2023年英語考研真題答案

2０2３英語考研真題答案【篇一:2０23－2023年考研英語真題、答案及詳解[精編版］】ｃlasｓ=txｔ>ｓectｉoniusｅｏfeｎgliｓｈｄiｒections:reａdtｈefolｌoｗinｇtexｔ.chooseｔhebeｓtworｄ(s)foreachnumberｅｄblankandｍａｒk[a],[b],[c］ｏｒ[ｄ］onanswｅrsheｅt１.(10pｏints)ｒeseａrcｈoｎaｎiｍalintelligeｎcｅalｗａyｓｍaｋeｓmｅwoｎｄerｊｕsｔhｏｗsｍarthumanｓare.tｈefｒｕit-fｌｙexｐerimｅnｔｓdeｓｃrｉbedincarlzimmｅｒ‘spｉｅcｅｉnthescienｃeｔimesoｎｔuesｄaｙ.ｆrｕitfｌieswhoweｒｅｔａughttobesmartｅrtｈａntheaｖeｒagefruitｆlｙtｏlｉvesｈorterｌives.ｔhiｓｓｕggesｔsｔhａt(yī)bｕlbｓｂuｒnloｎger,thａt(yī)theｒeiｓａniｎnotbeingｔｏoteｒｒｉfｉcallybright.iｎtelligｅnｃe,ｉtout,iｓahｉｇh-prｉcedoptioｎ．ｉttakesmｏreupｋeｅp,bｕrnsmorefuelａｎdｉssloｗthｅstaｒtinｇliｎebecauseiｔdepｅndsonleaｒning—aｇrａduaｌ—inｓｔeａdofｉnstinct.plｅntyoｆothｅrspeciesareaｂletoｌearｎ,aｎｄoｎｅofｔhethingsthｅｙ‘veａppareｎｔlyｌｅarneｄisｗhｅntoisｔheｒｅanadaptivevａluｅtointｅlligeｎce?ｔhat‘sthequestｉonbｅhiｎdｔhiｓnｅwreseaｒｃｈ.ilｉkｅit.insteaｄofcasｔｉｎｇａｗiｓtfulglanceatａllｔhesｐｅcieswe‘veleftｉnｔhｅｄusti.ｑ．－wise,itｉｍpｌicitlyaｓkswhaｔtｈereａｌofourowｎinteｌligeｎｃemightｂｅ.tｈiｓisthemｉndｏfevｅryａnimali‘veeveｒmet.researｃhonaｎimaｌiｎtelｌigｅnceａｌｓomaｋｅsｍeｗonderwｈatexperiｍｅntｓaｎiｍａｌswｏuldonhumansiftheyhadthｅｃhance.eveｒycａt(yī)withanoｗｎeｒ,small-sｃalｅｓtudｙiｎopｅｒａnｔcｏｎditioｎｉng.weｂｅｌｉevｅthataｎｉｍalｓrａｎthelaｂｓ,ｔhｅyｗoｕlｄtｅｓtustothelimitｓofourｐaｔiencｅ,ouｒfaithｆuｌneｓs,ｏｕrmeｍoｒｙfｏｒterrａin.theyｗｏｕｌｄｔｒｙｔodecｉdeｗhａt(yī)inteｌlｉgｅnceinhumansisreallyofｉttｈereis.quｅstion：arehuｍansacｔualｌyawareoftheworldｔｈeyｌivein?thereｓuｌtsareｉncｏｎｃluｓive．１.[ａ]suｐpoｓe［b]cｏnsｉdｅr[c]oｂserve[d]ｉmagine2.[ａ]tｅndｅd[b]feａｒeｄ[c]hａpｐenｅｄ[d]threatｅned３.[a]thｉｎnｅr[b]ｓtaｂler[c］lｉghtｅｒ［d]ｄimmer4.[a]tendeｎcy［b］ａｄvantage［c]iｎclinaｔion[d]prｉoｒiｔy5.[a]iｎsistson[b］sumsup[c]turnsout[ｄ]puｔｓforward6.［ａ]ofｆ[ｂ］beｈinｄ［ｃ］over[d]aloｎg７.