英語語言學導論復習題

一．名詞解釋1.Broadtranscription(寬式音標:Broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.2.Componential[.k?mp??l]analysis（成分分析）:Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructurals'm?ntsist]toanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.3.Interlanguage（中介語；過渡語）：ProposedbyS.PitCorderandLarrySelinker,theconceptofinterlanguagewasestablishedaslearners’independentsystemofthesecondlanguagewhichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuum[kn'tinjum]orapproximation[.pr?ksi'mei??n]n.接近，近似fromhisnativelanguagetothetargetlanguage.4.Competence&performance(語言能力和語言行為)：Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.5.（語境）:Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthesuchasculturalbackground,situation,therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandtheetc.6.LanguageAcquisition(語言習得：Languageacquisitionreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.7.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis[hai'p?θisis]薩丕爾沃爾夫假說）:SapirandWhorf,proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave.SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilters過濾people’sperception感官，觀念andthewaytheycategorize分類experiences.Thisinterdependence互相依賴oflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.8.LanguageAcquisitionDevice(語言習得機制：ThelinguistNoamChomskyclaimsthathumanbeingsarebiologically?d?ikli]生物學地programmedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking.OriginallyChomskyreferredtothisinnate天生的abilityasLanguageAcquisitionDevice,(alsoknownasLAD).二．論述題1.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?(1)Thenamingtheory命名論Oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsothemostprimitiveone,wasthenamingtheoryproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Theviewholdsthatwordsarejustnamesorlabels稱謂forthings.(2)Theconceptualistview概念論Thisviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretation解釋ofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.(3)Contextualism語境論Theviewholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguage(4)Behaviorism行為主義論Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformas“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.(Bloomfield)喚起，引起2.AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample.AccordingtoAustin,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactswhenspeaking:locutionary[lu'kju:nri]act(言內行為),illocutionary言外行為),andperlocutionaryact.(言后行為)Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeakersintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.For“Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.”Thelocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaning:youhaveleftthedooropen.Theillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthehearertoclosetheormakingacomplaint,dependingonthecontext.Theperlocutionaryactreferstotheeffectoftheutterance.Itcanbethehearersclosingthedoororhisrefusaltocomplywiththerequest.3.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.任意性)Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.languageisnotentirearbitrary;certainwordsaremotivated.Somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butnon-arbitrarywordsmakeuponlyasmallpercentageofthevocabularyofalanguage.(2)Productivity能產性)Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.(3)Duality（二層性）Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thisdualityofstructureoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.(4)Displacement（移位性）Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthe(5)Cultural（文化傳承性）Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystem