtaininganObjectformodificationandnewlyintroduction,theuseoftheEnvironmentisapttobeoverlookedbutimportant.)(1g)

ReplaceasolidObjectwithapowder/fluid/liquid/gaseousObject.

ReplaceasolidObjectinthesystemwithpowderObject,andfurtherwithfluid/liquid/gaseousObject,whichmayintroducecharacteristicpropertiessuchasfluidity,flexibility,operability,reactivity,etc.

Inrelationtothereplacement,adifferentkindofsubstance(ormaterial)andadifferentmechanismofoperationareoftenneeded.

Note:

Thissubmethod(1g)mayberegardedasanextensionofsubmethod(1c)'divisionofObjects',butisnotedherebecauseofthenecessityofratherlargechangeintheObjectandinFunctions.(2)

AttributeDimensionalityMethod

EachObject(orsubstance)hasdifferentkindsofproperties(whereeachcategoryofpropertiesiscalled'Attribute');thusweconsidertonewlyuse/stopusing/enhance/fullyusesuchproperties.Especially,itisimportanttodistribute/varyusefulpropertiesinspace(includingtheinnerstructure)andintimeinaneffectiveway.

Improvingthepropertiesofthewholesystemisanimportanttarget,too.(2a)

Deactivate/makeirrelevanttheharmfulAttribute.

Findanyharmfulpropertiesinthesystem,anddonotusethem/makethemirrelevant/turnthemharmless/turnthemintousefulpropertiesinthesystem.(2b)

Activate/involveanewusefulAttribute.

IntheObjectpresentinthesystem,startutilizingtheAttribute(properties)(whichhasnotbeenusedyet)orintroduceanewAttributebymodifyingtheObject.

Further,ifappropriate,replacethepresentObjectwithanewObject(ormaterial)havingsuchausefulAtributeandintroduceanewfunction(orField)whichmakethenewpropertieseffective.

TherearedifferentsortsofAttributes.

Considerthe

followingtypesofAttributes:(2c)

EnhancetheusefulAttributeorsuppresstheharmfulAttribute.EnhancetheusefulbutinsufficientAttributeorsuppresstheharmful/excessiveAttribute.

ThesamekindsofAttrributesarehandledasusedintheprevioussubmethod(2b).(2d)

Introduce/enhanceaspatialAttributeordistribute/varyinspaceaharmful/usefulAttributeorAttribute'svalue.

IntroduceorenhanceanAttributerelatedtothespace,oractivateanAttribute(orvarytheAttribute'svalue)dependingondifferentplacesinspace(ordifferentpartsofanObject).(2e)

Introduce/enhanceatemporalAttributeordistribute/varyintimeaharmful/usefulAttributeorAttribute'svalue.

Introduce/enhancethetemporalAttribute(s)relatedtotheoperationalphases,durationofoperations,timefrequency,etc.ofthesystem,anddependingonsuchtemporalconditionsactivatedifferentAttributesorvarythevaluesoftheAttributesintime.(2f)

Changethephase,utilizethephasechange,orchangetheinner-structureoftheObject.

Changethephase(i.e.stateofcondensation)ofObject(s),utilizethephasechange,orintroduce/changetheinnerstructureatthemicrolevelforusingvariousAttributesthusactivated/enhanced.(2g)

UtilizeAttribute(s)/propertiesatthemicrolevel.

Consider/designthestructure/properties/interactionsofObject(s)atthemicrometerornanometer(orevensmaller)scale,andsolvetheproblemfromthemicro-levelprinciples.(2h)

Improvetheproperties/performanceofthesystemasawhole.

(BesidestheAttributesandFunctionsoftheObjectsasthecomponentsofthesystem,)considertheproperties(orAttributes)andFunctionsofthesystemasawholeandimprovethembydesigning/implementing/improvingthesystemanditscomponents.(3)FunctionDistributionMethod

Forthepurposeofachieving/improvingtheprincipalusefulFunctionofthesystem,distribute/rearrangevarioususefulFunctions(andsomeharmfulFunctionssubsequentlyappearing)amongtheObjectswhicharealreadypresent,modified,ornewlyintroducedintothesystem.

VariousFunctionsneedtobetransferred,divided,unified,orintroduced.

