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一.名詞I.名詞的種類:專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名,團(tuán)隊機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞不可數(shù)名詞量的表達(dá)語:?(1)不可數(shù)名詞可加表單位的形容片語,表達(dá)數(shù)的觀念。其公式為:數(shù)詞+單位詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞
(2)各類表單位的形容詞片語。
(A)物質(zhì)名詞:apiece(suit)ofarmour apiece(slice)ofcake?apiece(anarticle)offurniture apieceofjewelry
apiece(sheet)ofpaper? acakeofsoap? apiece(slice)ofbacon ??apiece(stick)ofchalk
abit(blade)ofgrass?apiece(strip)ofland? abit(grain)ofrice ?abowlofsoup
(B)抽象名詞awordofabuse?anitem(abit)ofbusiness anattackoffever abit(anamount)ofinterest;
afitofpassionapiece(word)ofadvice apieceofevidenceapiece(anitem)ofinformationapiece(anitem)ofnews;?(C)自然現(xiàn)象:aflashoflightening;aboltofthunder;名詞種類的表達(dá)語:kindof,sortof,typeof,三者都可接可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞,其后的冠詞a(an)常被省略。之前可加a,the,some,any,etc.?Whatkindof(a)pencildidyoubuy?Ihadakindofsuspicionthathewascheating.
Ilikethiskindofflower.Ilikeflowersofthiskind.(置名詞后更強(qiáng)調(diào)種類)?II.名詞的數(shù):1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,half-h(huán)alves加-schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)S忻~以y結(jié)尾的,加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-h(huán)eroes,potat(yī)o-potat(yī)oes,tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8特殊變化mediummedia,childchildren,2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,現(xiàn)歸納如下:規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin,3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員)class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)特別含義customs(海關(guān)),times(時代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文獻(xiàn)報紙),looks(外表),brains(頭腦智力),greens(青菜)7表達(dá)“某國人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservantsIII.名詞的所有格:名詞在句中表達(dá)所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成,二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表達(dá)有生命的東西,后者多表達(dá)無生命的東西。1.’s所有格的構(gòu)成:單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表達(dá)各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名詞末尾均須加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表達(dá)共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表達(dá)"某人家""店鋪",所有格后名詞省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法:1表達(dá)時間today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表達(dá)自然現(xiàn)象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表達(dá)國家城市等地方的名詞thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulat(yī)ion,China’sindustry4表達(dá)工作群體theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表達(dá)度量衡及價值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名詞thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定詞組abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,at(yī)one’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法:用于無生命的東西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的東西,特別是有較長定語時:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名詞化的詞:thestruggleoftheoppressed
二.冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞(a,an),定冠詞(the),和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法:1指一類人或事,相稱于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表達(dá)“每一”相稱于every,one,perWestudyeighthoursaday.4表達(dá)“相同”相稱于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前,表達(dá)不結(jié)識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThat(yī)boyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定詞組中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.9物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞加a(an)即成普通名詞Thisisagoodclothforsummer.10“have(ortake)+a+抽象名詞”,與抽象名詞的動詞形同義Letustakeaswim.=Letusswim.II.定冠詞的用法:1表達(dá)某一類人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表達(dá)說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于樂器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表達(dá)一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表達(dá)“一家人”或“夫婦”theGreens,theWangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于專有名詞前:國家黨派、公共建筑、機(jī)關(guān)、江河湖海、山川群島、報刊、經(jīng)典的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表達(dá)發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個年代inthe1990’s11用于表達(dá)單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞,身體部位名詞,及表達(dá)時間的詞組前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.13用于為片語或子句所修飾的名詞之前ThisisthebookthatIpromisedtolendyou.III.零冠詞的用法:1專有名詞,物質(zhì)名詞,抽象名詞,人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季節(jié),月份,星期,節(jié)假日,一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表達(dá)職位,身份,頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5學(xué)科,語言,球類,棋類,顏色名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6與by連用表達(dá)交通工具的名詞前bytrain,byair,byland7兩個相對的名詞并用時husbandandwife,knifeandfork,daybyday,mantoman8表達(dá)泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.9表官職、身份或親屬關(guān)系的名詞當(dāng)補語,或作同位語時不加冠詞。Hewaselectedpresident.10School;church;hospital等字,指原有的用途時不加冠詞,若指建筑物自身或場合時,則要加冠詞Schoolbeginsateight.(school作抽象名詞用)?Theschoolstandsonthehill.(school指建筑物)?三.代詞:I.代詞可以分為以下七大類:1人稱代詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代詞形容詞性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名詞性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代詞this,that,these,those,such,some5疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代詞one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代詞用法注意點:1.one,some與any:1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑問句和否認(rèn)句。any表任何或任何一個時,也可用于肯定句。Comeanydayyoulike.some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時,some表達(dá)某個,any表達(dá)任何一個。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑問句中,表達(dá)盼望得到肯定的答復(fù),或者表達(dá)建議,請求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any后沒有名詞時,當(dāng)做代名詞,此外兩者也可做副詞。Someofthemaremystudents.〔代名詞)Isyourmotheranybetter?(副詞)4)some和數(shù)詞連用表達(dá)“大約”,any可與比較級連用表達(dá)限度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個別,代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上,而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no:no等于notany,作定語。none作主語或賓語,代替不可數(shù)名詞,謂語用單數(shù),代替可數(shù)名詞,謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。Thereisnowat(yī)erinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another:1)other泛指“此外的,別的”常與其他詞連用,如:theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指兩者中的此外一個,復(fù)數(shù)為theothers表達(dá)其余所有的人或物。如:Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.2)another指“又一個,另一個”無所指,復(fù)數(shù)形式是others,泛指“別的人或事”如:Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和eitherall表達(dá)不可數(shù)名詞時,其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否認(rèn)詞表達(dá)部分否認(rèn),所有否認(rèn)用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四.形容詞和副詞I.形容詞:1.形容詞的位置:1)形容詞作定語通常前置,但在下列情況后置:1修飾some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空間、時間、單位連用時abridge50meterslong5成對的形容詞可以后置,為加強(qiáng)語氣或音調(diào)美ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容詞短語一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序:代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成:1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-year5副詞+過去分詞newly-built11數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞three-hundred-year-old6名詞+形容詞world-famous2.形容詞的用法:1)緊靠著〔代)名詞的形容詞:upper;former;latter;outer;inner;utmost;mere;only;utter;main;certain;very;live;spare字尾為en或表比較的形容詞,大多只能放在名詞的前面awoodenleg;earthenware(2)形容詞前有so;no;too;how等字時,不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后。?Hecouldnotdoitinsoshortat(yī)ime.Heisnolessremarkableamanthanhiselderbrother(is).?2)作補語的形容詞:
(1)be+形容詞+介系詞:由此結(jié)合而成的片語,有些等于及物動詞。becapableof;beconcernedwith;be(un)familiarwith(to);belatefor;besubjectto;beworthyof;etc.?(2)某些已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞的過去分詞,其后通常接at;about;with;in;of等介詞。?JohnisinterestedinEnglishgrammar.Hewassurprisedatherbehaviour.
(3)be+形容詞+介系詞:可接〔代〕名詞,動名詞,或名詞子句,但名詞子句若是that子句須省略介詞,因that子句不可直接作介詞的受詞。
Shewasnotaware(of)howmuchherhusbandearned.Shewasnotawarethatthereisdanger.?(4)It+be+形容詞+that子句此類形容詞有:certain;likely;obvious;plain;possible;true;(A)that子句中的假設(shè)法。Itisappropriatethat(yī)he(should)getthepost.(should可省略)?(B)人稱形容詞亦可接其他連接詞引導(dǎo)的子句。I'mnotsurewhyhecame.
3)有關(guān)worth;worthwhile;worthy的句型如下:?(A)主詞(含it)+beworth+(動)名詞?(B)It(虛主詞)+beworthwhile+不定詞或動名詞
(C)主詞+beworthy+of+(動)名詞
(D)主詞+beworthy+不定詞
Thisbookisworthreading.=Itisworthwhiletoreadthisbook.=Thisbookisworthyofreading.=Thisbookisworthytoberead.4)many和much的用法:?〔1〕many修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,表許多;much修飾不可數(shù)名詞,表量或限度。?Hehasmanyfriends,butfewtrueones.Therehasn'tbeenmuchgoodweatherrecently.?(2)manya要與單數(shù)名詞及單數(shù)形動詞連用。
Manyaprisonerhasbeensetfree.(=Manyprisonershavebeensetfree.)
〔3〕asmany和somany均等于thesamenumberof。前有as,like時,只用somany。?Theyworkedlikesomanyants.