[a]increｄiblｅ[b]sｐontaｎeoｕs[ｃ]inevitable[d]grａdual８.［a］fｉght[ｂ]doubt[ｃ]sｔoｐ[ｄ]thｉnk19.［a］invisible[ｂ]limited[c]indeｆinｉte[d]diｆferenｔ10.[a]ｕpward[b]ｆorwaｒｄ[c］afｔｅrｗaｒd[d］backwａrｄ1１.[a]feaｔuｒｅs[b]ｉnfｌｕeｎces[c］rｅsulｔs[d]ｃosts12．[ａ］outside[b]on[c]by[ｄ］acrosｓ１３.[a］delｉｖer[b]caｒrｙ[c］perform[d]apply14．［a]byｃhance[b]incｏntrａst[c]asusｕａｌ［d］forinsｔaｎｃｅ１5.［ａ]ｉf[ｂ]unless［c]aｓ[d］lｅst16.[a]moderａt(yī)ｅ[b]ｏvercｏｍｅ［c]deｔeｒmine[d]reach17.[a］at[b]for[ｃ]after［d］with1８.[a]aboveall[ｂ］afterall[ｃ]howｅvｅr［ｄ］otheｒwise19.[a]funｄamｅnｔal[b］coｍpｒehｅnsｉve[c]equｉｖaｌent[d]hｏstile20.[ａ]byacｃiｄｅnt[b]intime[c]sofａr[ｄ]bettｅrｓtｉllsectioｎiirｅａdingｃomprehｅｎsionpaｒｔadireｃtｉｏns:readtｈefoｌｌｏwiｎgｆouｒtexｔｓ.ａnswerthｅquestｉonsbeloweachｔeｘtbｙchoosｉng[a],[ｂ],[c]ｏr[d］.markｙｏuｒanswｅrsoｎanｓweｒsheeｔ1．（４0pointｓ)texｔ1ｈabiｔｓarｅafunnyｔhiｎg.weｒeachforｔhｅmmｉndｌｅｓslｙ，sｅttingouｒbrａinsonautｏ-ｐilotanｄreｌaxｉnｇintｏｔheｕｎcoｎｓcｉｏｕscomfｏｒtoffamiｌｉａｒroｕtinｅ.―nｏtchoiｃe,butｈａｂitｒuleｓthｅueｆlectinghｅｒd，‖williａｍwordｓｗorｔhsaidinｔｈｅ19thcｅnturｙ.inｔhｅｅvｅｒ-ｃｈaｎging21stcenｔury,evｅnｔhewｏrｄ―habｉt‖ｃarriesanegativecoｎnotation.sｏitseemｓantithｅticａlｔotａlkaboｕｔhaｂｉtsｉnthesａｍecontextａsｃreativityanｄｉnｎovatiｏn.buｔbraｉnreseaｒchershaｖedisｃｏｖｅredtｈaｔwｈenwｅconsｃｉousｌydevelopｎeｗhabits,weｃｒeatepａrａllｅｌsｙｎａｐticｐatｈs,ａndｅｖeｎeｎtirelyｎewbrａincellｓ,thatｃaｎjumpｏｕrtrainsofthoｕｇhｔontonｅｗ,ｉｎnovａt(yī)ｉvetｒaｃkｓ.ｂutdon‘tbothｅrtryingtoｋilloffｏldhabitｓ；oncｅtｈoｓeｔhehippoｃａmｐus,thｅy‘retheｒetoｓtａy.insteａd,thenｅｗhａbｉtｓweｄeｌiberatelyiｎgrainiｎtoourselvescreateparａlｌelpaｔｈwaｙｓthａt(yī)cａnｂyｐaｓsｔhosｅoldroａdｓ.―theｆirｓｔthiｎgneededfoｒiｎnovatｉoｎiｓａfasciｎａｔionwithwｏnder,‖saｙsdawnａmａｒkova,aｕthｏrof―theopenmiｎd‖aｎdaｎｅｘecutｉvｅｃhanｇecｏnｓulｔａntforprofｅｓsｉonalthinｋingpartｎｅrｓ.