Itisnecessarytodistribute/varytheFunctionsinasuitablewayinspaceandintime,andfurtherforbetterworkingofthesystemitisthekeytoutilizehigher-levelFunctionsforadapting/controllingetc.(3a)

ReassigntheFunctiontoadifferentObject.

Reassign(ortransfer)thepresentFunctiontoamoresuitabledifferentObjectwhicharealreadypresentornewlyintroducedinthesystem.3b)

Dividethecompound/multipleFunctionsandassignthemtodifferentObjectsordifferentpartsofanObject.Dividethecompound/multipleFunctionspresentinthesystemandreassignthedividedFunctionsto

differentObjects(alreadypresentornewlyintroduced)ordifferentpartsofObjects.(3c)

UnifymultipleFunctionsandassigntheunifiedFunctiontoanObject.

UnifymultipleFunctionsofmultipleObjectsandassigntheunifiedFunctiontooneObject.(3d)

IntroduceanewFunctiontoassigntoanObject.

Inordertoachievethetargetofthesystemortosolvetheproblem,introduceanewFunctionandassignittoanObjecteitherpresent/modifiedornewlyintroduced.(3e)

Distribute/varytheFunctioninspaceorutilizethespatialdistribution/motion/vibrationFunction.

Distribute/arrangetheFunction(s)insomespatialorder/structureandincreasethedegreeofspatialfreedom.

Utilize/enhancethespatialFunction(s)ofdistributing/moving/vibratingtheObject(s)(ortheAttribute(s)ofObject(s)).(3f)

Distribute/varytheFunctionintime.

Setthetime(ortiming)ofoperationoftheFunction(s)inanappropriateway.

SetthetimingofoperationofaFunction,inthesenseoftimeperiodofoperation(suchastriggeringevent,operationalconditions,etc.),temporalvariationinthelongtimerange,andtemporalvariationintheshorttimerange(e.g.,inpulses,incycles,frequency,etc.),andalsosetthetimingofmultipleFunctionsinthesenseofthesequentialorder,therelativetimingofoperations,etc.(3g)

Realizethedetection/measurementFunction.

Performthedetection/measurementFunctionassimplyandquicklyaspossible(especially,makethedetection/measurementitselfunnecessary,ifpossible)andbyusingAttributessensitiveandaccuratefordetection/measurement.

[See(3h)also.](3h)

Introduce/enhancetheadapting/coordination/controlFunction.Introduce/enhanceFunction(s)foradapting/coordinating/controllingthesystemandmakethesystemhigherandmoreintelligent.(3i)

AchievetheFunctionwithdifferentphysicalprinciple.InplaceofthepresentFunction(especiallytheoneachievedbygravitationalormechanicalprinciples),achievethesimilarFunctioninamoreeffectiveandcontrollablewayonthebasisofadifferentphysicalprinciple(4)SolutionCombinationMethod

Combinemultiplesolutions(ormultipleelementsofsolutions)invariousways(suchasfunctionally,spatially,temporally,structurally,attheprinciplelevel,etc.)soastoformanewsolutionwhichenhancesthestrongpoints,complementsthedrawbacks,andovercomesthecontradictions.

Alsosolvetheproblembytransferringtothesuper-systemlevel.(4a)

Combinesolutionsfunctionally.CombinemultiplesolutionsbylinkingtheirFunctions.

Especially,combinemultiplesolutionsbylinkingFunctionswhicharerelatedincausalrelationshipsorbycombiningFunctionswhicharecomplementaryorcontrarywithoneanother.(4b)

Combinesolutionsspatially.

Combinemultiplesolutionsinrespecttothespatialpositionstoapply;forinstance,atdifferentplaces(foravoidingthemutualinterferrence),atdistributedplaces,sidebyside,infrontandback(insequence),ontopandbottom,atthesameplacealternatively,insideoftheother,asaninner-structureoftheother,etc.(4c)

Combinesolutionstemporally.

Combinemultiplesolutionsinrespecttotimetoapply;forinstance,insequence(oneafteranother),beforehandoftheother,simultaneously(inparallel),afterwardsoftheother,inthereverseorder,alternatively,inpulses,periodically,fromtimetotime,interrupting/switchingcorrespondingtothesituations,etc.(4d)

Combinesolutionsstructurally.

