江蘇省泰州市姜堰四中2023年中考英語(yǔ)考前必背知識(shí)點(diǎn)學(xué)案

第頁(yè)江蘇省泰州市姜堰四中2023年中考英語(yǔ)考前必背知識(shí)點(diǎn)1、區(qū)別可數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前可加“a或an〞；有復(fù)數(shù)形式，前面可加基數(shù)詞〔one,two...〕。不可數(shù)名詞前面不能用a/an及基數(shù)詞,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞trousers,clothes,glasses,shorts,jeans,people(人們)由man和woman在前面構(gòu)成的合成詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，每個(gè)名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)amandoctor—twomendoctors,awomanteacher--severalwomenteachers常見(jiàn)不可數(shù)名詞：water水，information信息，news新聞，mutton羊肉，beef牛肉，salad沙拉，work工作，housework家務(wù)，homework家庭作業(yè)，juice果汁，icecream冰淇淋，tea茶，rice米飯，bread面包，milk牛奶，money錢，meat肉，space空間，advice建議，traffic交通，energy能量，fun有趣樂(lè)趣，health健康，sand沙子，metal金屬，weather天氣，furniture家具，population人口，coke可樂(lè)，honey蜂蜜，chocolate巧克力，salt鹽，peace和平，trouble麻煩，gold黃金，culture文化，rubbish垃圾smoke煙霧，freedom自由，importance重要性，practice練習(xí)，wine酒，society社會(huì)，porridge粥，silence沉默，heat熱，medicine藥，stone石頭,development開(kāi)展，illness疾病兼類詞〔前為不可數(shù)后為可數(shù)〕paper紙/報(bào)紙、試卷，experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)/經(jīng)歷，room空間/房間;pleasure快樂(lè)/快樂(lè)的事，chicken雞肉/雞〔動(dòng)物〕，fish魚(yú)肉/魚(yú)glass玻璃/玻璃杯〔glasses眼鏡〕，change零錢/變化，life生活/生命、一生time時(shí)間/次數(shù)、……的一段時(shí)光〔agood/great/hard...time〕，exercise鍛煉/練習(xí)〔mathexercises〕、操〔morning/eyeexercises〕有些抽象名詞表示“一份\一頓\一陣\一場(chǎng)等〞時(shí),可轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞.如:threecoffees(三份咖啡)agoodsupperaheavyrain\snowastrongwindhair毛發(fā)、頭發(fā)〔總稱時(shí)為不可數(shù)/指一根或多根頭發(fā)、毛發(fā)為可數(shù)〕food食物〔表示特定類別時(shí)為可數(shù)helpfulfoods〕fruit水果〔表示個(gè)別水果或種類為可數(shù)peelafruit〕death〔表抽象意義的“死〞為不可數(shù)名詞，表示具體的死亡人數(shù)等，那么為可數(shù)名詞〕2、冠詞與以下各詞不能連用：this,that,these,those;my,your...Merry's,myfriend's;some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough等3、復(fù)合不定代詞用法〔something,somebody,someone,anything,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,everything,everybody,everyone〕(1)含-one和-body等指人的復(fù)合代詞可有-’s屬格形式。如：Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.大家的事情沒(méi)人管。Isthisanybody’sseat?這兒有人坐嗎？(2)含-one和-body等指人的復(fù)合代詞后跟else時(shí)，-’s屬格應(yīng)加在else之后。Canyouremembersomeoneelse’sname?你還記得其他人的姓名嗎？(3)復(fù)合不定代詞通常被看成是單數(shù)第三人稱。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Iseveryoneheretoday?〔4〕復(fù)合不定代詞的定語(yǔ)必須后置，即放在復(fù)合不定代詞的后面。如：Canyoutellsomethinginteresting?你能講些有趣的事情嗎？〔5〕(此用法同some,any)something，someone，somebody通常用于肯定句中，而anything，anyone，anybody一般用于否認(rèn)句，疑問(wèn)句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。在表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)、提建議等帶有委婉語(yǔ)氣的疑問(wèn)句，和希望得到對(duì)方肯定答復(fù)的疑問(wèn)句，以及表示反問(wèn)的問(wèn)句中，也用something，someone，somebody等復(fù)合不定代詞。如:Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat？要些吃的東西嗎？當(dāng)anything表示“任何事〔物〕，無(wú)論何事〔物〕〞，anyone，anybody表示“無(wú)論誰(shuí)，任何人〞等意義時(shí)，它們也可以用于肯定句中。如：Anybodyknowstheanswer.任何人都知道答案。〔6〕“notevery-〞表示的是局部否認(rèn)，意為“并非都，不都〞。例如：Noteverythingwillgowell.并非一切都會(huì)那么順利?！皀otany-〞和no-均表示全否認(rèn)。例如：Helistened,butheardnothing.他聽(tīng)了聽(tīng)，但什么也沒(méi)聽(tīng)到。=Helistened,butdidn’thearanything.〔7〕someone，anyone，everyone,noone都只能指人，且不和介詞of連用；someone，anyone，everyone,none那么既可指人又可指物，可與介詞of連用。例如：Anyoneshouldbepolitetoeveryoneofthem.Whichtoywouldyoulike?AnyoneisOK.4、“幾點(diǎn)過(guò)幾分〞，≤30分鐘〞用介詞past。7：15fifteen〔aquarter〕pastseven7：30halfpastseven?！安顜追謳c(diǎn)〞用介詞“to〞。7：40twentytoeight；7：45fifteen〔aquarter〕toeight。5、分?jǐn)?shù)修飾名詞作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要看那個(gè)名詞，如果是不可數(shù)名詞，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如1/3的水：One-thirdofthewaterinthisriverispolluted.這條河里面的水，三分之一都被污染了。如果后面是復(fù)數(shù)名詞或者復(fù)數(shù)名詞，那么用復(fù)數(shù)：One-thirdofthestudentsaregirls.這些學(xué)生中三分之一是女生。6、基數(shù)詞＋單數(shù)名詞〔＋形容詞〕構(gòu)成合成形容詞。afive-year-oldboy,an800-metre-longbridge,ten-minutewalk7、名詞作定語(yǔ)的根本原那么名詞作定語(yǔ)原那么上用單數(shù)，不用復(fù)數(shù)。如：afruitshop,tomatonoodles有些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，那么用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)：clothesshop服裝店個(gè)別有單復(fù)數(shù)區(qū)別的詞也習(xí)慣上用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)sportsshoes8、英語(yǔ)中的表達(dá)跟漢語(yǔ)不同，表示因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的because和so，although(though)和but不能連用9、形容詞、副詞用法大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，這類形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake〔錯(cuò)〕Heisanillman.〔對(duì)〕Themanisill.〔錯(cuò)〕Sheisanafraidgirl.〔對(duì)〕Thegirlisafraid.副詞very可以修飾形容詞、副詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。(錯(cuò))IverylikeEnglish.(對(duì))IlikeEnglishverymuch.副詞enough要放在形容詞、副詞的后面，enough放在名詞前后都可。Idon'tknowhimwellenough.Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.可修飾比擬級(jí)的詞abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等10、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般疑問(wèn)句的答復(fù)(1)MayI...?-Yes,youmay/can.或者Sure,goahead.-No,youcan't/mustn't.或者No,pleasedon't.(2)-CouldI...?-Yes,youcan/goahead.-No,youcan't/pleasedon't./You'dbetternot(3)-MustI...?-Yes,youmust.-No,youneedn't/don'thaveto.(4)-NeedI...?-Yes,youmust./Yes,please(do)-No,youneedn't/don'thaveto.(5)Could/Wouldyouplease...?-Yes,ofcourse./Yes,withpleasure./Yes,noproblem/Yes,I'mgladto./Certainly./Sure./Ok-No,Ican't./Sorry,but..(6)-Wouldyoumind...?“不介意〞或“同意〞時(shí)，常用否認(rèn)形式。如：No,ofcoursenot./No,certainlynot./No,notatall./No,goahead.No,please./No,Idon'tmind./No,doitplease./Notintheleast.等。“介意〞或“不同意〞時(shí)，那么常用較委婉的方式加以拒絕。如：I'msorrybutIdo./Sorry,you'dbetternot./I'mafraidyoucan't./I'msorry,butit'snotallowed...(7)Wouldyouliketo...?Yes,please./Yes,I'dlike/loveto.No.thanks.11、系動(dòng)詞用法表示人體感官sound，taste，look，feel，smell等，后面接形容詞；表示變化系動(dòng)詞become，get，go，turn，后面接形容詞、名詞；表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持含義系動(dòng)詞continue，keep，stay等，后面接表示狀態(tài)的形容詞；表示判斷的系動(dòng)詞seem和appear，后面接形容詞、tobe+名詞或形容詞、that-clause、不定式等。12、及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)意義才完整的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，叫做及物動(dòng)詞〔transitiveverb〕。有的動(dòng)詞必須接一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，有的必須接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。如：He'sreadingamagazine.本身意義完整后面不須跟賓語(yǔ)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，叫做不及物動(dòng)詞〔intransitiveverb〕。如：IthappenedinJune1932.如果想接賓語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞后面必須加上介詞：錯(cuò):Heislookingme.對(duì):Heislookingatme.注意：不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。13、動(dòng)詞+副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)〔代詞作賓語(yǔ)只可以放在詞組的中間〕giveaway,takeaway,putaway,turnoff,breakoff,putoff,takeoff,makeup,useup,lookup,endup,giveup,openup,pickup,cutup,callup,wakeup,fixup,cheerup,puton,turnon,takeout,keepout,cleanup,giveout,handout,letdown,turndown,keepdown,pulldown,14、各種時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)及其構(gòu)成：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)〔1〕be在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中根據(jù)主語(yǔ)用am/is/are的形式，注意不可與行為動(dòng)詞連用?！?〕含行為動(dòng)詞的句子單三主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)第三人稱+其他單三主語(yǔ)+doesn't+動(dòng)詞原形+其他Does+單三主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他非單三主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他非單三主語(yǔ)+don't+動(dòng)詞原形+其他Do+非單三主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他連用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)sometimes,usually,never,always,often;everyday/week/month/year/...;onSunday(s)/Monday(s)/...;atsevenforty;inthemorning/afternoon/evening;now;today等等。一般過(guò)去式〔1〕be動(dòng)詞在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中根據(jù)主語(yǔ)用was/were，注意不可與行為動(dòng)詞連用。〔2〕含行為動(dòng)詞的句子主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+其他Did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他主語(yǔ)+didn’t+動(dòng)詞原形+其他連用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,in1989,attheageof5,oneday,longago,onceuponatime,yesterdaymorning〔afternoon,evening〕,justnow〔剛剛〕,before〔以前〕,then〔atthattime〕〔當(dāng)時(shí)〕,last+時(shí)間〔如lastweek,month,year,Monday,…January,…spring,…,etc.〕,that+時(shí)間〔如thatday,afternoon,summer,…,etc.〕,時(shí)間段+ago〔如afewminutesago,twoweeksago,yearsago,…etc.〕現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主語(yǔ)+am/is/are+動(dòng)詞ing形式+其他now,atthemoment;另外，以Look,Listen或Don't...等開(kāi)頭的祈使句常常會(huì)引出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主語(yǔ)+has/have+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+其他連用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)already〔肯定〕,yet〔否認(rèn)，疑問(wèn)〕,just,before,recently,still,latelyever,never,twice,now,uptonow/thesefewdays/weeks/months/years,thismorning/week/month/year,today,sofar,in/duringthepast/last+時(shí)間段，untilnow,for+時(shí)間段，since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形，或begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。1〕tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,tomorrowmorning/afternoon/evening2〕nextyear/week/month/hour/day/century3〕in+一段時(shí)間4)inthefuture5)thisafternoon/Sunday/evening6)fromnowon7)oneday,someday〔未來(lái)的〕某天8)soon過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法was/were+V-ing常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)atsixyesterdaymorning,athistimeyesterday,thewholemorning,allday,fromninetotenlastevening,atthattime,.justnow，amomentagowhen,while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)用法過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成〔句型如下：〕主語(yǔ)+be〔was，were〕goingto+動(dòng)詞原形+其它主語(yǔ)+would〔shouldwould〕+動(dòng)詞原形+其它時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：主要用于賓語(yǔ)從句中，主句的謂語(yǔ)為said,asked,thought,knew,told…by(thetime/theendof)+表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)和句子；before(theendof)+表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)或句子；when,after等加上表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的句子等過(guò)去完成時(shí)用法主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞連用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。

Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.

