2023年筆記新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程復(fù)習(xí)資料

ChapteroneIntroducｔioｎ一、定義1.語言學(xué)LiｎguisｔｉcsLinｇuｉstiｃsisgenerallyｄeｆｉneｄaｓｔｈescｉeｎtificstｕｄyｏflanguage.２.普通語言學(xué)ＧeneｒａｌLingｕistｉｃsＴhesｔuｄｙoｆlａnguａgeasａwholeisｏftencalｌedGenerａllinguisｔiｃｓ．３.語言languageＬａnguaｇｅisasyｓtemofａrbｉtraｒｙvｏｃａｌsｙmbolｓｕsedforhumａncomｍuｎicatiｏn.語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。4.辨認(rèn)特性DesiｇnＦeaｔuresItrｅｆerstｏtｈｅｄefininｇｐropｅrｔieｓｏｆhumａnｌanｇuageｔｈatdistｉnｇｕishitfｒｏmａnyaｎimaｌsｙｓｔｅmｏfcｏｍmuniｃaｔioｎ.語言辨認(rèn)特性是指人類語言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特性。Ａrbitrarinｅss任意性Ｐroｄuｃｔiｖｉty多產(chǎn)性（發(fā)明性）Ｄuality雙重性Disｐlａｃeｍent移位性Ｃulturａltraｎｓmisｓｉon文化傳遞5.語言能力Ｃomｐeteｎｃｅ（抽象）Ｃompetenceｉsｔheideａluser’sｋｎowledｇeoftｈｅruleｓofｈislanguaｇe．6.語言運(yùn)用perｆormance（具體）Pｅrformanｃｅiｓtｈeａctｕalｒealizationofthｉsｋnoｗｌedgeinｌinｇuｉsticcｏmmｕｎｉcａt(yī)ion．語言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語言交際中的具體體現(xiàn)。７.歷時(shí)語言學(xué)ＤiacｈｒoniclinguisticsThｅstudｙoflanguagｅchaｎｇetｈrougｈｔimｅ.adｉaｃhroｎicｓtudyｏｆlaｎguａgeisａｈisｔoricalsｔudy,wｈichstudｉesthehisｔoｒicaldevelｏpｍentｏfｌanguageoveｒaperiodｏｆtime．8.共時(shí)語言學(xué)SｙｎchronｉcａlｌinguiｓtiｃsTheｓtudyoｆaｇiｖenｌａｎguａgeatａgiventiｍe.9.語言laｎgｕe（抽象）Tｈｅabsｔrａctｌｉｎguisticsystemshaｒedbｙallmemｂersｏfａmｕｎiｔy．１0.言語parolｅ(具體）Tｈerealｉzationoflａngueinactuａlｕsｅ.11.規(guī)定性ＰｒeｓｃriｐtiveItaimstoｌaydownrulｅsｆｏｒ”cｏrrect”behaｖior，totellｐeopｌewｈattｈeyｓhｏulｄsaｙandwhatsｈouｌｄnotsａy.1２.描述性DesｃripｔiveAlinguiｓtiｃstuｄｙｄescriｂesａndａnaｌyzｅstｈelanguagepeopleacｔｕallyｕse.二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)1．laｎguaｇeiｓnotａnisolaｔeｄｐｈｅnomeｎon,it’ｓaｓｏciaｌacｔｉvitycａrriｅｄoｕｔinacertaｉnｓｏｃｉaｌenviroｎmｅntｂyhumaｎbｅｉngs．語言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象,而是人類在一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的一種社會(huì)活動(dòng)。2.幾種觀點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)象的提出者：⑴瑞士語言學(xué)家F．ｄeSaussｕre：Laｎgue和pａrole的區(qū)別⑵美國語言學(xué)家N.Ｃhｏｍskｙ:in1９５0針對(duì)Saｕssｕｒe’slanｇue&pａrolｅ提出Compｅtence和performanｃｅ⑶曾經(jīng)對(duì)語言概念下過定義的語言學(xué)家Ｓａｐiｒ---laｎguageｉsaｐureｌyhuｍanaｎdnoｎ-instinctｉvemetｈodofｃｏmmunicａt(yī)ionidｅas,emoｔionsandｄeｓｉresbｙmeanｓofｖolunｔarilyproducedsymboｌs.Haｌl-－--laｎｇｕagｅistｈeinstituｔiｏｎwｈereｂyｈｕmanｓcommuｎicateandinteｒactwiｔheacｈotｈerbyｍeaｎsｏｆhaｂituallyuｓeｄorａｌ-aｕditｏryaｒｂiｔrarysymbols.Cｈomsky---ｆrｏmnｏwonＩwillｃonsideｒlanguａgｅｔobｅａsｅtofsenｔeｎces,ｅachfinｉｔeinlｅnｇtｈａｎdｃonsｔructedｏｕtofａfｉniteｓetofeｌemｅｎts.⑷美國語言學(xué)家CｈarleｓHoｃketｔ：提出了語言的辨認(rèn)特性ｄeｓignfeａt(yī)ures3.tｈeword’languａｇe’ｐｒｅcededｂｙthezｅro－arｔiｃle,itimplieｓｔhａt(yī)liｎgｕisｔicsｓtudｉesｎotanypａrｔicularlaｎｇuagｅ.Ｌaｎguａｇe一詞前不加冠詞說明語言學(xué)家不只研究一種特定的語言。4．inordertｏdｉsｃoｖｅrthenａｔuｒeｏfｔhｅundｅrｌyinｇlanguａgesyｓtem,ｗhａt(yī)ｔhelｉｎｇuｉstｓhasｔｏdofirsｔiftoｓtudylaｎguａgｅｆacｔｓ．5.lanｇuageiｓplicaｔedｅnｔｉtyｗithmulｔｉpｌｅｌayeｒsandfactｓ,sｏit'shaｒｄｌypoｓsｉblｅfoｒｔheｌiｎguistiｃsｔodeaｌｗithiｔallatoｎｃe.判斷題6．Frｉstｄｒewtheattenｔioｎofthelinguｉstswereｔhesoｕnｄsｕsｅｄｉnlangｕagｅs.最先引起語言學(xué)家注意的是語言的發(fā)音。三、問答題1.ｗhａt(yī)aremaｊoｒbranｃhｅsoｆlinguistｉcs?whatdoｅｓeaｃｈstudy？Phｏｎetｉcｓ----iｔ’sｄefｉnedastｈestudｙｏｆthephonｉｃｍediumoｆlａnｇｕagｅ,iｔ’scoｎcｅrnedｗiｔhallthesｏｕndsｔhaｔoccｕｒintheworld’slａnguａｇes.Phoｎology---thestｕdyoｆsｏｕｎｄssｙsｔems—ｔheiｎventｏryofdistinｃｔivesoｕndsｔhatoccurinalanguageａｎdtheｐatteｒnsintoｗhicｈｔｈｅｙfall.Ｍorphoｌogy--－It’sabraｎchofaｇrammａrｗhichｓtuｄieｓｔhｅinteｒnalｓtruｃtureoｆwordsaｎdtherｕlesbywhｉcｈwordsarｅformeｄ.Syntaｘ--－－---it'saｓubfieldoｆlｉｎgｕiｓticsthａt(yī)ｓtuｄiesthesentenｃesｔｒｕctureofaｌanguａge.Seｍａnｔiｃs---Iｔ’ssｉmｐlyｄeｆinedａsthｅsｔudyoｆｍeaningｉnabstｒacｔiｏｎ．Pｒａｇmaｔics---tｈestudｙofmeaninｇinconteｘtoｆwords．Ｓｏcioｌｉnｇuiｓticｓ—thesｔｕdｙoflaｎguagｅwiｔｈrｅferｅncｅｔosｏcietｙ.Psyｃholinｇｕｉstics--－tｈestudｙoflanｇuagewｉthreferｅｎceｔothewｏrkingoftｈemiｎd.Applｉedlinｇｕiｓtics-－-theａpｐlicationoflｉｎｇuｉstｉcｐrｉｎｃipleｓandtheｏrｉｅstolanｇuageteachｉngandｌｅarniｎg．２．ｗhyｄoｗesaylaｎguagｅisａrbitｒarｙ?Lａｎguaｇeiｓaｒｂitｒarｙinthesensetｈaｔtｈｅreisｎoinｔｒiｎｓiｃconnectionbeｔweenthｅｓoundsthaｔpeopｌeusｅaｎｄtheｏｂｊectstowhiｃｈtheseｓoundsrefeｒ.Thefactthａｔdiｆferentｌanguagｅshａｖedifｆerenｔｗoｒｄsforthesaｍｅobjectisaｇooｄiｌlustratioｎｏftｈｅarbitraryｎatuｒeoflanguage,it’sｏnlｙoｕｒｔacｉtagreementofuｔｔeranｃeandconｃepｔａt(yī)workaｎdｎotanyinｎaｔｅreｌatiｏnshiｐｂoundupinthｅuｔｔeｒaｎce．Aｔypicａleｘampletoillｕstratｅthe‘a(chǎn)rbiｔrarｉｎesｓ’oflanguaｇeis‘a(chǎn)ｒoｓebｙanyotheｒnａｍewouldｓmelｌａsｓwｅｅｔ’．3.ｗhatmaｋｅsmodernｌinｇuistｉｃsdiｆferentfｒomtrａdiｔionaｌgrammaｒ?Modernｌinguｉsｔicsｉsｄesｃｒiｐtive，ｉtsinvestigationsarebａｓｅdonａutｈｅnticandmainlｙspoｋenlanｇuagｅｄate．現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)是描述性的,其研究以的確可靠的、重要以口語形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。ｔrａditiｏnalgｒammａrispｒeｓｃｒiptivｅ．ｉtｉｓbasedon’hｉgh’wrｉtｔeｎlanguage．傳統(tǒng)語法是規(guī)定性的,研究‘高級(jí)’書面語。4．Ｉsmoｄｅｒnlinguｉstｉcsmaｉnlｙsyｎchronｉｃｏｒdiacｈronｉｃ?whyModernlinguisticsismaiｎｌyｓynchroｎic,focusiｎgｏｎthepresenｔ-dayｌanguage.unlessｔｈevａriｏusstａt(yī)esofalanｇｕagｅaｒesuｃcesｓｆullystudied，ｉtwillｎｏtbepossｉｂletoｄeｓcribelａnguａgｅfromaｄiａchronｉcpｏiｎtofview．現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)重要是共時(shí)性的,重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語言。除非對(duì)語言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語言進(jìn)行描述。5.whichenｊｏyｓpriorｉtyｉnｍoｄeｒnlｉnｇuｉｓtｉcs,speｅchorwｒitings？Spｅe(cuò)chｅnjｏyｓfoｒｔhefoｌｌoｗingreasons:⑴Speｅcｈｐrｅcedeswriｔingiｎteｒｍsofevolutioｎ.⑵Ａｌargｅamounｔofcoｍmｕｎiｃaｔioｎisｃａｒriedoｕtinｓｐeechthaｎｉnwrｉｔiｎg．⑶speeｃhisthefｏｒminｗhichinfantｓaｃquireｔheirnaｔivelangｕａge.6.howiｓSaｕｓｓure’sｄisｔinｃtionbeｔweｅnlaｎgｕｅandparolesimｉlａrtoChomｓkｙ’s?BoｔｈSａussuｒeandＣｈomsｋymａkｅthedisｔinctionbetweｅntheabstｒactｌaｎguaｇesｙsｔeｍａndtｈeacｔｕａｌｕｓeoflanguage.theirpuｒpoｓeｉstosiｎgleoｕtｔhelanguagｅsysteｍforserioｕsstudyＴｗｏｌinｇuistsiｄeaｄifferiｎthaｔＳａussuretookａsociologicalｖiｅwoflａnguage，Choｍsｋyloｏksatlａnguagefｒomapｓychoｌogicａｌpoiｎtoｆview,competencｅｉsａｐｒoｐertyｏftheｍiｎdofeaｃhｉndｉｖidual．6.tｈedistinctｉonbetweｅnlaｎgueaｎdparｏle?⑴lａnguｅisａbｓtrａct,rｅlａｔivelystablｅ⑵parolｅisｃoncrete,varｉｅsfroｍｐersｏntoperson,ｆｒomsituatｉontositｕation.1/Whatisｌinｇuistics？什么是語言學(xué)？Ｌinguiｓticsisgｅｎerallydefｉｎedaｓtｈescｉentｉfｉｃsｔudｙｏfｌａｎguage.Itｓtudieｓnotaｎyparｔiculａrlangｕａge,butlａｎｇuaｇｅsingｅnｅｒａl.2/Thescｏpeoｆlinguistiｃs語言學(xué)的研究范疇Theｓtudyofｌaｎguaｇeasawhｏleｉsoｆtencalledｇｅｎｅralｌiｎｇuｉsｔics．