―butｗｅａretaughtiｎsｔeａdto?dｅcide,‘ｊｕstasourpｒｅｓｉdenｔcallｓhimseｌｆ?ｔheｄeciｄer.‘‖ｓｈeaddｓ，hｏweveｒ,tｈａt(yī)―todeｃidｅisｔokilloｆｆａｌlpｏssibilｉtiesbutonｅ.agoodiｎnovationａｌthinkeriｓalwaysexpｌｏrｉｎgtｈｅmanyotherｐossiｂilities.‖ａlｌofuｓｗorkｔhroughprobｌｅmｓinｗａysoｆwhiｃhｗe‘rｅuｎaｗare,shesaｙs.researchersinthelate1９60cｏｖｅreｄthatｈｕmａnsａrｅbｏｒnwiththecａｐacitytoaｐproachchallengesiｎｆouｒpｒｉmaryｗays:ａｎalｙticａlly，proceduraｌly,ｒelａt(yī)ionａlly（orcｏllaborａｔively)anｄiｎｎoｖativｅly.atpuberty,hｏwever,thebrａinshutｓdowｎhalｆofｔhatcapaｃitｙ,preｓerｖingonlythｏsｅｍodｅsofthｏughtｔｈａt(yī)haveseemedmｏｓtｖaｌuabledurinｇｔｈefiｒstdeｃａｄeorsooflifｅ．ｔｈecｕrrｅntｅｍｐhasｉsonstａｎdａrｄizｅdteｓｔiｎghigｈlighｔsanaｌyｓｉsandprocedｕre,mｅａningthatfeｗofuｓｉｎｈｅrentlyuｓｅourｉnnovaｔｉｖｅandcollａbｏrativemodesofthouｇht.―ｔhisｂreａksｔｈｅmａjorrｕleiｎtheaｍｅrｉcａnｂelｉefsｙsｔem—thatａnyｏnecaｎｄoanｙtｈinｇ,‖expｌaiｎsｍ.j．ryan,auｔhorofｔhｅ20２3boｏk―tｈisｙeariwiｌl．..‖ａndms.markova‘ｓbusinｅｓsｐarｔnｅｒ.―thａｔ‘saliｅtｈaｔwehａｖeperｐeｔuatｅd,aｎdｉtfosterscｏｍmｏnnesｓ.knｏｗingwｈatｙou‘regoodaｔａnddoingｅveｎmoｒeofｉtcrｅatesｅxｃellence.‖tｈisisｗherｅｄevｅｌopinｇneｗhａbitｓcomesin．２1.tｈeviewoｆwordsworthhabitｉsclaｉｍedbyｂｅiｎg[a］cａｓual[b]ｆamiｌｉar[ｃ]ｍeｃｈａnicａl[d］changeａble.2２.ｔhｅreseaｒchｅrshavｅdiscoveredtｈattheｆorｍaｔiｏnｏfhabitcanbe[ａ]predｉctｅd［b］regulaｔeｄ［ｃ]tｒaced[d]guided23.“rｕｔs‖(ｉnlｉneonｅ，parａgrａph3)hasｃlosestmeaｎingto［a]tracks[b]sｅｒiｅs[c］ｃhａｒactｅrisｔics[ｄ]connecｔiｏns２4．ms.mａｒkoｖa‘ｓcｏmｍｅntsｓuggestthaｔtheｐrａcｔiceofsｔandaｒdtesｔiｎｇ［ａ]prevenｔsnｅwhabitｓfｏrmbeｉngｆormed[b]nolongeｒemphasiｚeｓcommonｎｅｓｓ［c]maiｎtaｉｎsthｅｉnhereｎtａmeｒiｃａｎｔhｉnkｉngｍoｄel[d]ｃomplｉeswｉthｔheamｅricanbeliefsystem25.rｙaｎmｏstｐrｏbaｂlyａgreeｔｈａt(yī)[a]ｉdｅａsareｂornofarｅlaｘｉngminｄ[ｂ］innovaｔｉｖｅnｅsscｏuldｂetaught［c]deciｓiｖeneｓ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aｔaｌｌworldlyphenoｍena，incluｄingｈuｍansociｅｔｉes，ｃｈanｇｅdovｅrｔｉmｅ,advanciｎｇtｏwaｒｄｐerｆｅction.41._____＿___＿__.amｅricaｎsｏcialscｉentistｌｅｗisheyｍorｇaｎintroducedanｏtheｒｔheoryofｃuｌｔurａlevoluｔioｎｉｎｔｈelａt(yī)e1８０0s．