Combinemultiplesolutionsbyforminga(hierarchical)functionalstructureinsuchawaythatthesolutionsareperformedalternativelyunderdifferentconditionsorperformedatdifferentlevles.4e)

Combinesolutionsattheprinciplelevel.Combinemultiplesolutionsbasedondifferentprinciplesandformasolutioninvariousways;forinstance,asatemporarysolutioninthetransientstage,inahybridsystem,inacompromise,toback-uptheother,toperformonabackgroundoftheother,etc.(4f)

Combinesolutionsatthesuper-systemlevel.

Considerthehigher-levelpurposeorprincipalfunctionwhichshouldbeperformedbythesystemintheproblemandsolvethecurrentproblembycombining/coordinatingthepresentsystemwiththeneighboringsystem(s)andforming/improvingthehigher-levelsystem(i.e.thesuper-system).(5)SolutionGeneralizationMethod

Representasolutioninamoregeneralway,formasolutiontemplate,andobtainconceptsofsolutionsintheassociativemanner.

Alsogenerateahierarchicalsystemofsolutions.(5a)Generalize/specifythesolutionforassociativethinking.

Replacethetechnical/specifictermsinasolutionwithplain/genericterms,formaplainsolutiontemplate,andthenobtainnewspecificconceptualsolutionsinanassociativeway.(5b)

Constructahierarchicalsystemofsolutions.

Classifyanumberofsolutionsobtainedsofar,makeahierachicalsystemofsolutionswithrespecttothelevelsofgeneralization,considertheoverallviewofthesolutionspace,andtryacomprehensivesearchofsolutions.

NotesofSymbolsforIllustrations:

Objects:

Oval:

Object,especiallyTargetObjectwhichisaffectedbytheFunction.

Rectangles:

Objects,especiallyToolObjectswhichactwiththeFunction.

Attributes:

Attributesaresorts(orcategories,andnotvalues)ofpropertiesofObjects.

Shownwithdifferentcolorsandpatternsforeachobject.

Thepatternsintheabovefiguresintend:

Solid,Powder,Liquid,Gas,

Hazardous,Varyinginspace,andMicro-levelpropertiesofObjects..

Functions:

Shownwithdifferentstylesofarrows.

solidarrow:

usefulFunction

broken-linearrow:

(usefulbut)insufficientFunction

fatarrow:

excessive(andhenceratherharmful)Function

crossedarrow:

harmfulFunction

ThreedifferentpatternsofarrowsforshowingdifferentFunctions.

Solutions:

Shownwithround-corneredrectangles.

EssenceofTRIZin50Words

EssenceofTRIZ:

Recognitionthat

technicalsystemsevolve

towardstheincreaseofideality

byovercomingcontradictions

mostlywithminimalintroductionofresources.

Thus,forcreativeproblemsolving,

TRIZprovidesadialecticwayofthinking,

i.e.,

tounderstandtheproblemasasystem,

toimagetheidealsolutionfirst,and

tosolvecontradictions.

按照TRIZ對(duì)發(fā)明問(wèn)題的五級(jí)分類(lèi)，一般較為簡(jiǎn)單的一到三級(jí)發(fā)明問(wèn)題運(yùn)用創(chuàng)新原理或者發(fā)明問(wèn)題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解法就可以解決，而那些復(fù)雜的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)明問(wèn)題，如四、五級(jí)的問(wèn)題，往往需要應(yīng)用發(fā)明問(wèn)題解決算法ARIZ做系統(tǒng)的分析和求解。

ARIZ（AlgorithmforInventive-ProblemSolving）——發(fā)明問(wèn)題解決算法，是TRIZ理論中的一個(gè)主要分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的方法，其目標(biāo)是為了解決問(wèn)題的物理矛盾。該算法主要針對(duì)問(wèn)題情境復(fù)雜、矛盾及其相關(guān)部件不明確的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)。它是一個(gè)對(duì)初始問(wèn)題進(jìn)行一系列變形及再定義等非計(jì)算性的邏輯過(guò)程，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)問(wèn)題的逐步深入分析和轉(zhuǎn)化，最終解決問(wèn)題。該算法尤其強(qiáng)調(diào)問(wèn)題矛盾與理想解的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，一方面技術(shù)系統(tǒng)向理想解的方向進(jìn)化，另一方面如果一個(gè)技術(shù)問(wèn)題存在矛盾需要克服，該問(wèn)題就變成一個(gè)創(chuàng)新問(wèn)題。