（普通語言學(xué))Thestudyofsoｕｎds,ｗhichaｒｅｕsedｉnliｎｇuｉsｔｉｃｃommunicａt(yī)ion,iｓcallｅdｐhｏｎetics．(語音學(xué)）Thestｕｄｙofｈowsoundsareputtｏgｅｔherandusedｉncommunicａt(yī)ioniscalledphoｎoｌogy.（音位學(xué))Thesｔudyoｆｔhｅwaｙinwhichmｏrphｅmesａｒｅarranｇedtｏｆormｗordｓaｒeｃａlｌedmorｐhｏlｏｇy．（形態(tài)學(xué))Thestudyｏｆhoｗｍｏrpheｍesanｄｗordsarｅｃoｍbinedｔｏfｏrｍｓeｎtencesiscalledsｙntax(句法學(xué)）Tｈestudyｏｆmeａniｎgｉnlａｎｇuageｉsｃａｌleｄsemantｉcs.(語義學(xué)）Tｈestuｄyｏfmeaｎiｎgiｎconteｘtofuｓeiscalledpragmaticｓ．(語用學(xué)）Thｅstudyoflａnguaｇewiｔhreferｅncｅtosｏｃietｙiscalleｄｓocio-ｌiｎguistics.（社會(huì)語言學(xué))Ｔhesｔudｙofｌanｇuagｅwｉthreｆeｒｅncｅtothewｏｒkinｇofminｄｉｓｃalledｐsycho－linｇｕistics.(心理語言學(xué)）Ｔhestｕｄyofａppliｃａt(yī)iｏns（asｔherecoveryofspeecｈabiliｔy)ｉsｇｅneｒａllykｎoｗnasａｐｐｌiedlｉnguiｓtics.(應(yīng)用語言學(xué))Ｂutinanａrrｏｗｓensｅ,aｐｐlieｄｌｉnguisticsrefｅｒstoｔheapplｉcaｔionoflｉｎgｕisticｐrｉnｃiｐlesandthｅorieｓtolａnguａgetｅａchingandｌearninｇ,eｓpeciallytｈeｔeachｉnｇofforｅignandsecondlanguage.Otｈｅrreｌatedｂrancheｓincludeantｈroｐologｉcallinguistics，(人類語言學(xué)）ｎeuroｌoｇicallinguistics，（神經(jīng)語言學(xué))ｍathematicallｉngｕiｓｔｉｃs,(數(shù)字語言學(xué)）ａndcompuｔａt(yī)iｏnaｌliｎgｕistiｃs.（計(jì)算機(jī)語言學(xué))3／Someiｍporｔaｎtdｉstiｎcｔioｎｓinlｉnguiｓtics語言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念Prescriptiveaｎddescｒiptive規(guī)定與描寫Ifalｉnguｉｓtiｃｓtudydescribeｓaｎdａnaｌyｚeｓthelａnｇｕagepeoplｅactｕallyuse,itisｓａidtobedescriptiｖe,iｆｉtaimｓtoｌａydｏwnrulestotellpeopｌewｈattｈeｙｓｈouldsayａndwhatｔheyｓhoｕlｄnoｔsay,iｔisｓaｉdｔobｅpreｓcriｐtiｖe．Mｏｄｅｒｎｌinguisｔｉcsdiffersｆromtradiｔiｏnａｌｇｒammａｒ.Traditionａlgｒammａriｓprescripｔivewhilｅｍoｄerｎlinｇｕisticsｉsdescriｐtive.Thetaｓkofliｎguｉsｔｓissuｐpｏsedtｏdesｃriｂethｅｌanguａgepeoｐleacｔuaｌｌyusｅ,ｗｈeｔheｒｉtｉs“cｏｒrｅct”ｏrｎot.Synchｒoｎicanddiachroｎic共時(shí)和歷時(shí)Thedescrｉｐtionｏfaｌanｇｕageatsomepointintiｍeiｓaｓynchroｎicsｔｕdy;theｄescriptiｏｎoｆａlａnguageａsitcｈaｎgｅsｔhrｏuｇhtimeisａdiachrｏnicstｕdy.Inmoderｎｌiｎguｉstics,synchronｉcstudyismoreimportaｎt．Spｅｅchａｎdwrｉting口頭語與書面語Ｓpeeｃhaｎdｗritingaretｈetwomaｊormeｄiａofcommuｎicatｉoｎ.Moｄｅrnlinｇuisticsｒegarｄsｔｈespokenfoｒmoflａnguagｅasprｉmarｙ，butnotthewrｉttenｆｏrm.Reasonｓare：1.Speｅchprecｅｄeswｒｉtiｎｇ;２.Therearestｉｌｌmanylanguagestｈａt(yī)ｈaveonlythespokeｎfｏｒm;3.Ｉntermsoffunction,thespｏkenlａｎguageｉｓusｅdfｏrawideｒrａngeofpｕrｐｏsesthａnthｅwriｔten,anｄcarrieｓａlａrｇeｒloadofｃｏｍｍｕnｉｃatｉoｎｔhaｎtheｗrｉｔｔｅn．Lanｇueａnｄｐａrole語言和言語TheSwiｓsｌiｎguistF．deSａusｓureｍadetｈedistincｔｉoｎbetｗeｅnlaｎgueandpaｒoleearly2０ｔｈcenｔury.Languｅrefｅrstotｈｅabｓtｒａｃtlinｇuisｔｉcsｙstemｓhaｒeｄbyａlltｈemembersｏfasｐeechｃｏｍmuｎity,anｄparoｌerefeｒsｔothｅreaｌizationofｌaｎｇuｅｉｎａｃtualｕse.Sａusｓｕrｅmadethedｉstinｃtｉonｉｎorｄerｔosｉngleoutoｎeａspeｃtoflaｎguageforｓeｒｉousstｕdｙ.Ｈeｂelievesｗhatlinｇuｉsｔsｓhoｕlddoisｔｏabｓtｒａctlanｇuefrompaｒole,todiｓcovertherｅgｕlａritieｓgovｅrｎinｇtheａctuａluseｏflanguageandmａkｅthemtheｓｕbjecｔｓｏｆsｔｕdyofｌinguistics.Cｏmpeteｎceａnｄｐerformａｎcｅ語言能力和語言運(yùn)用PｒｏpｏsedbyAmericａnlinguistN.Chomsｋyintheｌatｅ１950’s.Hｅdefinｅscompeｔenceastｈeideaｌusｅr’sknowledgeoftｈerｕlesｏfhisｌangｕage，andpeｒｆormancｅtheａcｔualrｅaliｚａt(yī)ioｎoｆthｉｓｋnowledｇeinlinguisｔiccoｍｍunicatｉoｎ.Ｈｅbelievｅsthｅtaskoftｈeliｎguistｓisｔodiｓcoverａndspecｉfythelanguageruleｓ．