法律英語課件

LessonOne

LegalSystemI.WhystudylegalEnglish?Readinglegalliteratureandtranslatinglegaldocuments;Enlargingvocabularyspecifictolaw;Improvingsuchskillsaslistening,speaking,readingandwritinginrelationtolaw.II.Whatwillbecoveredinthiscourse?LegalsystemJudicialSystemConstitutionAdministrativeLawCriminalLawCivilRightsLawContractLawTortLawPropertyLawCorporationLawInsuranceLawCommercialLawIII.Whatdowemeanby“l(fā)aw”?Ontheonehanditreferstotheestablishedrulesbyauthorityorcustom,regulatingthebehaviorofmembersofacommunity,country,etc.Ontheotherhand,thetermmeansthebodyofsuchrulesingeneral.IV.Whatarethemajorlegalsystemsintheworld?(1)CivilLawSystemTheterm“civillaw”(Continentallaw)andthebasisofthelawitselfarederivedoriginallyfromthelawofancientRome.Civillawisthepredominantsystemoflawintheworld.

TodaymostWesternEuropeancountrieshavecivil-lawsystems,asdocountriesofLatinAmerica,mostAfricancountries,Japan,Thailand,andTurkey.

Thelegalsystemsinmanycivillawcountriesarebasedaroundoneorseveralcodesoflaw,whichsetoutthemainprinciplesthatguidethelaw.ThemostfamousexampleisperhapstheFrenchCivilCode.

(2)CommonLawSystemCommonlawreferstolawandthecorrespondinglegalsystemdevelopedthroughdecisionsofcourtsandsimilartribunals,ratherthanthroughlegislativestatutesorexecutiveaction.OriginatedinEngland,commonlawsystemhasnowbeenadoptedbycountrieslikeUnitedStates,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,Iceland,India,Pakistan,Malaysia,andSingapore.(3)MuslimLawSystemTheMuslimlegalsystemisanautonomouslegalsystemwhichisactuallyreligiousinnatureandpredominantlybasedontheKoran(古蘭經(jīng)).

V.WhatischaracteristicofAmericanlegalsystem?TheAmericanlegalsystem,liketheEnglish,ismethodologicallymainlyacaselawsystem.CaseLaw:lawbasedondecisionsmadebyjudgesinearliercases.

CommonLaw:Thecommonlawevolvedfromcustomandwasthebodyoflawcreatedandadministeredbytheking’scourts.Whenajudgedecidedanewprobleminacasebeforehim,thatdecisionwouldbefollowedinsubsequentcasesbyjudgesasalegalrule.EquityLaw:Howcouldpeopleobtainjustice,ifnotinthecommonlawcourts?Atfirstkingswouldconsiderthepetitions,butlaterthisworkwasdelegatedtooneoftheCouncilmembers.ThiswastheChancellor,whobecameknownastheKeeperoftheKing’sConscience.TheChancellordidnottrycriminalcases.Hedealtonlywithcivildisputesconcerning,forexample,mattersofpropertyandbreachesofcontract.Hesetouttodojusticeinthesecaseswheretheparties(peopleinvolvedinacase)wereabletoshowthatthecommonlawcourtswerenotableorpreparedtodojustice.ThelawthatwasappliedintheCourtofChancerywasknownasequity.