TRIZ認(rèn)為，一個(gè)創(chuàng)新問(wèn)題解決的困難程度取決于對(duì)該問(wèn)題的描述和問(wèn)題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度，描述得越清楚，問(wèn)題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度越高，問(wèn)題就越容易解決。ARIZ中，創(chuàng)新問(wèn)題求解的過(guò)程是對(duì)問(wèn)題不斷地描述，不斷地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的過(guò)程。在這一過(guò)程中，初始問(wèn)題最根本的矛盾被清晰地顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。如果方案庫(kù)里已有的數(shù)據(jù)能夠用于該問(wèn)題則是有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解；如果已有的數(shù)據(jù)不能解決該問(wèn)題則無(wú)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解，需等待科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。該過(guò)程是通過(guò)ARIZ算法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

ARIZ算法主要包含六個(gè)模塊：

第一個(gè)模塊：情境分析，構(gòu)建問(wèn)題模型；

第二個(gè)模塊：基于物場(chǎng)分析法的問(wèn)題模型分析；

第三個(gè)模塊：定義最終理想解與物理矛盾；

第四個(gè)模塊：物理矛盾解決；

第五個(gè)模塊：如果矛盾不能解決，調(diào)整或者重新構(gòu)建初始問(wèn)題模型；

第六個(gè)模塊：解決方案分析與評(píng)價(jià)。

首先是將系統(tǒng)中存在的問(wèn)題最小化，原則是在系統(tǒng)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)其必要機(jī)能的前提下，盡可能不改變或少改變系統(tǒng)；其次是定義系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)矛盾，并為矛盾建立“問(wèn)題模型”；然后分析該問(wèn)題模型，定義問(wèn)題所包含的時(shí)間和空間，利用物-場(chǎng)分析法分析系統(tǒng)中所包含的資源；接下來(lái)，定義系統(tǒng)的最終理想解。通常為了獲取系統(tǒng)的理想解，需要從宏觀和微觀級(jí)上分別定義系統(tǒng)中所包含的物理矛盾，即系統(tǒng)本身可能產(chǎn)生對(duì)立的兩個(gè)物理特性，例如：冷——熱、導(dǎo)電——絕緣、透明——不透明等。

因此，下一步需要定義系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的物理矛盾并消除矛盾。矛盾的消除需要最大限度地利用系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的資源并借助物理學(xué)、化學(xué)、幾何學(xué)等工程學(xué)原理。作為一種規(guī)則，經(jīng)過(guò)分析原理的應(yīng)用后如問(wèn)題仍無(wú)解，則認(rèn)為初始問(wèn)題定義有誤，需調(diào)整初始問(wèn)題模型，或者對(duì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行重新定義。

應(yīng)用ARIZ取得成功的關(guān)鍵在于在理解問(wèn)題的本質(zhì)前，要不斷地對(duì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行細(xì)化，直至確定了問(wèn)題所包含的物理矛盾。

如圖所示為ARIZ算法解決創(chuàng)新問(wèn)題的流程。

下面是用ARIZ算法解決一個(gè)有關(guān)摩擦焊接問(wèn)題的實(shí)例。

問(wèn)題：摩擦焊接是連接兩塊金屬的最簡(jiǎn)單的方法。將一塊金屬固定并將另一塊對(duì)著它旋轉(zhuǎn)。只要兩塊金屬之間還有空隙就什么也不會(huì)發(fā)生。但當(dāng)兩塊金屬接觸時(shí)接觸部分就會(huì)產(chǎn)生很高的熱量，金屬開(kāi)始熔化，再加以一定的壓力兩塊金屬就能夠焊在一起。一家工廠要用每節(jié)10米的鑄鐵管建成一條通道，這些鑄鐵管要通過(guò)摩擦焊接的方法連接起來(lái)。但要想使這么大的鐵管旋轉(zhuǎn)起來(lái)需要建造非常大的機(jī)器，并要經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)車(chē)