ChapterＴwoPhonoｌｏgｙ一、定義1．寬式音標(biāo)BroaｄｔransｃripｔioｎThetrａnscriptｉoｎofspeeｃhsouｎｄｓwｉｔhlettersyｍｂolsoｎlｙ.2．窄式音標(biāo)ＮａrrｏwtraｎscriptiｏnThetransｃriｐtionoｆsｐｅe(cuò)chsoundwithleｔterssymbｏｌsandｔhｅdｉacrｉtiｃs.3.清音VoｉceｌessＷhｅntheｖocａlcordｓaredraｗnｗideａpａrt,letｔｉｎgairgｏtｈrｏughwithoｕtcａuｓｉngｖibｒatioｎ，thesounｄsproducedinｓuｃhａcoｎditionarecａlledｖoiｃelesssouｎds.4.濁音VoｉcingSounｄsproduceｄwhiｌethevｏｃalcordsａreviｂratingaｒｅcaｌledｖｏicedsounds．5.元音VｏwelThｅsouｎdsｉｎｔｈｅprodｕctionoｆwｈｉchnoａrtｉｃulatｏrｓｃomｅvｅrｙclosetｏgetｈｅｒandtheａiｒｓtreampasｓｅｓｔhｒoughthｅvoｃaltrａctwｉｔhoｕtoｂｓtructioｎarｅcａllｅdｖowｅls.6.輔音ConsonantｓThesｏunｄsintheprｏductionofｗhiｃhtheｒｅiｓanobstructiｏnｏftheairstreａmａt(yī)someｐoｉｎtoftｈevｏcaｌtractarｅｃalｌedcｏnsｏｎants.７.音位PhｏneｍeThｅbaｓicunitｉｎｐhonｏlｏｇｙ,ｉt’sacollectionofdistiｎctivephoｎｅｔicfeatureｓ．8.音位變體AllophｏnesDｉfｆerｅntphonｅsｗhichｃanreｐreｓenｔapｈonemeiｎｄiffｅｒentｅｎｖiroｎｍeｎtｓａrｅｃａlｌedthｅaｌlophonesｏftｈatpｈｏnｅme.9．音素phoｎeAphoneｔicunitorsｅgｍent.itdoesｎotｎecｅssarｉｌydisｔｉnguｉshmeaniｎｇ，it’saｓpeechsoundweusewｈeｎsｐeakｉｎgalanguage．1０.最小對(duì)立對(duì)ＭinimalｐaiｒWｈentｗodiffｅrentｆoｒmsａｒeiｄenticaｌineverｙwaｙeｘceｐtforonesounｄsegmｅntｗhicｈoccuｒsｉnthesamｅpｌaceiｎtheｓtrings,ｔhetwｏwordsａｒeｓaidtofoｒｍaｍinｉmalpair.1１．超切分特性SuｐrａsegmenｔalTheｐhonｅmicfeatｕresｔhatoｃcｕraｂｏvetheleveloftｈeｓegmeｎtaｒｅｃalledsｕprasegｍｅntalfeａt(yī)uｒｅs．theｍainsupｒａsｅgmｅｎtalfeaturesinｃludｅstrｅss,ｉｎtｏnationaｎdtone．12．互補(bǔ)分布cｏmpｌeｍenｔａｒydisｔribuｔｉonＰ3５Twｏａllophonesoｆｔhesamepｈｏnemeareｓaidｔoｂeincoｍpｌeｍeｎｔａrydｉｓtributioｎ．13.語言的語音媒介PhonicｍedｉｕmｏflanguａgeThelｉmitedｒaｎgeofsoundswhｉｃharemｅanｉngfuｌinhuｍanｃoｍmunicａt(yī)iｏnaｎｄareｏfinｔｅｒesｔｔolingｕiｓｔicstudieｓaｒｅthephonicmediumofｌanguage.在人類交際中有著一定意義、對(duì)語言學(xué)研究來說舉足輕重。有限的聲音是語音媒介。１4.爆破音sｔｏpsWhenaobｓtructiｏnｃｒeaｔedｂythespｅe(cuò)chorgansistotaloｒcomplete,theｓpｅe(cuò)ｃhｓoundprｏｄuｃedｗｉththeｏbsｔｒucｔｉonrelｅasｅdandtheａiｒpassiｎgoutagainiscalledastoporａpｌosiｖe.thｅyaｒｅ[ｂ][ｐ][t][d][ｋ]［ｇ］二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)1．ｓｔａt(yī)ｉstｉcsrｅｓulｔｉnｇfromcａrefulｉnvestｉgａt(yī)ionｓshowthａt(yī)tｈｅｒehaveｂeeｎoｖｅr５,００0lａnｇｕagｅｓiｎtheｗｏrld,aboutｔwothｉrdsoｆｗhicｈhａｖｅnotｈadwriｔtｅnfoｒm.２.ofthｅtｗoｍｅdiaoｆｌａngｕaｇe,ｓpeechismoreｂasicｔhaｎwriting.3.Pｈonetic組成⑴Articulatｏryphonetiｃs發(fā)音語音學(xué)ｌongestestａblished，mｏsｔｌｙｄeveｌoped⑵Audｉtoｒypｈoｎeticｓ聽覺語音學(xué)⑶Acouｓtiｃphoｎetｉcs聲學(xué)語音學(xué)4.ａrtｉcｕlaｔｏryAｐｐａｒatuｓ/OrgansofＳpeecｈＰharｙngealcavｉty–咽腔Oralcａｖity–口腔greａt(yī)esｔｓouｒcｅofｍｏdｉｆiｃａt(yī)ionｏfairstrｅamfoｕndｈeｒeＮasaｌcaｖitｙ–鼻腔５．Thetongｕeisthｅmostfleｘｉbｌe,rｅsponsｉbｌeｆoｒmorevarietiesｏfａrｔiculatｉoｎthanaｎyother,theｅｘtremebaｃkoftheｔongueｃaｎbeｒaｉｓｅdtowardstheuvulaandaｓｐeeｃhsoundcanbethusprｏducedasiｓｕsediｎＡｒaｂicandFrench.６．Obsｔructiｏnbetweｅnthebacｋoｆｔhｅｔｏnｇｕeandtheｖelaｒareareｓultsinthｅproｎuｎciaｔｉonof[k］and[g］，thenarrｏｗingｏfspacebetweｅnthehａrdpalateandtheｆｒonｔofthetoｎgｕeｌeａｄｓtｏtｈｅsound[j］;ｔheobstｒucｔioncrｅatedbetweenｔhetipoｆｔhetongｕｅandthealｖｅoｌaｒriｄgｅresultｓintｈesounds［ｔ]ａｎd[d].7.nasalconsonaｎｔs：[m]/[n]/[η]8.APhoneisａphｏnetｉcuｎitｏrsegｍeｎt.9.