普通法衡平法普通法專指英國在11世紀后由法官通過判決形式逐漸形成的適用于全英格蘭的一種判例法。而衡平法是指英國在14世紀后對普通法的修正和補充而出現(xiàn)的一種判例法。VI.Glossarypubliclaw公法privatelaw私法commonlaw普通法civillaw羅馬法,大陸法;民法caselaw判例法statutorylaw制定法equitylaw衡平法ProvisionsofOxford牛津條例writ令狀writuponthecase本案令狀courtofchancery衡平法院injunction強制令bindinginterpretation具有約束力的法律解釋civilsuit民事訴訟action法律訴訟,訴訟行為VII.In-classActivitiesTask1:Workinpairstodiscusstheroleoflawinsociety(5minutes)Task2:WorkingroupstodiscusstheAmericanlegalsystem.(10minutes)VIII.HomeworkTopicsfororalpresentation:1.Americanhistory2.Developmentofcommonlaw3.EmergenceofequitylawLesson2LegalProfessionBackgroundLawyerJudgeProsecutorLawteacherLegalProfessionHarlanFiskeStone:SuccessfulNewYorklawyer;ProfessoroftheColumbiaSchooloflaw;AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates;ChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates律師教授院長司法部長首席大法官HarlanFiskeStone1872-1946Howdoyouunderstandthefollowingpointsaboutlawyers?(a)Lawyersmustbecultured.(b)Lawyersmustbekeenlyawareoftheworldinwhichtheylive,whatisrightaboutitandwhatiswrong.(c)Theymustbecompassionateandsensitivetohumanproblemsandweaknesses.(d)Lawyersmustbecourageousandwillingtorepresentunpopularcases.I.LegalprofessioninUKInEnglandthelegalprofessionisdividedintotwotypesoflawyers,calledsolicitors(事務(wù)律師)andbarristers（出庭律師）.barristersolicitorTheybotharequalifiedlawyers,buttheyhaveadifferenttraining:theytakedifferentexaminationstoqualify,andoncetheyhavequalifiedtheyusuallydodifferenttypesoflegalwork.Solicitorshavedirectcontactwiththeirclients.Inmostcases,barristersdonot.Inalmostallcases,aclientwhoneedstheservicesofabarristermustgofirsttoasolicitor,whowilltheninstruct,orbriefthebarrister.Manysolicitorsdealwitharangeoflegalwork,suchas:litigation,commercial,conveyancing,employment,family,immigration,licensing,probate,etc.

Bycontrast,barristersaremainlylitigatorsorcourtroomlawyerswhoactuallyconductcasesincourt.Theyhaverightstoappearinanycourtintheland,andsobarristersarethoselawyerswhoappearinthemoredifficultcasesintheCrownCourt,theHighCourtandthevariouscourts.II.LegalprofessioninUSAInAmericathereisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.Thelawyer’sdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,anddrafting.律師美國LawyerAttorneyAttorney–at-lawCounselerCounseler–at-law英國Barrister訴訟律師大律師，出庭律師Solicitor非訴律師訴狀律師，事務(wù)律師TheBarAssociation:Aprofessionalbodyoflawyers.Somebarassociationsareresponsiblefortheregulationofthelegalprofessionintheirjurisdiction;othersareprofessionalorganizationsdedicatedtoservingtheirmembers;inmanycases,theyareboth.IntheUS,admissiontothebarispermissiongrantedbyaparticularcourtsystemtoalawyertopracticelawinthatsystem.Somestatesrequirebarassociationmembershipforallattorneys,whileothersdonot.美國律師協(xié)會Requirementsforadmission:(a)Educationinlaw(b)Writtenexamination(c)Inquiryintotheapplicant’scharacterNoapprenticeshipisrequired.Regulationsforthelawyer’spractice:Therulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourt,butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.Alawyer’spracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresentclients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.III.Lawyer’sPractice(a)Lawyersinprivatepracticeworkingassinglepractitioners(9/15)workinginlawfirms(6/15)partnersassociates

(b)HousecounselLawyersemployedby:industrialcorporationsinsurancecompaniesbanksHousecounselremainmembersofthebarandareentitledtoappearincourt,thoughanoutsidelawyerisoftenretainedforlitigation.(c)LawyersingovernmentWhydolawgraduatesenterpublicservice?Salariessufficientlyattractive;SeekingtrainingexperienceWhydosomelawyersgiveupworkwiththegovernment?Limitationsonthetopsalaries.Thoughtheparticipationoflawyersinthegovernmenthasdeclinedrecently,fortwocenturieslawyershavemadeuproughlyhalfoftheCongressoftheUnitedStatesandofthestategovernors.ChiefJusticeStoneHarlanFiskeStone1872-1946“Notraditionofourprofessionismorecherishedbylawyersthanthatofitsleadershipinpublicaffairs.”在我們的職業(yè)傳統(tǒng)中，沒有一個像其擔(dān)任公共事務(wù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的傳統(tǒng)那樣受到律師們的鐘愛。IV.GlossarytheBar律師業(yè)，司法界barrister訴訟律師,大律師,出庭律師solicitor非訴律師,訴狀律師,事務(wù)律師advocacy出廷辯護，代理訴訟singlepractitioner單獨開業(yè)者housecounsel專職法律顧問publicprosecutors公訴人，檢察官attorney律師；檢察官AttorneyGeneral司法部長；檢察總長ChiefJustice首席大法官litigation訴訟litigant訴訟當(dāng)事人V.In-classactivitiesTask1.Whatqualitiesshouldlawyerspossess?Task2:Doyouwanttobealawyer?Pleasegivethereasonsforyourpoints.LessonThreeLegalEducationBackgroundIntheUnitedStates,lawisagraduatedegree,whichstudentsembarkupononlyaftercompletinganundergraduatedegreeinsomeotherfield(usuallyabachelor’sdegree),andisconsideredtobeagraduateorprofessionalschoolprogram.