在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.

by〔thetime〕+過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimselfbytheendof+過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。before+過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。15、反義疑問(wèn)句〔1〕當(dāng)陳述局部為主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，附加疑問(wèn)局部一般應(yīng)與主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞保持對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。ShesaysthatIdidit,doesn’tshe?〔2〕當(dāng)陳述局部的主語(yǔ)是I，謂語(yǔ)是think,believe,suppose,expect這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)，附加疑問(wèn)局部那么往往與從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞保持對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，但要注意否認(rèn)的轉(zhuǎn)移。Isupposethathe’sseriousisn’the?〔3〕以let’s開(kāi)頭的祈使句，附加疑問(wèn)局部用shallwe;以letus開(kāi)頭的祈使句，如果含義是allowus，不包括聽(tīng)話人在內(nèi)，疑問(wèn)局部用willyou。如：〔4〕當(dāng)陳述局部帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must表示“必須〞時(shí)，疑問(wèn)局部用mustn’t。如：

Youmustworkhardnextterm,mustn’tyou?表推測(cè)這層含義時(shí)，不能用must，而要根據(jù)陳述局部的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)〔即must之后的動(dòng)詞〕以及含義采用相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞形式。Youmusthavemadeamistake,haven’tyou?

〔5〕陳述局部含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞usedto時(shí)，疑問(wèn)局部可用usedn’t或didn’t。如：

Theoldmanusedtosmoke,didn’the?或usedn’the?〔6〕陳述句子中的主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或其他短語(yǔ)時(shí)，疑問(wèn)局部的主語(yǔ)通常用it。Learninghowtorepairmotorstakesalongtime,doesn’tit?〔7〕陳述句中是Iam時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句那么用aren’tI?！?〕反意疑問(wèn)句的答復(fù)：前肯后否，正常答復(fù)；前否后肯，根據(jù)事實(shí)從后往前翻譯。如：Theyworkhard,don’tthey?他們努力工作，不是嗎？Yes,theydo.對(duì),他們工作努力。/No,theydon't.不，他們工作不努力Theydon’tworkhard,dothey?他們不太努力工作，是嗎？Yes,theydo.不，他們工作努力。/No,theydon't.是的，他們工作不努力16、主謂一致當(dāng)kindof,pairof,glassof等表示確定數(shù)量的名詞短語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)與kind,pair,glass等一致。ThispairofshoesisTom’s.Therearetwoglassesofwatheronthetable.17、分詞用法〔過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞〕分詞后置(i分詞詞組；ii個(gè)別分詞如given,left；iii修飾不定代詞something等)Therewasagirlsittingthere.Thisisthequestiongiven.Thereisnothinginteresting.過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.MostoftheartistsinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.連詞+分詞(短語(yǔ))，有時(shí)為使分詞短語(yǔ)與主句關(guān)系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。