Ｓｅquｅｎtｉalrules例子Ｉfｔhreｅcoｎsonanｔsshoulｄclusterｔｏｇethｅｒatthebeginｎingｏfawｏrｄ,tｈecombｉnａt(yī)ionshｏuldobeytheｆｏlloｗiｎgthｒeerules:⑴tｈefirｓtphoneｍｅmusｔbe／ｓ/⑵theｓeconｄphonemｅmｕsｔbe/p/or／t/ｏr/k／⑶thｅtｈｉrdｐhonemｅｍustbe／l／or/ｒ/oｒ/ｗ１0．Ｅnｇｌｉshhａsfｏurbasiｃtypeｓoｆiｎtonation:Fａｌlinｇｔone；Risiｎｇtoｎe；Fall-risetone；Rise-fａlltｏne三、問答題１.ｗhatarethethreebranchesofｐhｏｎeｔics?ｈowｄotheyｃｏntｒｉｂutetothesｔudｙofsｐｅe(cuò)chｓouｎd?Ａｒticｕlaｔorｙ—dｅｓcrｉbestｈｅwａyouｒｓpeechｏrgａnsworktoprｏdｕcｅthespeeｃｈsoｕｎdsaｎdhowtheydｉｆfer.Audｉｔory－–stｕdiesthephｙsicａlpｒopeｒtieｓoｆspeechsoｕｎds,ｒeａcｈｅsｔｈeimpoｒｔanｔｃｏnｃlusiontｈaｔｐhonｅticｉdentｉtyiｓonlyathｅoretｉｃaｌideal.Aｃｏustiｃ-–sｔｕdieｓｔｈepｈysicaｌｐroｐｅrｔｉesｏfｓpeｅｃhｓoundｓ,ｔhewaysoundtrａvｅlｆromｔheｓｐeakｅrtoｔheheareｒ．發(fā)音語音學(xué)描述了我們的發(fā)音器官如何發(fā)出語音,以及這些語音為什么有所不同。聽覺語音學(xué)研究語音的物理性質(zhì),得出了重要結(jié)論,即語音同一只是理論上的抱負(fù)。聲學(xué)語音學(xué)研究語音的物理性質(zhì)，研究語音從說話者到聽話者之間的傳播方式。２.howareｔhｅＥｎglisｈｃｏｎsonanｔsclassified?BｙplaceofarticuｌatioｎaｎｄBymannｅrｏfaｒtｉｃｕlaｔｉon3.hｏwdoｐhoｎetｉｃsandphoｎolｏgydｉｆｆｅrintheirfocusofｓtudｙ?whodoｙoｕthinkwillbemorｅｉntｅrestedinthediffeｒeｎtbｅｔweｅnsａｙ[i]and[i］,[p］ａnd[ｐｈ］,aphoｎetｉcianoraphilｏloｇist?whｙ?語音學(xué)和音位學(xué)的研究中心有何不同?語音學(xué)家和音位學(xué)家哪一個(gè)更關(guān)心清楚音的區(qū)別?為什么？Ｐhonetics—dｅsｃriptｉoｎofalｌspeechsoundｓandtｈeirfｉｎddiｆfeｒenｃｅｓ．Phｏnology—descｒiptｉｏnｏｆsoundsystemsoｆparｔicｕlaｒlａnｇuａgeｓandｈowsounｄsｆunctiontodistｉnguｉｓｈmeaｎｉng.Aｐhonetｉｃianｗouｌdbeｍorｅinterｅｓｔedinsuchdifferenｃｅscｏssucｈdiｆfｅrencｅswillnotcos4.whaｔ’saphone?howｉsｉｔｄｉｆｆｅｒeｎtｆｒomaphoｎeme?howareaｌlｏphoｎesｒｅlatedｔｏａpｈoneｍｅ?Ｐhone—asｐeｅchｓoｕnd，ａphoneticｕnit.Phonemｅ－-－aｃｏｌlｅｃtionｏfabsｔｒactsoｕｎdfｅatures,aｐhonｏlogicａｌｕnｉt.Aｌlｏphones－－－actｕａlrealizationofaphoneｍeｉndifｆｅrｅntphｏneｔiccｏnteｘts.５.whatiｓａminimaｌpairaｎdａｍiniｍalset?whyisitｉmpｏrtaｎtｔoｉdｅntifytheminiｍalｓｅtiｎalanguaｇe？為什么區(qū)分最小對(duì)立組在一種語言中非常重要?Miniｍaｌpａiｒ—ｔwosｏuｎdｃｏmｂｉnａt(yī)ionsidenticaｌiｎeverywayexｃｅptｉnonesoundelementthatｏccursintｈesａｍeｐosition.除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置的一個(gè)語音成分不同外,其他部分都同樣的兩個(gè)語音組合.Mｉnｉmａlｓet—ａgroupｏｆsoundｃombｉnationswiththeaｂoｖｅｆeature.一組具有上述特性的語音組合.Ｂyidentiｆyｉｎgthｅｍiniｍａlｐairorｔhemｉｎiｍalｓetofａlanguage，ａphｉｌoｌogistcａnidentｉfyitsphoｎemeｓ.通過度析一種語言的最小對(duì)立對(duì)或最小對(duì)立組,音位學(xué)家能辨別出它的音位.６．Ｅxplaｉnwithexampｌeshowbroadｔrａnscriptｉoｎａndｎａrrowonｅtｒａnscriptiondiffer?Broａdtranscrｉption—ｏneletterｓymboｌfｏronesound．Naｒrowｔransｃriptｉon—diacriｔicｓａreaddedｔothｅone-lｅtｔｅrsyｍbolsｔoｓhowｔheｆinerdiffｅｒenｃesbetwｅe(cuò)nsouｎｄs.7．ｅxｐｌainthｅsｅquentialrule,tｈeａｓsimｉlaｔiｏnｒuleandｔｈedeｌetｉonrule．序列規(guī)則SequentialrｕlｅsRulｅsthaｔgoｖerｎthｅcombｉnａｔionofsounｄsinaｐarticuｌarlaｎｇｕaｇｅ.同化規(guī)則AssimilationrulｅsＴheasｓimｉlationｒuｌeasｓｉｍilａt(yī)ｅsoｎesｏundtoanｏtherbｙ’cｏpyｉng’aｆｅａt(yī)uｒeoｆaｓｅqｕｅntiaｌpｈoｎemｅ,thusmaｋingｔhetｗophoｎessimilａr．省略規(guī)則ＤeletionｒulｅIt’saphoｎoloｇｉｃaｌrｕleｗｈiｃhtelｌsuswhenaｓoundiｓtｏbeｄｅｌetedａlthoughitsortｈograpｈiｃａllyrepｒesenｔed.ＣhａpterＴhreｅMorpｈｏlogy一、定義1.詞素ＭorphｅｍｅThebasｉｃuｎｉｔinthestudyoｆmorphoｌｏgyandtｈesmallｅsｔmeanｉngfｕlunｉｔofｌanguage.2.自由詞素ＦreeMｏrphｅmeFｒeemorphemeｓａreｉｎdepenｄｅｎｔunｉtsofmeａｎiｎgａndcａｎbeusｅdfreelｙaｌｌｂythemselves.3.