Theundergraduatedegreecanbeinanyfield,thoughmostAmericanlawyersholdbachelor’sdegreeinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;legalstudiesasanundergraduatestudyisavailableatafewinstitutions.LawSchoolsIntheUnitedStatesandcountriesfollowingtheAmericanmodel,lawschoolsaregraduate/professionalschoolswhereabachelor’sdegreeisaprerequisiteforadmission.Mostlawschoolsarepartofuniversitiesbutafewareindependentinstitutions.Atpresentthereareabout203lawschoolsintheUnitedStates,amongthem178accreditedbyAmericanBarAssociation(ABA）.ABALawschoolsmaybepublic-supportedorprivate-owned.Publiclawschoolsaremainlyfinancedbystategovernment.MajorprivatelawschoolsHarvardUniversityLawSchool（哈佛大學(xué)法學(xué)院）YaleLawSchool（耶魯大學(xué)法學(xué)院）ColumbiaUniversityLawSchool（哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院）UniversityofChicagoLawSchool（芝加哥大學(xué)法學(xué)院）StanfordUniversityLawSchool（斯坦福大學(xué)法學(xué)院）

Lawdegrees:

JurisDoctor(JD)——法律博士MasterofLaws(LLM)——法學(xué)碩士DoctorofJuridicalScience(SJD)——法學(xué)博士Admissiontolawschool美國法學(xué)院入學(xué)聯(lián)考——LSAT（LawSchoolAdmissionTest）為赴美讀J.D.而設(shè)置的一種考試,它由位于美國賓西法尼亞州的法學(xué)院入學(xué)考試委員會(LSAC)主辦,現(xiàn)已獲得全美國及加拿大各大學(xué)法學(xué)院的認可。LSAT考試每年舉辦4次，分別在2月、6月、10月及12月。LSAT考試滿分為180分，最低分為120分，其計算方法是根據(jù)選擇的正確的答案的數(shù)目來確定。選對25個左右，分數(shù)大概為130分；選對39個左右，分數(shù)大概為140分；選對55個，分數(shù)大概為150分；選對72個，分數(shù)為160；選對87個，分數(shù)為170分；選對98個以上，分數(shù)為滿分180分。一般好的學(xué)校要求的成績都在160分以上?？荚嚦煽円话阍诳己?周左右由主辦機構(gòu)寄出。LSAT成績在5年內(nèi)有效。WelcometoHarvardLawSchoolWatchthefollowingmovieclip:

FirstClassatHarvardTeachingmethodsTheCaseMethod/theSocraticMethodThecasemethodisbasedontheprinciplethatratherthanstudyinghighlyabstractsummariesoflegalrulesthebestwaytolearnAmericanlawistoreadtheactualjudicialopinionswhichbecomethelawundertheruleofstaredecisis(duetoitsAnglo-Americancommonlaworigin).

Towardsthisend,Americanlawprofessorstraditionallycollectthebestcasesconcerningaparticularareaofthelawinspecialtextbookscalledcasebook.Traditionally,thecasebookmethodiscoupledwiththeSocraticMethodinAmericanlawschools.Foragivenclass,aprofessorwillassignseveralcasesfromthecasebooktoread,andmayalsorequirestudentstobefamiliarwithanynotesfollowingthosecases.