morｇan,aｌonｇwithtｙlor,ｗasoneoｆthefouｎdｅrsｏfｍodernａｎthropolｏgy．iｎｈiswork,ｈeattemptｅdｔｏshowhowallaspｅcｔsoｆculturechangeｄtogethｅriｎｔheevｏｌutiｏnoｆsociｅｔｉes．4２._____＿_＿＿＿___.ｉｎtｈeearｌy1９00sinnorｔｈamｅriｃa,germａn－ｂｏｒnaｍericananthｒopologistｆranzboasdeveｌoｐeｄanewtheｏryofcultureｋｎownaｓhisｔｏrｉcａlparｔiｃularism.hisｔorｉcaｌparticulａｒｉsm,wｈｉｃhｅmphasizｅdtheｕniqueｎｅssofalｌcuｌtures,gavenewdireｃtｉontｏａnthrｏｐologｙ．４３.______＿___＿__.boasfelｔthａt(yī)ｔheｃultureofaｎysoｃiｅｔymustbｅunｄerｓtｏodasｔｈeresuｌtｏfauｎiquehisｔｏryandnoｔasoｎeofmanycultuｒesbｅloｎgiｎgtoaｂrｏaｄerevolｕtioｎarystageoｒtypeofculturｅ.44．_＿___＿__＿______．hisｔoricａlｐartｉcuｌａrismｂecameadoｍｉnａntapproaｃhtｏthestudｙofcｕltuｒeiｎａmｅricanantｈrｏｐology,largｅlｙthｒｏugｈtｈeinfｌueｎceofmaｎｙsｔudentsofboas.butanｕｍberofａnthropoｌｏgｉsｔsintheｅaｒｌｙ１９０0ｓalsorejｅcteｄtheｐarｔiｃulａｒisttｈeoｒyofcｕlｔｕreinfaｖoroｆdiffusionisｍ.someaｔtｒibutedvirtｕallｙｅveｒyiｍｐoｒtａｎｔculｔuralacｈｉeveｍeｎttothｅｉnveｎtｉonsofafew,esｐeｃiallygifｔeｄpeoplesthａt(yī),ａｃｃｏrｄiｎgtｏdｉffusｉonｉsts，ｔhenｓpreａdtoｏｔherｃultｕrｅs．45．___＿___＿_______＿.[a]oｔｈeranthropolｏgistｓbelｉeｖedthatcｕｌtｕraｌinnovatｉｏns,ｓuchａｓinｖｅｎtions,haｄasｉｎgｌeoriｇinanｄpasｓｅdfｒomsocｉｅtytosoｃｉety.thｉsthｅoｒywaskｎｏwｎａsdｉffｕｓionｉsｍ.[b]ｉnordertostuｄypaｒｔicularcultuｒesasｃompleteｌyaｓpoｓｓible,ｂoasｂecａｍeskillｅdinlingｕisticｓ,tｈestudｙoflanｇuages,andinpｈysicalａntｈｒopｏloｇｙ,tｈｅｓtuｄｙofhuｍａnbiologｙandanaｔomy.[c］ｈearguedtｈathumanevoluｔｉoｎｗａscharａcteｒｉzeｄbｙastｒuｇｇlehecａｌｌedthe―survivaｌｏfｔhefitｔest,‖iｎwhicｈweａｋeｒracｅｓanｄｓocietiesmusteｖenｔｕａllybereplａｃedbystronger,ｍoreａｄvancｅｄracesandsocｉeｔies.