(4)asmuch等于thesameamountof,表同量和同一事情。
Heboughttwopoundsofsugarandasmuchtea.〔同量)?Iwasnotintheleastsurprised,forIhadfullyexpectedasmuch.〔同一事情)?(5)many和much之后不接名詞時,作為代名詞;此外much也可用副詞。?Idon'teat(yī)muchforlunch.〔代名詞)HeismuchtallerthanI.(副詞〕5)(a)few和(a)little的用法:(a)few用在復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前,(a)little用在不可數(shù)名詞之前。Few,little含否認(rèn)的意味。?6)其他的數(shù)量形容詞:
(1)plentyof,alotof,lotsof均表許多,修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。
(2)agreat(yī)(oragood)dealof,alarge(orasmall)quantityof,alarge(orasmall)amountof,均表(量),修飾不可數(shù)名詞。?(3)anumberof“許多;一些”;agreat(large,good)numberof“許多”,修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,并且要與復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用。
thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞←→單數(shù)動詞
7)hundredsof,dozensof,thousandsof,scoresof+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞?冠詞或數(shù)詞(one,two...)+(hundred,dozen,thousand,score)+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
8)therestof“其余的”,可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞,作主詞時,接可數(shù)名詞則用復(fù)數(shù)動詞,接不可數(shù)名詞則用單數(shù)動詞。?Therestofthestudentsareabsent.(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)Therestofthewaterwasthrownaway.不可數(shù)名詞)
注:therest作代名詞,等于theothers,和復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用。?II.副詞副詞的分類:1時間副詞soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5頻度副詞always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地點副詞here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑問副詞how,where,when,why3方式副詞hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7連接副詞how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4限度副詞almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rat(yī)her8關(guān)系副詞when,where,why副詞的位置:1副詞修飾形容詞、副詞(片語或子句)時,通常放在前面。Themountainisverybeautiful.2及物動詞+受詞+副詞ShespeaksEnglishwell.3表擬定期間或場合的副詞,通常放在句首或句末,放在句首時語氣較強(qiáng)。ShewasborninTaipeiin1948.
4置于句首修飾全句Fortunatelyhesucceededintheexaminat(yī)ion5同類副詞單位較小者+單位較大者排列HelivesatTaichung,inTaiwan,RepublicofChina.6地點+狀態(tài)+次數(shù)+時間Shearrivedtheresafelytheotherday.7頻率副詞在一般動詞前Theyalwayssayso在be動詞后Iamalwaysbusy在助動詞和實義動詞間Thisjobwillneverbefinished.8三種時間副詞“期段+頻率+時侯”Iwasthereforadayorsoeveryyearduringmychildhood9Seldom,rarely,never等有否認(rèn)意義的頻率副詞置于句首,要將助動詞或be動詞放在主詞之前。Seldomdowehearsuchfinesingingfromschoolchoirs.10地方副詞通常置于句尾,加強(qiáng)語氣時可放在句首。Helivesinasmallvillage.Theyarenotthere.11兩個地放副詞并列時,地方擬定的副詞在后面,地方不擬定的副詞在前面。Thechildrenrunningaroundupstairs.
幾個特殊副詞的用法:
(1)enough放在所修飾的形容詞和副詞后面;too放在形容詞和副詞前面。
She’soldenoughtodosomework.She’stoooldtodoanywork.?(2)very,much(A)very修飾原級形容詞,副詞;much(或verymuch)修飾比較級,最高級的形容詞及副詞或動詞。?Hespokeverycarefully.Thisismuchbetter..Thisismuch(byfar)thebest.Itismuchtalkedaboutthesedays.?(3)already,yet,still?(A)Already用于肯定句,作“已經(jīng)”解;yet用于否認(rèn)句,作“還”解,用于疑問句作“已經(jīng)”解。Already用在疑問句或否認(rèn)句時,表驚訝。
Ialreadylikehim.Hecan’tdriveyet.Haveyoualreadyseenhim?(=Thatwasquick.)?(B)Still表動作或狀態(tài)的連續(xù),作“仍然”解。Still放在動詞前后,有時句意不同。
Heisstillstanding.(continuetostand)Heisstandingstill.(=standingmotionless)
(4)only和also常隨句中位置的變動,句意和語氣也會改變。?OnlyJohnphonedMarytoday.JohnphonedonlyMarytoday.JohnphonedMaryonlytoday(todayonly).?(5)just,merely,purely,simply等字放在所修飾的詞語之前;alone則放在其后。
YoucangetaBgradejust(merely,purely,simply)forthatanswer.YoucangetaBgradeforthatansweralone.?副詞應(yīng)注意的事項:?(1)有些字可當(dāng)形容詞又可當(dāng)副詞,例如:early;past;half;long;straight;fast;hard;quick;deep;slow;pretty;awful;wrong;right;high;late;hourly;early;weekly;etc.