Inclass,theprofessorwillaskstudentsquestionsabouttheassignedcasestodeterminewhethertheyidentifiedandunderstoodthecorrectrulefromthecase,ifthereisone—incertainheavilycontestedareasoflaw,therewillnotbeanyonecorrectrule.InitialClassAnalysisMovieclip3:

SkillsandvaluesAnalyticandproblem-solvingskillsCriticalReadingabilitiesWritingskillsOralcommunicationandlisteningabilitiesGeneralresearchskillsTaskorganizationandmanagementskillsThevaluesofservingothersandpromotingjusticeKnowledgeUnderstandingthetextWhatwasthenumberoflawschoolsaccreditedbyABAintheUnitedStatesin1983?Whatistheonlywaytoprepareformembershipinthelegalprofession?Whatarethefunctionsoflawschool?WhatarethecriticismsaboutlegaleducationinAmerica?

PartOneCurriculumand

theCasemethodCurriculumTraditionalFirst-yearprogram:contract,torts,property,criminallaw,civilprocedure.Second&Thirdyear:NewDealprogram,administrativestructure.Peripheralsubject:legalphilosophy,legalhistory,legalprocess,clinicaleducation.Newareasoflaw:environmentallaw,housingandurbandevelopment,women’srights,healthintheworkplace,welfarerights,consumerprotection.Interdisciplinarycontexts:history,psychology,sociology,medicine,economics.TheCaseMethod:Teachingstudentshowtostate,analyze,evaluate,andcompareconcretefactsituations.Criticisms:Havinganadverseimpactonthestudentsandthequalityoffuturelawyering.Alienation

異化Hostility

不友善Anxiety

焦慮Aggression

攻擊性PartTwoLawSchoolHierarchyDuncanKennedy:Lawschoolsas“intenselypoliticalplaces”;Characterizedbya“tradeschoolmentality,theendlessattentiontotreesattheexpenseofforests.”Functioningas“ideologicaltrainingforwillingnessserviceinthehierarchiesofthecorporatewelfarestate.”

Hierarchywithinlawschools:Studentslearnaparticularstyleofcondescensiontowardsperceivedinferioranddeferencetowardsperceivedsuperiors.Lawfaculties:white,male,middle-class.Lawstudentsadapttothishierarchy.Legalhierarchyispartlycausedbylegaleducation.

Hierarchyamonglawschools:Thetopdozenorsoelitelawschoolsoccupyapositionofpowerandprestige.“Oldboynetworks”:connectingthelawschoolsandtherestofthelegalprofession.ThetypicalFrankfurterrecruit:agraduateofHarvardlawschool,politicallyliberal,usuallyrankedhighinhisclass,andeitheranobviousproductofuppergentilecultureoranobviousproductofaradicallydifferentculturewhoare“comfortable”intheupperclassgentileworld.FelixFrankfurter

費利克斯·弗蘭克福特TenureatHarvardandlatersittingintheSupremeCourtGlossaryJurisDoctor(JD)法律博士MasterofLaws(LLM)法學(xué)碩士DoctorofJuridicalScience(SJD)法學(xué)博士curriculum課程requiredcourse必修課electivecourse選修課thecasemethod案例教學(xué)法theSocraticmethod蘇格拉底式教學(xué)法oldboynetworks老哥們關(guān)系網(wǎng)themodernregulatorynation現(xiàn)代規(guī)制國家ActivitiesWorkingroupstoanswerthefollowingquestions:Doyouwanttogetintoalawschool?Ifyes,wouldyouplantostudylawinAmerica?What’syouropinionofthelawschoolhierarchyinAmerica?HaveyouevernoticedsimilarhierarchywithinandamongChinesecolleges?

Lesson5Constitution

I.BackgroundTheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaisthefoundationofalllawandgovernmentintheUnitedStates.

TheUnitedStatesConstitutiondescribesthreemainbranchesofgovernment:ThebicamerallegislativebranchiscomposedofaHouseofRepresentativesandaSenateknowncollectivelyastheCongress.Article1Section8oftheUnitedStatesConstitutionplacesthepowerofthegovernmentintheCongresswhichmakesallthelaws.

THECONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA.docArticlesIIandIIIaddressthepowersdelegatedtothePresidentandtotheJudiciarysothattheymayexecutethelawspassedbytheCongress.AnexecutivebranchledbythePresident,preserves,protectsanddefendstheConstitutionandexecutestheinstructionsoftheCongresswiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate.Thepresidentalsohascertainuniquepowersreservedtohimalonesuchasthepowertopardon,andsharedpowerssuchasappointmentsandtreatiesmadewiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate.AJudicialbranchheadedbytheSupremeCourtreviewsthelawstheCongresshasmadefortheirconstitutionality.II.JudicialReviewJudicialReviewisapowerthatstateandfederalcourtsexerciseincasesinwhichtheoutcomedependsonthemeaningofconstitutionallanguage.Judicialreviewisimportantbecauseitstrikesthebalanceofpowerbetweenthethreebranchesofthefederalgovernment,betweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates,andbetweengovernmentandindividuals.Marburyv.Madison

(1803)wasthefirstcaseinwhichtheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtasserteditsrighttoreviewandoverturnactsofcoequalbranchesofgovernmentforviolatingthefederalConstitution.此案發(fā)生于1801年。起因是當(dāng)時的美國總統(tǒng)亞當(dāng)斯在其任期的最后一天午夜，突擊任命了42位治安法官，但其中16人的任命狀未能及時送達；繼任的總統(tǒng)杰弗遜讓國務(wù)卿麥迪遜將這16份委任狀統(tǒng)統(tǒng)扔掉。其中，一位因此而沒能當(dāng)上法官的人叫做馬伯里，由此提起了對麥迪遜的訴訟。審理該案的法官馬歇爾，運用高超的法律技巧和智慧，判決該案中所援引的《1789年司法條例》第13款因違憲而被無效，從而解決了此案，并從此確立了美國最高法院有權(quán)解釋憲法、裁定政府行為和國會立法行為是否違憲的制度，對美國的政治制度產(chǎn)生了重大而深遠的影響。InUnitedStatesv.Eichman

(1990)theSupremeCourtheldthatafederallawthatprohibitedburninganAmericanflagdeprivedonewhodidsoofthefreedomofexpressionguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment.ThedefendantinUnitedStatesvs.Eichman,ShawnEichman,hadburnedanAmericanflagonthestepsoftheUnitedStatesCapitoltoprotestAmericanforeignanddomesticpolicy.MarkHaggerty,inthejointlydecidedcase,hadburnedaflaginSeattle,Washington.Ina5-4decision(withvotinglinesidenticaltotheresultinTexasvs.Johnson),theCourtreaffirmedJohnsonandstruckdownthelawagainstflagburning.III.ImpeachmentThesolepowerofremovalofofficersofthegovernmentcalledforintheUnitedStatesConstitutionisimpeachment.“ThePresident,VicePresident,andallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates,shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor,andconvictionof,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors.”ImpeachmentofUSPresidents:

OnlytwopresidentsinU.S.historyhavebeenimpeachedbytheHouseofRepresentatives:AndrewJohnsonandBillClinton.

AndrewJohnsonEarlyin1868,PresidentJohnsonattemptedtofirehisSecretaryofWar,EdwinStanton,withoutSenateapproval.OnFebruary24,1868,theHouseofRepresentativesvotedtoimpeachPresidentJohnson.Johnson'strialbeganintheSenateonMarch30.Afterthetrial,whichlastedoveramonth,theSenatefailedbyonevotetoconvictJohnsonandremovehimfromthepresidency.BillClintonBillClinton,wasimpeachedbytheHouseofRepresentativesonDecember19,1998,andacquittedbytheSenateonFebruary12,1999.

Thecharges,perjury,obstructionofjustice,andmalfeasanceinoffice,arosefromtheMonicaLewinskyscandalandthePaulaJoneslawsuit.ItwasonlythesecondimpeachmentofaPresidentinAmericanhistory,followingtheimpeachmentofAndrewJohnsonin1868.IV.TheAmendmenttotheConstitution1.Theneedfortheamendment2.ThecomplexproceduresformakingtheamendmentTheConstitutionoftheUnitedStateshasbeenamendedtoincludealonglistofrightsknowncollectivelyastheBillofRightsandalsoreservesnumerousrightsfortheindividualstates,citizens.TheAmendments.docV.Glossarydoctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy憲法至上原則malfeasance瀆職行為judicialinterpretation司法解釋judicialreview司法審查constitutionality合憲性impeachment彈劾associatejustice陪審大法官VI.Discussion1.WhatdoyouthinkabouttheseparationofpowersintheUnitedStates?2.Howmuchdoyouknowabouttheprocessofimpeachment?3.What’syourviewontheU.S.citizens’righttobeararms?