黏著詞素BｏundmorpｈemesＢounｄmoｒphｅｍesareｔhesｅmorｐhｅmestｈatcａnｏｔbeusedbｙthemselves,muｓｔbecombinedwiｔhotｈermorphemestｏfｏｒｍwordsthatcａnbeｕｓediｎｄｅpeｎdently．4.詞根RootRootisｔheｂａsefｏrmｏfaｗorｄwhｉchcannotｂefurｔｈeｒaｎalyｚedwｉthｏuttotallｏssofidｅntity.5．詞綴AｆｆixＴhｅｃolleｃtiveterｍｆorthetypeoffｏrmaｔivethａt(yī)cａｎｂeuseｄｏnlｙwhｅnaddedｔoａnotherｍorｐhｅme．6.曲折詞綴inｆleｃtｉoｎalａfｆixesThemaｎifesｔatｉonｏfgrａｍmaｔiｃalreｌatｉoｎsｈｉｐsthroughｔheadditioｎofinfｌectionａlafｆixes,suchasnｕmbeｒ,ｔeｎse,ｄegｒｅe(cuò)andcase.7.派生詞綴DerｉvatiｏｎalafｆixｅsＴheｍaniｆesｔatiｏnofrｅlａt(yī)ionbetweeｎｓｔeｍsandaｆfixesthrｏuｇhthｅaｄditｉｏｎoｆderiｖatｉｏｎａlafｆixes.8.詞干StemAstemistheeｘistingfｏrmtｏwhiｃｈａderivationａlaffｉxｃａnbeadｄed.astemcanbｅabounｄroｏt，afreｅmorpheｍe，oraｄeriｖeｄformｉtｓeｌf.9.形態(tài)學(xué)規(guī)則ＭｏｒphｏlogiｃalruｌｅsTｈｅyａrerulｅsthatgｏｖernｗhichaffixcanbｅaddedｔowhａｔtｙｐeofsteｍｔｏｆormanｅwｗord.１0.前綴ＰrefｉxPreｆｉxｅsmodｉfｙthemｅaｎingｏｆthｅｓｔem,butｕsuａllyｄonoｔcｈａngeｔｈepaｒtoｆspeechofｔhｅｏrｉginalｗｏrｄ,ｅxceptionsaretheprｅfixes‘be-‘a(chǎn)ｎd‘eｎ(m）-‘11.后綴ＳuｆｆｉxSuffixeｓareaｄdｅdｔｏtheｅｎdｏfｓtems,tｈｅymodifythｅmeaningoftheoｒiginalwｏrdandinｍａnycａseｓchangeitspaｒtoｆspｅe(cuò)ch．3．Inusingｔhｅmorphoｌogicalrulｅs,wemustguardagainstOver-genｅralizatｉｏn．二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)Inｆlecｔionalmoｒphology１.MorpｈolｏgyDeｒｉvationａlmorpholoｇyＦreeｍoｒphemeｓMｏrｐhｅmesRootBoｕnｄmorpheｍeｓＩnflｅctionalaｆfixeｓAffｉｘesPrefixDerivatｉonａlａffixeｓ2.sｏmewｏrdsmaｙbeｓaidtocｏｎtainａｒootmorphemｅ.Ｓuffix4.Compounｄｆeatｕres:⑴orthographｉcａｌly,ａcompoundcanbeｗritｔenａsonewoｒd，ｔwｏseparａｔewoｒdsｗitｈｏrwｉthoutahｙｐｈeninbetweｅn.⑵Ｓｙntactiｃaｌly,thepartｏfsｐeｅcｈofacｏmｐouｎｄｉｓdeterｍiｎeｄbythelasｔelemeｎt.⑶semaｎtically,themeaningoｆaｃｏｍpoundisidioｍatic,notcaｌｃulableｆrｏmtｈｅmeaｎｉnｇｓoｆａllitscｏmponenｔＣhapｔerＦourSyｎtaｘ一、定義1.句子senｔeｎceＡsｔruｃtuｒalｌｙindｅｐendｅntuｎitthaｔusｕallyｃomｐriseｓaｎｕmberofwoｒｄsｔｏfｏrmａcompletestａt(yī)eｍeｎt,quｅsｔｉonｏｍａｎd.2.語言運(yùn)用LinguiｓticｃompetｅncｅＴhesｙstemofｉｎternalizｅdlｉnguisｔｉｃｋｎｏwleｄgeoｆaｌanguａgespeaｋer.3.謂語PｒｅdicateThepaｒtｏfａseｎtenｃｅwhichcｏmpriｓeｓａfiｎiｔｅvｅrbｏrａverbｐhrａｓeａndwhichｓayssomethingａboutｔhesubjectisgraｍmaticａｌlyｃalleｄpｒedicate.4.定式子句FinｉteCｌauｓeAcｌaｕｓethattakeｓasubjｅctａndafiniｔeveｒb，aｎdａt(yī)thesaｍetｉmesｔaｎdｓsｔrucｔurａllyalone.5．從屬子句EmbeddｅｄCｌause(EC）Ｉnaｃｏｍpletesenteｎｃe,ｔｈeｉncｏｒｐoratedorsubordinateｃlａｕseiｓnｏrｍallycaｌｌｅdaｎEC.6.重要子句ＭaｔrixCｌａuseInａcomplexedsentｅｎcｅ,theclａuｓeiｎｔowｈiｃhitiｓembeｄｄedisｃalledamatrｉxcｌaｕse．7.層次結(jié)構(gòu)HierarchｉcalsｔrｕctuｒeTheseｎtencｅｓtrucｔurethatgroupｓｗordsiｎtoｓｔructuralｃｏｎstitueｎｔsandshowsthesyntａcticcａt(yī)egｏriｅsｏfｅaｃhstｒucｔuralconｓtiｔuｅnｔ,ｓuchasNPaｎｄVP.8.語法關(guān)系Gramｍａt(yī)ｉcａlrelａt(yī)iｏnsThestｒｕｃtｕraｌaｎdｌogicaｌｆunctiｏnａlrelationsｂeｔweenevｅrynoｕnphraseandsentｅｎｃe．9.句法類型SｙntacticcategorｙAwordoｒpｈrasｅthatperfoｒmsaｐartｉcｕlarｇramｍatｉcaｌｆunctionｓｕchasthesubjectorobｊｅct．10．表層結(jié)構(gòu)S-stｒuctureＡlevelofsynｔａcticｒeｐｒeｓｅntatioｎaftｅrｔheopｅｒatｉｏnofnｅcessarysyｎtａcｔicmovemｅnt.11.深層結(jié)構(gòu)D-ｓtrｕcturｅAleｖelofsｙntacticrepresentaｔioｎbeforetheopｅratiｏnofnecessａrｙsyntacticmovement.１2.普遍語法ＧeneraｌgrammａrAsｙsｔｅmoflingｕｉstiｃknｏwleｄgeｗhｉcｈｃｏｎsistｓofsomｅgeｎeralprｉncｉplesanｄpａrameｔeｒsaboutnaturelanguage．１3.移動(dòng)α規(guī)則MｏveαAgeneraｌmｏｖemｅntｒuｌeaccountｉｎgforthesyntacticbehａｖｉoｒofanｙｃoｎｓtitｕentmoveｍenｔ．1４.句法移位SｙntactiｃｍｏvemeｎtSyntacticmoveｍentoccuｒｓｗｈｅnａｃonstｉtuｅnｔmoveｓoutｏｆｉtｓｏrigｉｎalｐlａcｅtｏanewpositｉoｎ.１5.轉(zhuǎn)換原則TransｆｏrmatioｎrulesSyntacｔｉcmovｅmeｎtｉsdｉctａt(yī)edｂｙｒulesｔｒaditiｏnallycalｌedtransformatｉoｎａlrules,whoｓeopeｒａt(yī)ioｎmaycｈａngethesyntacｔiｃrｅｐresentatiｏnoｆａsｅnteｎｃe．16.X標(biāo)桿理論X-barthｅoryＡｇenerａｌaｎdhiｇhlyaｂｓtｒaｃｔschemaｔｈatcollapseｓallpｈｒasesｓtructureｒuｌesintoａsiｎgｌｅformat:X”→（Spec）X(Ｃｏmpl).一種泛指的、高度抽象的圖示，它把所有的詞組結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則概括為一種程式X”→（Ｓpec)X(Coｍpl)a:X”b：X”SpｅcX’SpeｃＸ’X’XｃompｌXcｏmplemenｔNP’thｅｓtｕdentｗholikesｌinguiｓtiｃｓ’consｉstｓofDet,NaｎｄSｗitｈDｅtｂeinｇthｅSpeｃｉfier,Nｔhehead,Sthecomplement．NP(…)有冠詞、名詞和子句組成,冠詞是指示語，名詞是核心詞，子句是補(bǔ)足語。二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)1.ｓｙｎtax這個(gè)單詞源于Gｒeeｋ，本義是ａrｒangement.2.我們把syntａx的學(xué)習(xí)看作asyｓtｅmofｒulｅsthatgovｅrnthefｏrmationoｆｇrammatｉcalsentencｅ.３.Amａjorgｏalｏflｉｎgｕistｉｃsistｏsｈowｗithａconsｉｓtenｔandexplicitｇｒａmmatiｃaｌtheｏｒyhｏwsyntacｔicrulｅｓａｃcoｕntｆorthisgrammatｉcalkｎｏwｌedgｅ.４.判斷題：ｔheｓyntaｃtiｃrulｅsoｆａnylanguaｇｅａreｆｉniteｉnnｕmber，ａndyetｔherｅisnolimiｔｔothenuｍｂerofｓeｎtencesnatｉｖｅsｐeakerｓoｆｔhatlaｎguageaｒeａbｌeｄuceandcoｍpｒehend．５.判斷題:Afinｉtｅverb，infoｒmaｌlyｃalledthemainverbofasｅnｔｅｎcｅ,expreｓseｓexistence,aｃtiｏnorｏcｃurrenceｗhｉcｈiｓliｍitｅdbｙperｓｏn,number，teｎsｅandmｏoｄ.一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞被非正式稱為句中重要?jiǎng)釉~,表達(dá)了人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)、語氣限定的存在、行動(dòng)或事件。6．句子的分類sｉｍplesｅｎｔeｎｃeＴyｐeｓｏｆsenｔｅncescｏordinaｔｅoｒcompｏundsentenceＣompleｘsenｔencｅ簡樸句--－Itｃｏnｓｉsｔsofａsｉngｌeｃlaｕsｅｗhiｃhcｏntaiｎsaｓubｊｅｃtandａpｒeｄicaｔeaｎdsｔaｎdsaｌoneasｉtsowｎsentence.并列句合成句-Itｃontａiｎstｗocｌausesjoiｎｅｄｂyalｉｎkｉngworｄcaｌledcｏｏｒdinatｉngconjuncｔion,ｓucｈas“bｕt”,”and”.ect.復(fù)合句—Itcｏｎｔａiｎｓｔwｏormｏreｃlauses,oｎeofｗhiｃhiｓincorｐoｒatｅdｉnｔotｈｅotｈｅr.復(fù)合句的特點(diǎn):⑴Aｎembｅｄdedclaｕsefuｎctionsasaｇｒａmmatｉcalunitiniｔsmatｒixcｌausｅ⑵ＭｏstembeddedclａuseｓreqｕireanintrｏduｃtoryworｄcaｌlｅｄａSuboｒｄinator,ｓｕchａs”thａt(yī)”⑶Anembｅddedｃlausemａｙnotfunｃtionaｓａgrammaticａｌｌｙwｅｌl-ｆormedｓenteｎceifiｔstaｎdsiｎdepenｄentlyasａｓｉmpleseｎtｅnｃeunlｅｓｓitsforｍchaｎgeｓ．子句是一個(gè)語法單位，大部分子句要帶一個(gè)被稱為從屬連詞的引導(dǎo)詞,假如子句作為秒年第秒年句單獨(dú)存在，它也許不是一個(gè)合乎規(guī)范的句子，除非改變他的形式。７.whenａsenteｎceisutｔerｅdorwriｔｔeｎｄｏwｎ,ｔｈｅwordsoｆtheseｎtencｅaｒeｐroducedｏneafteraｎotｈerｉｎaｓequeｎce.8.Thｅhiｅrarｃhicaｌnaturｅofsenteｎcestrucｔure句子結(jié)構(gòu)層次特點(diǎn)ｓenteｎcesareoｒganizedwｉthworｄsｏfthesaｍｅsyntａcticcatｅgｏry，sｕｃhasnounpｈraｓｅＮPorvｅrｂphraｓｅＶP,ｇｒoupeｄtogethｅr.9.TｈｅpoｉnｔsaｔｗｈｉcｈthetreｅｂracｈesatvａriouslｅvelｓarecallｅdBrａnchingnoｄes分叉點(diǎn)10.Inadｄiｔｉontｏtheｕseofstｒuctuｒaltreeｄｉａgｒａms，linguistｓmaｙshｏwtｈehiｅｒarchicaｌstrｕctureｏfｓｅntencesbyｕsingbｒａckeｔsaｎdｓubscrｉptlａbels.11.句法類型Ｍajｏr…重要詞類opｅn,canaｄdnewwordｓLｅxｉｃalcａt(yī)egｏrｙ名、動(dòng)、形、副詞N，V,Ａｄｊ,ＡｄｖSｙntacticMinor…次要詞類ｃlose,wordsarefixedCategoriｅs限定、助動(dòng)、介、代、連、嘆Ｄet,Aux,Ｐｒｅｐ,Pｒon,Coｎj，IntPｈrａsalcategｏryApartｆromsｅntencesａｎdclａｕses,aｓｙntａcticｃａｔegoryuｓualｌyrｅfeｒstoaｗord(calledalｅｘiｃａlcａｔｅｇory)oraphrａse(calleｄphｒasalcategory)thatpeｒformsａparticulａrgrammatiｃalfuｎction,sucｈasｔｈeｓubjectinasentenｃe.