[d]thｅyalsｏfoｃuｓedoniｍｐortantrｉtualsthatapｐｅaredｔｏｐrｅserveａpｅople‘ssocｉal5ｓtructuｒｅ,suｃhasiniｔiatｉonｃｅrｅmoｎｉｅsthatｆoｒｍallysiｇnifychilｄrｅn‘sentｒanｃeintｏａdｕlthood.[e]thuｓ,ｉnhisvｉｅw,diverseaｓｐectsofculｔｕrｅ,suchastｈｅｓtructｕreoffamｉliｅs,foｒmsofmarriaｇe,catｅgoｒiｅsofkiｎshｉp,owｎeｒshipofｐroperty,formsofgoｖerｎment，teｃhnology,anｄsyｓtｅmｓoffoodproductiｏｎ,ａllcｈaｎgedassocｉetｉesｅvoｌvｅd.[f]suppｏrteｒsoｆtｈeｔｈｅoryviewedasaｃollｅctionoｆinｔegratedpaｒtsthatwｏrktｏgｅthｅｒtokeepａsociｅtyfunctioｎｉng.[g]foreｘａmｐｌｅ，britishａｎthｒoｐoｌogｉsｔｓｇrａｆtｏnellｉotsmｉthandw.j.pｅrryinｃｏｒrｅctlysuggested,onthｅbasisofinadeｑuateinｆormatｉon,tｈａｔfａrminｇ，potterｙmaｋing，aｎdmeｔａｌluｒgｙallｏriginatediｎanciｅntｅｇyｐtanddｉfｆusedtｈroｕghouttheworld.infaｃｔ,ａｌlｏftｈｅｓecｕlturａldevｅｌopmeｎｔsoccurreｄｓepaｒateｌｙatdiｆferenttimesinmａｎｙparｔsofthｅwoｒld.parｔcdｉｒections：rｅａdtｈeｆｏlｌowingteｘtｃaｒｅfullｙandtｈenｔrａｎslaｔｅtｈeunderｌinｅdｓegmentsｉｎtochinese.yｏurtranslaｔionshouｌdbｅｗrｉｔtencaｒeｆuｌlyonansｗersｈeｅt2.(1０pｏｉnts)tｈｅrｅｉｓamarkeｄdiffeｒenceｂetweenthｅeducationwhicheｖeryonｅｇetsｆrｏｍｌiviｎgwiｔhｏthers,andtｈｅdｅｌiberaｔeeducatingoｆtｈeyouｎheｆormercasetheｅdｕcaｔioniｓrelｉgiouｓasｓoｃiａt(yī)iｏnsbegan，forexampｌe,ｉnthedesiｒｅtｏsecureｔhefavorofｏｖeｒrulingpoｗersandtowａｒｄoffeviｌiｎｆｌueｎces;famiｌylｉfeiｎthedesireｔogratｉfyappｅtitesandseｃurefamilｙperpetｕiｔｙ;sysｔeｍaticlabor,forthｅmｏstpａrｔ,becａｕsｅofeｎｓlavｅｍｅｎttoandtｈrift,thｅintellectuａlanｄeｍotionaｌreaｃtionoftheｆoｒmｓｏｆｈuｍａnａssｏciatioｎｕnderｗhichtheworlｄswｏrｋｉｓcａrriedonreceiveslittleatteｎtｉonascoｍpａrｅdwithｐhysiｃaloutput.bｕｔindeａlingwｉthｔheyoung,theｆacｔｏfassocｉaｔionｉtｓｅlｆasaｎiｍmediateｈuｍan【篇二:2０23年考研英語一真題(附答案)】tｘt>secｔioniuseofeｎgliｓｈrｅsearｃhｏｎanimalinｔelｌigｅncealwaｙｓmakesmeｗonderｊusｔｈowsmarｔhumansａｒe.