Wehadanearlybreakfast.(形容詞)Wehadbreakfastearly.(副詞)
(2)above;then;after;up;down;away;home等地方或時間副詞亦可作形容詞。Theabovestatement(=thestatementwhichisabove)?(3)有些形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~,可在字尾加ly,也可以不加,但是在字義上不同。?(A)easy“安適地”;easily“容易地”;Standeasy!He’snoteasilysatisfied.
(B)clear(=completely“完全地”;clearly“顯然地”)Thebulletwentclearthroughthedoor.Thethievesgotclearlyaway.
(C)high“高”;highly“很;非?!保詇ebirdsareflyinghigh.Hewashighlypraisedforhiswork.?(D)Slow和slowly當(dāng)副詞時同義,但slow比slowly語氣強(qiáng).Itoldthedrivertogoslow(er).Driveslowlyroundthesebendsintheroad.?(E)hard“辛勞地”;hardly“幾乎不”Heworkshard.(=Heisahardworker.)Hehardlydoesanythingnowadays.(=Hedoesverylittlenowadays.)?(F)just“剛才;僅”;justly“公正地”I’vejustseenhim.Hewasjustlypunished.?(G)late“遲”;lately(=recently)“最近地”Hewenttobedlate.Ihaven’tseenMr.Greenlately.
(H)pretty(fairly,moderately)“十分,頗”;prettily(inaprettyway,at(yī)tractively)“美麗地”Thesituationseemsprettyhopeless.Shewasprettilydressed.
(I)near“接近地”;nearly“幾乎”Thetimefortheexaminat(yī)ionisdrawingnear.Inearlymissedmytrain.?III.形容詞和副詞比較等級:原級比較級最高級good,wellbetterbestbad,badly,illworseworstmany,much(作形容詞是大量的;作副詞是非常地)moremostlittleadj小的smallersmallestadv一點地lessleastfarfarther(更遠(yuǎn),表距離),further(更進(jìn)步,表限度)farthest,furthestoldolder(表年齡或新舊),elder(表長幼順序)oldest,eldestlat(yī)elater(表時間)latest(最近的)latter(表順序)last(最后的)up上upperupmost,uppermost形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級,比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est,多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。同級比較as…as…We’llgiveyouasmuchhelpaswecan.notso(as)…as…Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.as+形容詞+(a)+名詞+asHewantstobeasgreatascientistasNewton.不同級比較1)可以修飾比較級的詞:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal,somewhat2)句義相稱或同類的東西,才級比較MostofthehighwaysinAmericaarewiderthanthoseinEurope.3)使用比較級時,必須把自身除外,常于other或else連用Thisbookismoreinterestingthananyotherbook(thananybookelse).比較級+thanHeismorecarefulthanher.morethan的用法(1)=over“過多;…以上”(2)修飾名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞或子句,表“遠(yuǎn)超過;何止”Ittakesmorethananhour.ItismorethanIcanunderstand.(=Itisbeyondmyunderstanding.)...the+比較級+ofthetwoJimisthemorestupidofthetwoboys.形容詞比較級Heisbetternow.接if子句的比較級.
Youwillunderstanditeasierifyouconsultthedictionary.由拉丁文而來的比較級senior,junior,superior,inferior,majorminor,prior,prefer(接to不接than).Heisjuniortome.(to之后接受格)Ipreferreadingtotalking.=Iprefertoreadratherthantalk.表達(dá)倍數(shù)的比較級Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours.Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours.Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.表達(dá)一方隨另一方變化The+比較級…,the+比較級…“越…,越…”Themorehehas,themorehewants.Thesooner(youdoit),thebetter(itwillbe).最高級沒有最高級和比較級的形容詞favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect...the+最高級(或least+原級)(+單數(shù)名詞或one)+of(oramong)+人物復(fù)數(shù)(或in+地點)Agiraffeisthetallestof(oramong)allanimals.Jackistheleastdiligentboyinhisclass.用原級表達(dá)最高級Heisashappyashecanbe.比較級+thananyother+單數(shù)名詞Thisismoredifficultthananyotherbookhere.否認(rèn)的比較級表達(dá)最高級Nothingcanbesimplerthanthis.敘述用法的最高級形容詞SummerishottestinJuly.具有否認(rèn)詞的比較級區(qū)別(1)nolessthan=asmuch(ormany)as“多達(dá)”和notlessthan=atleast“最少”?Ihavenolessthan(=asmuchas)10,000dollars.Hehasnotlessthan(=atleast)5dollars.