LessonSix

AdministrativeLaw

BackgroundWhatisadministrativelaw?

——thebodyoflawthatdealswiththedutiesandoperationsofadministrativeagencies.TheseagenciesincludetheSocialSecurityAdministration,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theFederalAviationAgency,andmanymore.Administrativelawexpandedgreatlyduringthetwentiethcentury,aslegislativebodiesworldwidecreatedmoregovernmentagenciestoregulatetheincreasinglycomplexsocial,economicandpoliticalspheresofhumaninteraction.

Administrativelawisbrokenintoseveralinterrelatedparts.Theyare:administrativerules,regulationsandproceduresforgovernmentagenciesandbodies;thescopeofagencyauthority,inparticularindividualprivacy;andenforcementpowersofagencies.Administrativelaw

intheUnitedStates

IntheunitedStates,manygovernmentagenciesareorganizedundertheexecutivebranchofgovernment,althoughafewarepartofthejudicialorlegislativebranches.Inthefederalgovernment,theexecutivebranch,ledbythepresident,controlsthefederalexecutivedepartments,whichareledbysecretarieswhoaremembersoftheU.S.Cabinet.ThemanyimportantindependentagenciesoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentcreatedbystatutesenactedbyCongressexistoutsideofthefederalexecutivedepartmentsbutarestillpartoftheexecutivebranch.TheactionsofexecutiveagenciesandindependentagenciesarethemainfocusofAmericanadministrativelaw.Inresponsetotherapidcreationofnewindependentagenciesintheearlytwentiethcentury(seediscussionbelow),CongressenactedtheAdministrativeProcedureAct(APA)in1946.TheText:PartOneAgencyAction&AdministrativeLawParagraph1:Inwhatwayisthescopeoftheapplicationofadministrativelawdefined?Threeconcerns:Theproceduresemployedby“agencies”ineffecting“agencyaction”;Judicialreviewofthoseactions;Specialproceduresrelatingtothehandlingandreleaseofinformationinthegovernment’spossessionWhatisanadministrativeagency?“Agency”includeseveryadministrativeunitexercisingpublicauthority.…行使公共權(quán)力的行政單位.

Whatisagencyaction?Administrativeprocedurelegislation

——relativelyformalproceduresofadjudication,rulemaking正式判決、規(guī)章制定Federalagencyaction

grant,denial,orfailuretoact…批準、不批準、或不作為ModelStateAdministrativeProcedureAct(標準州行政程序法)…performanceof,orfailuretoperform,any…duty,function,oractivity,discretionaryorotherwise.履行或不履行任何一種職責(zé)、職能或行為,無論其是否屬于自由裁量權(quán)Exceptions傳統(tǒng)的刑事訴訟、傳統(tǒng)的民事訴訟、嚴格意義上的政治行為CriminallawproceedingsCivillitigationPoliticalactsParagraph2Howdidtheconceptofadministrativelawdevelop?…aspublicadministrationgrew.AdministrativelawGrab-bagforallgovernmentactionsaffectingprivatepersons……___thoseofthecriminallawortheordinarycivillawasadministeredbycourts……CanbeconnectedwithpublicadministrationParagraph3Thecentraltasksofadministrativelaw:

Assuringthecontrolaswellastheeffectivenessofgovernment確保對政府的控制，并保證政府的工作效率。Paradigmaticprocedures(標準程序)Paradigmaticrelationshipwithoverseers與監(jiān)督機構(gòu)之間的標準關(guān)系標準關(guān)系…cananddovary….并非一成不變PartTwoParadigmsandModelsFormaladjudication正式裁決Informaladjudication非正式裁決Formalrulemaking正式規(guī)章制定Informalrulemaking非正式規(guī)章制定Interpretation解釋Inspection監(jiān)督FormaladjudicationResembleaciviltrialConductbeforeanadministrativelawjudgeoragencyAstrictseparationoffunctionswithinanagencyTheresultsofformaladjudicationaregenerallyreviewedbycourtsHearing——聽證會InformaladjudicationThetakingdecisionsbybureaucraticroutine通過政治程序作出非正式裁決judicialreviewisrelativelypermissiveFormalrulemakingTodetermineastatute-likenormforfutureapplication確定準法律規(guī)范的程序Nostrictseparation(differsfromformaladjudication)HearingJudicialreviewInformalrulemakingTheordinaryprocedureforgeneratingstatute-likenorms.……initiatedbyanoticeoftheproposedactionWrittencommentsOralhearingsInformalrulemakingTheagencyexplainitsbasisandpurposeDecisionistakenbureaucraticallyJudicialreviewFullforceofstatutorylawInterpretationGeneratingandannouncingagencyinterpretationsofapplicablenormsGeneratedinternallyorinresponsetoarequestNoprocedureisrequiredDonotformallybindpersonsoutsidetheagencyBeregardedaspersuasivebythecourtsInspectionDirectphysicalviewbyaqualifiedgovernmentofficialAsubstituteforadjudicationproceduresDeterminetheexistenceornotofconditionswarrantingformaladministrativeactionGlossaryadministrativelaw行政法agencyaction行政行為adjudication裁定；裁決sub-constitutional準憲法性；亞憲法性statutorylaw制定法Formaladjudication正式裁決Informaladjudication非正式裁決Formalrulemaking正式規(guī)章制定Informalrulemaking非正式規(guī)章制定LessonSevenCriminalLawBackgroundModelPenalCode(標準刑法典）ModelPenalCodewascreatedbyagroupoflawprofessors,judges,andlawyerstoofferacomprehensiverevisionofthecriminallaw.TheModelPenalCodeisnotlawandhasnobindingeffect.Ithas,however,beenthemodelformanystatecriminalcodesandhasbeenveryinfluentialonstateandlocallegislators.ThreeIssuesaboutCriminalLawCrime—felony;misdemeanorPunishment–guidelinesforsentencingCriminalliabilityTEXTHomicide

Notallhomicidesarecriminal.Justifiablehomicide

——正當(dāng)殺人Excusablehomicide

——可寬恕的殺人JustifiablehomicideSelf-defense正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)Policeofficer……topreventthecommissionofaforciblefelony……預(yù)防暴力性重罪Topreventadangerousfelonescaping防止危險的重罪犯逃跑ExcusablehomicideApersonaccidentallyandwithoutgrossnegligencecausesthedeathofanotherindividual.沒有嚴重過失Criminalhomicide——有罪殺人Akillingamountstoacriminalhomicidewhenitisdonewithoutlawfuljustificationorexcuse.murdermanslaughter惡意殺人

謀殺非惡意殺人

非預(yù)謀殺人TheelementsofthecrimesofmurderCourtsdecisionsLegislaturesSeparatestatuteCriminalcodeCommonlawbyPart1.MurderKillingahumanbeingwith“malice”

惡意、預(yù)謀殺人CaliforniaPenalCodeSECTION187-199：Murderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing,orafetus,withmaliceaforethought.MaliceExpressmalice——明示惡意Impliedmalice——暗示惡意Adeliberateintentiontotakeawaythelifeofafellowcreature

故意剝奪他人生命Noconsiderableprovocation

沒有出現(xiàn)相當(dāng)程度的挑釁

Anabandonedandmalignantheart

冷酷邪惡的心Expressmalicevs.Impliedmalice

FirearifleatamovingpassengertrainPushanotheroffthesideofamountainPenaltyformurderDeath死刑Prisontermsextendingto“l(fā)ife”終身監(jiān)禁Prisontoaspecialnumberofyears一定年限的監(jiān)禁(a)Felony–murder重罪惡意謀殺Felony–murder：amurderthatoccurswhiletheaccusedisintheactofcommittinganotherfelony,suchasarmedrobbery.Felonymurdercarriesaheaviersentencethanplainmurder.Co-felonsguiltyofmurder

重罪共犯謀殺Inthecourseofanexchangeofshotsbetweenrobbersandthepolice,apoliceofficerisaccidentallykilledbyanotherofficer.在搶劫者與警察的交火過程中，一個警察意外地被另一個警察打死。MaliceMalicemayalsobea