１thefrｕit-ｆｌｙeｘｐeｒimentsdｅscriｂｅdincaｒｌzimmeｒ?spieceiｎthesciｅnｃetｉｍesonｔuｅsday．fｒuiｔｆlieswhoｗeretaｕghttoｂｅsmａrteｒthaｎtheａverａｇefruitfly2ｔoｌivesｈoｒterliveｓ.thissuggｅststhａt(yī)3ｂulbsburｎlonger，ｔhaｔthｅｒeisaｎ4ｉnnotbｅingtooｔerrifiｃaｌlyｂrｉght.ｉｎtelliｇeｎce,it5oｕt,ｉｓahigh-pｒicedｏptｉon.ｉｔtakesmoreｕpkeep,burnｓｍorefuelanｄｉsslｏｗ6ｔheｓtarｔinglinebｅcausｅiｔｄeｐendsonleａｒninｇ-agｒaｄｕal7-insｔeａdoｆinstinct.ｐlenｔyofoｔhｅrsｐecｉeｓareablｅｔoleaｒn,aｎdoneoｆtheｔhｉｎgstｈｅy?vｅａppaｒentlｙｌearneｄｉsｗhento8．iｓthereanaｄaptｉvevaluｅtｏ９ｉｎｔeｌｌiｇence？ｔhａt(yī)?sthequesｔiｏnｂｅhinｄthisnewｒｅsearｃh.iliｋeit.ｉｎｓteaｄoｆcasｔiｎgawiｓtｆulｇlａnce10aｔallthespeciｅswe?veleｆtinthedusｔi．q．-wise,itｉｍplｉcitlyａsｋswhaｔtheｒeａl11ofourownintｅlligencemightｂｅ.thisiｓ12theｍｉnｄoｆeverｙaｎiｍali?veeveｒmet.reｓearchonaniｍalinｔelligｅｎceａlsoｍakesmewondeｒwｈatexperimｅnｔｓanimalswould１3oｎhｕmａnsiftheyhadtｈechaｎce.evｅｒｙｃatｗiｔhａnowｎer,14,ｉsｒｕnningasｍall-scaleｓtｕｄyinopｅｒａntconditioｎiｎg.webeliｅvethat15anｉmaｌｓranｔｈeｌabs,thｅｙwｏuldtestusto16ｔｈelimiｔsｏｆｏurpatiｅnce,ouｒｆaitｈｆｕlｎeｓs，ｏurmemorｙfｏｒterraiｎ.tｈeｙwoulｄｔrytodecｉdｅwｈatｉntｅｌlｉgeｎceinhumaｎsisｒeａlly1７,nｏtmerｅlyｈoｗmuchofｉttherｅｉｓ.1８，thｅywouldｈｏpeｔｏｓtuｄｙa19questiｏn:aｒehumansactｕallyaｗaｒeofｔｈewｏrｌdｔｈeyｌiveｉｎ?20thｅreｓultｓareinconcｌｕsive.1.[a］suppose[b]cｏnｓｉder[ｃ]obｓｅrvｅ[d]ｉmagine2.［ａ]teｎded［ｂ]feared[c]hａppeｎｅd[d]tｈreatｅned3．［a]ｔｈiｎneｒ[ｂ]stabｌer[c]liｇｈter[d]dｉmmｅｒ4．[ａ]tｅｎdenｃy[b］ａdｖａｎtａge[ｃ]inｃlination[ｄ]prioｒiｔｙ５.[a]insistsoｎ[b］suｍsｕp[ｃ]tｕrｎsout[d］ｐｕtsforwaｒd6.[ａ]off［b］behｉnd［ｃ］ovｅr[d］ａloｎg7．[ａ］ｉncrｅdible［ｂ］spontaｎeｏｕｓ［c]inｅvｉtａble[d］gradual８.[a]ｆigｈｔ[ｂ]doubt[c]sｔop［ｄ]thiｎｋ９．[a]iｎvisｉble[b］lｉmited[c]indefｉnite[d]ｄifferent10．[ａ］ｕpｗard[b]fｏrwa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