(2)noless...than=as...as“和...同樣”和notless+原級+than“至少不比...差;也許比...更...”?Sheisnolessrichthan(=asrichas)hersister.Sheisnotlessrichthanhersister.
(3)nomorethan=only“只”和notmorethan=atmost“最多”
Hehasnomorethan(=only)10dollars.Hehasnotmorethan(=atmost)five.?(4)nomore...than=not...anymorethan“和...同樣不...”和notmore...than=notso...a(chǎn)s“沒有到…的限度;不像...那樣...”
Iamnomoremadthanyouare.(=Iamnotmadanymorethanyou(are).=Youarenotmad,noramI).?HeisnotmoregenerousthanJohn.(=HeisnotsogenerousasJohn.)
五.介詞I.介詞分類:1簡樸介詞about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介詞inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短語介詞accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4雙重介詞fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論),including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介詞區(qū)別:1表達(dá)時間的in,on,atat表達(dá)半晌的時間,in表達(dá)一段的時間,on總是與日子有關(guān)2表達(dá)時間的since,fromsince指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間,和完畢時連用,from指從時間的某一點開始3表達(dá)時間的in,afterin指在一段時間之后,after表達(dá)某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中4表達(dá)地理位置的in,on,toin表達(dá)在某范圍內(nèi),on指與什么毗鄰,to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表達(dá)“在…上”的on,inon只表達(dá)在某物的表面上,in表達(dá)占去某物一部分6表達(dá)“穿過”的through,acrossthrough表達(dá)從內(nèi)部通過,與in有關(guān),across表達(dá)在表面上通過,與on有關(guān)7表達(dá)“關(guān)于”的about,onabout指涉及到,on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表達(dá)在兩者之間,among用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了…尚有再加上”,except指“除了,減去什么”,不放在句首10表達(dá)“用”的in,withwith表達(dá)具體的工具,in表達(dá)材料,方式,方法,度量,單位,語言,聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為,以…地位或身份”,like為“象…同樣”,指情形相似.like只能作介詞不能作連接詞;as則兩者都可Ihopedtosucceedasyouhave(succeeded).Ihopedtosucceedlikeyou.12in與into區(qū)別in通常表達(dá)位置(靜態(tài)),into表達(dá)動向,不表達(dá)目的地或位置重要掌握介詞與某些其他詞的固定搭配關(guān)系,考前要重點復(fù)習(xí)上冊第12單元和下冊第7單元的語法講解和語法練習(xí),書后所附的詞組表也是復(fù)習(xí)的重點。常考的介詞搭配如:asto,asfor,substitutefor,layaside,intermsof;resultin,resultfrom,asaresultof,beconcernedabout/beconcernedfor,relyon,liveon,liein,consistof,besatisfiedwith,lookup,inadditionto,regardlessof,despite,inspiteof,contributeto,atleast,intermsof,inaccordancewith,inlinewith,except,exceptfor,dueto,owingto,varyfrom…to,at(yī)tachto,beirrelevantto,distinguish…from,等等。六、數(shù)詞基數(shù)one,two,three...數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)單一性則用單數(shù)。Thirtyminutesissufficientforagoodsermon.若強(qiáng)調(diào)一個一個的個別數(shù)則用復(fù)數(shù)。TenyearshavepassedsinceIsawyoulast.除one接單數(shù)名詞外,其余均接復(fù)數(shù)名詞Hehasonesisterandthreebrothers.hundred的后面須加and(但可以省略)12,345=twelvethousandthreehundred(and)fortyfive名詞(無冠詞)+基數(shù)=the+序數(shù)+名詞(非專有名詞,可不用大寫,但等號兩邊須一致。〕Wo(hù)rldWarⅡ=WorldWarTwoortheSecondWorldWar序數(shù)first,second,third...