１2.短語類型NoｕnPｈraseNPPhraｓalＶeｒbPｈｒaseＶPＣａt(yī)eｇoriesPｒepositionPhrasｅPPＡｄjｅctiｖeＰｈｒａｓeＡP13．Ｔheｇraｍｍatｉcalrelationｓofａｓｅｎｔencｅcｏncｅrnthｅwａyeacｈmｏunphraｓeinｔheｓｅntencｅｒelaｔestｏtheverｂ,inｍanycaseｓ，ｇraｍｍａt(yī)icalrelaｔｉonｓreｆerｖirtuaｌｌytｏ’ｗｈo’ｄoes’ｗhat’to’ｗhom’.1４．weusuallｙreｆｅrtｏｔheｇraｍmaticaｌｒelaｔionsaｓsｕbjecｔofanｄdirectobjectｏf.15.Combinａt(yī)ｉｏnalrulesmustｂｅsｍａlｌinｎumｂeｒsoaｓnｏttoｃｒｅateeｘtraburdｅnsｏnｔhehｕmａnmｅmｏry.alsoｔhesｅrｕlesｍustbepowｅrfulenoｕghｔoyieldaｌltheposｓiblesｅnｔｅnｃes，andruｌeoｕtｔhｅimpossibleonｅs組合規(guī)則一定不能太多，以免給人的記憶帶來過多的承擔(dān),用這些規(guī)則必須能組合出所有也許的句子,而排除不也許的句子。16.ruleｓanｇenｅｒatｅaninｆiniteｎuｍberofsentenｃes,aｎｄｓeｎtenｃｅsｗithｉｎfinitelｅnｇth,duｅtotheｉrrecursivepｒopｅrtiｅs.Itcａpturesthｅabiliｔyoflaｎguageｔogｅneratemorｅｃｏnstitｕｅｎtstoasenｔｅnｃeanｄｅnaｂlesspeakeｒstorｅpeatsyntacｔiccｏnstituｅntswｉｔhinｔhｅsameseｎtｅｎcｅ.循環(huán)性體現(xiàn)了語言中的句子能有更多的成分,使說話者能在同一句子中反復(fù)一些句法成分。1７.移位類型ＳyntacticＮP-moｖｅｍent=t’sｉnvolｖingｔｈeｍovemｅｎtofａnounphrase.Movｅment名詞短語的移位WH－mｏｖｅment=Itchangesａｓentenｃeｆromａｆfirmaｔiｖetoｉnterroｇative.陳述變疑問句ＡUX-…=tｈemovemeｎtｏfａnauxiliａryｖeｒbｔothｅsentencｅｉnitｉaｌpoｓition．助動(dòng)詞移位到句首的移位18.普遍語法的廣義原則GeneraｌPrｉnciplｅｓofＵniversａlＧｒammar:CａseCｏndition和AdjacenｃyCondiｔion格條件-－-anounphｒａseｍusthaｖeCaseaｎdCasｅｉsasｓignｅdｂyVoｒPtotheobjectｐｏｓiｔion,orｂｙAUXtoｔｈesuｂjectposiｔiｏn．名詞詞組必須有格，賓語的格是由動(dòng)詞或介詞決定,而主語的格由助動(dòng)詞決定。相鄰條件—aｃaseassignoｒandａCaｓerecｉpientshouｌdstayａdjａｃenttｏeachoｔher，itexplainｓwhｙnoothｅrphrasａlcaｔeｇoｒyｃanｉntervenebeｔｗeenａverｂａndｉｔｓdireｃtｏbject．格分派者和格接受者要相鄰。這解釋了為什么任何別的詞組類不能插到動(dòng)詞和它的直接賓語之間。19.UｎiveｒsalGramｍaｒisbeliｅvedtoｃonｔａｉnaｐarameterwiththｅvalves增ａnd減seｔoｎtｈeAdjaｃｅｎcｙconditｉoｎ.withＥnglｉsh-tｙｐelanguages,tｈeAｄjａｃencｙParameterissetｔothe增value,whilefｏrFreｎch－tｙpeｌaｎgｕage,ｔhｅpａrａmeｔeｒissetｔo減ｖａｌue.三、問答題1.Usetheappｒopriatｅpｈrａsestｒuｃtureruｌesｔodraｗalaｂeleｄcｏｎsｔituenｔｓtrucｔuｒｅtreｅdiａgraｍfｏreachofthefｏllowiｎgｓeｎｔｅnces．⑴thｅtoweｒontheｈiｌlcｏllａpsedｉnthewind⑵MaｒyproｍiseｄＪohntｏｓｅe(cuò)thｅdoctoｒ．Ｃhapter5Semａntics一、定義１．命名論ThenamingtheorｙThenａmingtheorｙ,oneｏftheｏldesｔnotionｓconｃerningｍｅａnｉng,aｎdalsoavｅrｙprimitｉveoｎewasproposedbｙtheanｃiｅntGreeksｃhoｌaｒＰl(wèi)ａｔo.Accｏrdｉngｔothistheory，thelinguｉｓticforｍsorsyｍｂols,inotｈerwｏｒds,ｔｈｅworｄｓuｓeｄinalaｎｇuagearetａkeｎｔoｂeｌabelsｏftheｏｂjectstｈeｙｓtaｎdｆｏr,sowordsaｒｅjustnamｅsorlａbelsfｏrtｈings.2．意念論ＴheconcepｔualiｓｔviｅｗIthoｌdsthaｔtherｅiｓｎodirectｌiｎkbeｔｗeeｎalｉngｕisticformandｗｈａt(yī)ｉtrｅfersto;rａt(yī)her,ｉｎtheiｎｔerｐretａt(yī)iｏnoｆｍeaninｇtheyaｒｅｌinkｅdthrougｈｔhｅｍediationｏfconｃeptsinｔｈemind．３.語境論ConceptualismIt’sbasｅdoｎthepresumpｔｉonthaｔonecaｎderｉｖeｍeaniｎgfｒomｏrrｅdｕcemeaｎiｎｇtoobserｖaｂleｃontexｔs.hｅrareｔwokindsoｆcontexｔ:tｈesitｕationalanｄthelｉnguｉstｉcｃｏｎtｅxｔ．4.行為主義論ＢｅhavｉｏｒismItrefｅrstotheatteｍｐteｄｔｏｄefineｔhemeaｎiｎｇofａlangｕａgefｏrmaｓthｅ”sｉtｕatｉoｎinwｈiｃhtheｓpeａkeruｔterｓiｔandｔhｅrespoｎｓeitcaｌｌsfｏrtｈinthehearｅr”．thisｔheorysomeｗｈａt(yī)closｅtoｃoncｅｐtualisｍｅmphasizeｓoｎtheｐsycｈoloｇiｃalrespｏnse．5．意義SｅnsｅIt’sconcｅrnedwiththｅiｎhｅrｅnｔｍｅａninｇoｆthelinguisｔｉcfoｒm.Iｔ’ｓｔhecollｅctiｏnｏｆallthｅfeaｔuｒesofthelinguiｓtｉcfｏrｍ，it’sａbsｔrａctandde-ｃontextuaｌized