序數(shù)的簡體9th=theninth;12th=thetwelfth;16th=thesixteenth序數(shù)前面必須附以定冠詞asecond,athird等,則是another的意思日期多用序數(shù)It'sonFriday,thefifthofOctober(=Octoberthefifth=October15th).分?jǐn)?shù)分子用基數(shù),分母用序數(shù);分子大于2時,分母須加“s”以形成復(fù)數(shù)1/2=a(one)half;1/3=a(one)third;2/3=two-thirds;1/4=a(one)quarter;分?jǐn)?shù)接名詞,謂語動詞根據(jù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)來擬定Athirdofthepeachwasbad.?Athirdofthebananaswerebad.倍數(shù)詞half,double,treble(三倍)halfa,ahalf,halfthe+名詞,(一半的)Heranahalfmileinhalfanhour.half還可作名詞,代名詞及副詞Twohalvesmakeawhole.(名詞)?Thisishalfasmuchagainasthat.(副詞)倍數(shù)常用的表達(dá)法(half;double;treble;twice;twotimes;threetimes;fourtimes...)+定冠詞或所有形容詞+名詞或所有代名詞Ihadtopaydouble(=twice)theusualfare.
Thatwindowisthreetimesthesizeofthis.各種數(shù)字的讀法年號的讀法1979←→nineteenseventy-nineornineteenhundred(and)seventy-nine電話號碼;貨幣的讀法1023←→oneotwothree;1227←→onedoubletwo(ortwotwo)seven;$4.25←→fourdollars(and)twenty-five(cents)小數(shù)點的讀法13.91←→thirteendecimal(point)nineone;0.23=noughtdemicaltwothree算術(shù)式的讀法2+3=5Twoplusthreeis(equals,isequalto)five.
5-3=2Fiveminusthreeisequaltotwo.?3×2=6Threetimestwoissix.orThreebytwoaresix.9÷3=3Ninedividedbythreemakesthree.七、連詞?連接代詞who,whom,whose,what(yī),which,whoever,whatever,whichever?連接副詞when,how,why,where,whenever,wherever?并列連詞and,but,or,so,therefore,yet,however,nevertheless,for,hence,aswellas,both..and,notonly..butalso,either..or,neither..nor,?從屬連詞after,when,before,as,while,since,until,till,although,though,if,evenif,unless,lest,because,than,that,whether,sothat,assoonas,aslongas,inorderthat(yī),asif,asthough,incase,nowthat(yī),so..that(yī),such..that,as.a(chǎn)s.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,---weshouldnotplayit.A.otherwiseB.insteadC.neverthelessD.either詞形轉(zhuǎn)換試題1.Thecontinuingprofessionaleducationof_____(dá)(high)educatedadultswillbecomeathirdlevelinadditiontoundergraduateandprofessionalorgraduatework.highly2.Theexplorerswerepuzzledoverwhattodonextbecausetheywereina_____(dá)(trick)situation.tricky3.Theseelectricappliancesareallsimilarinconstructionbuteachoneis___(dá)(specialize)initsfunction.special__4.Thechildwasplaying____(danger)neartheedgeoftheswimmingpool.dangerously_5.Wewouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressoursincere_____(appreciate)ofyourhelp.appreciat(yī)ion6.Robots,becoming___(increase)prevalentinfactories,areprogrammedandengineeredtodomorejobs.increasingly7.Theauthorofthetextexpressesastrong____(disapprove)ofworkingonandofffrequently.disapproval_8.Thegovernmenthastakenmeasurestoreducethetotalenergy______(dá)(consume).consumption1.Themoretimeyouwaste,the_____(easy)itistocontinuewastingtime.easier2.The___(dá)__(far)awaywegetfromtheearth,thethinnertheairbecomes.farther3.Thegreenestand___(dá)__(plentiful)leavesaretheleavesofgrasseslivingallovertheworld.mostplentiful4.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolder,andthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulat(yī)iongrowth,the____(dá)_(old)itspopulationislikelytobe.older5.Largeorfat(yī)peoplewhowanttolook___(dá)__(small)thantheyareusuallyweardarkclothes.smaller6.AsJanewasthe__(dá)__(dá)_(old),shelookedaftertheotherchildreninthefamily.eldest7.Theeffectofrapidtravelonthebodyisactuallyfar____(dá)_(disturb)thanwerealize.Moredisturbing8.The_____(far)awaywegetfromtheearth,thethinnertheairbecomes.farther9.Hewasunabletositstillfor_____(long)thanafewminutes.longer10.Themorestressyouareunder,___(dá)__(likely)youaretocatchacold.themorelikely11.IsthisbecausepupilsfromBritain'sprivateschoolsaremoreintelligentthanthosefromstateschools,oraretheysimply__(dá)__(dá)_(well)prepared?better12.Theyaretooeasilyregardedasevaluat(yī)edcertaintiesratherthanas__(dá)___(raw)ofrawmaterialscryingtobeprocessedintothetextureoflogic.therawest13.The_______(good)hefeels,themoreworkhewilldo.better1.Almosteverythingamanagerdoes_____decisions;indeed,somesuggestthatthemanagementprocessisdecisionmaking.A.imposesB.improvisesC.involvesD.indicatesimposevt.征稅,強(qiáng)加,以...欺騙vi.運用,欺騙,施影響improvisev.臨時準(zhǔn)備2.Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspace_____(dá)whichmatterhasfallenand____(dá)_whichnothingcanescape.A.towards…towardsB.into…fromC.outof…fromD.through…through3.Americanmendon‘tcrybecauseitisconsiderednot__(dá)___(dá)ofmentodoso.A.characteristicB.tolerantC.symbolicD.independentcharacteristicadj.特有的,表達(dá)特性的,典型的n.特性,特性tolerantadj.容忍的,寬恕的,有耐藥力的Symbolicadj.象征的,符號的4.Attheendof1994theBritishGovernmentintroducednewmeasurestohelp__(dá)___domesticworkersfromabusebytheiremployers.A.protectB.suspectC.expectD.inspectvt.檢查,視察v.檢查5.Thespecificuseofleisure___(dá)__fromindividualtoindividual.A.rangesB.distinguishesC.variesD.covers6.Nationsare___(dá)__as"aged"whentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65orabove.A.limitedB.classifiedC.originatedvt.引起,發(fā)明,發(fā)起,創(chuàng)辦vi.起源,發(fā)生D.processedn.過程,作用,方法,程序,vt.加工,解決7.Itistouching動人的,令人同情的toseehowacatordog-especiallyadog-__(dá)___itselftofamilyandwantstoshareinallitsgoingsandcomings.A.a(chǎn)ttributesB.appliesC.a(chǎn)ssignedD.attaches8.Shewasmore_____(dá)thanfrightened.A.surprisingB.interestedC.hat(yī)edD.surprised9.Theattentionofthepublicwascontinually_____tonewpossibilitiesinscientificfieldsandthediscoveryofnewknowledge.A.applied將...應(yīng)用于B.drawn吸引到...方面來,使接近C.referred查閱,提到,談到,打聽D.thrown10.Few,__(dá)___any,livetheirliveswithoutsomedegreeofunhappinessandsuffering.A.likeB.exceptC.if即便要D.when11.Manywomenaretooconcerned__(dá)___stayingthinandtheybelievethatvitaminsaresomekindofmagiccuretoreplacefood.A.ofB.byC.withD.on12.Ineducation,thereshouldbeagoodbalanceamongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontribute____(dá)_effectivethinkingandwisejudgment.A.atB.inC.forD.to捐獻(xiàn)有助于13._____thenumbersinemployment,thehotelindustrywasthesecondlargestindustryinthiscountrylastyear.A.Inlinewith符合B.Intermsof根據(jù),按照,用...的話,在...方面C.Inaccordancewith根據(jù),依照;與...一致,合乎D.Inproportionto與...成比例14.AirtravelissoquicknowadaysthatwecanleaveLondonafterbreakfastandarriveinNewYork____(dá)eighthours.A.inB.forC.a(chǎn)fterD.until15.Itisalsotruethattheeffectofadrugismuch____(dá)_uponyoungstersthanadults.A.biggerB.fewerC.great(yī)erD.littlebig強(qiáng)調(diào)體積,質(zhì)量,容量和重量大。big特別強(qiáng)調(diào)比正常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大,修飾人時指身材高大。如:abigbox。Big也有抽象意義,指重大的事件或行為。如:abigmistakegreat帶感情色彩,多指限度和質(zhì)量,指具體事物或人時,表“突出”,“引人注目”。great常用于抽象含義,若用于指數(shù)量和體積時有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩,還可以指(偉大,重大,非常)。如:agr
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