連詞有：when，while，ifthough，after,before,as.但分詞的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)必須為同一個(gè)。Whilewaitingthere,hesawtwoprettygirlscomeoutofthebuilding.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞總結(jié)一．后面可跟動(dòng)詞的ing形式的情況1.動(dòng)詞：finishdoingsth.完成做某事；enjoydoingsth.喜歡做某事；practicedoingsth.練習(xí)做某事；imaginedoing,想象做某事；considerdoingsth.考慮做某事；suggestdoingsth.建議做某事；minddoingsth.介意做某事；keepdoingsth.持續(xù)做某事2.固定短語(yǔ)：feellikedoingsth.喜歡做某事；bebusydoingsth.忙于做某事；beworthdoing值得做某事；spendtime(in)doingsth.花費(fèi)時(shí)間〔金錢〕做某事；haveadifficult/hardtimedoingsth,havetroubleindoingsth做某事有困難；havefundoing/haveagoodtimedoingsth做某事快樂(lè)3.介詞后(on,in,of,about,at,with,without,for,from,up,by等)如：begoodatdoingsth.；thankyoufordoingsth.；giveupdoingsth.；stopsb.fromdoingsth.；dowellindoingsth.；beafraid/terrifiedofdoingsth.；beinterestedindoingsth.；beproudof；insteadofdoingsth；decideondoingsth,takeaninterestindoingsth,aimatdoingsth,beusedfordoingsth4.to作介詞的情況lookforwardtodoingsth期望做某事；preferdoingsth.todoingsth與…相比擬更喜歡…；payattentiontodoing注意做某事；be/getusedtodoingsth.習(xí)慣于做某事；二．后面可跟動(dòng)詞的不定式形式的情況1.動(dòng)詞：agreetodo同意去做；affordtodo買得起；decidetodo決定去做某事；hopetodo希望去做；wishtodo希望去做；failtodo做某事失敗去；plantodo打算去做；pretendtodo假裝去做；refusetodo拒絕去做；wouldliketodo想要去做；wanttodo想要去做某事；learntodo學(xué)做；prefertodosth.喜歡〔愛(ài)〕做某事；sb.seemtodosth好似做某事；want/wouldliketodosth.想做……；usedtodosth.過(guò)去常做某事；offertodosth〔主動(dòng)〕提出做某事2.句型.allowsb.todosth.允許某人去做某事askedsb.(not)todosth.叫某人做事某事〔叫某人不要去做某事〕tellsb.(not)todosth.叫某人去〔不要〕做某事followsb.todosth.跟隨某人去做某事getsb.todosth.讓某人做某事warnsb.(not)todosth.警告某人做某事〔或不要做某事〕beamazedtodosth.對(duì)做某事感到驚訝beafraidtodosth.害怕做某事beexcitedtodosth.對(duì)做……感到興奮befrightenedtodosth.害怕去做某事beglad/happytodosth.快樂(lè)去做某事be/getreadytodosth.準(zhǔn)備做某事besorrytodosth.對(duì)做某事感到抱歉besurprisedtodosth.對(duì)做某事感到驚奇can’twaittodosth.迫不急待地去做某事get/haveachancetodosth.得到一個(gè)做某事的時(shí)機(jī)It’s+adj.+(forsb.)todosth.做某事〔對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)〕怎么樣It’s+adj.+(ofsb.)todosth.Ittakessb.sometime/moneytodosth.花費(fèi)某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事〔常考〕It’sbestforsb.todosth.對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)做某事是最好的It’stimeforsb.todosth.是某人做某事的時(shí)候了too…(forsb.)to…太……以致不能……==not…enoughtodoprefertodosth.ratherthandosth.寧愿……而不愿……〔?？肌硈omethingtoeat/drink一些吃/喝的東西〔詞不定式放在something等后修飾這些Sth.ishard/difficult/easytodo做好某事很難/容易taketurnstodosth.輪流做……Thereisnotime(forsb.)todosth.對(duì)〔某人來(lái)說(shuō)〕沒(méi)時(shí)間做某事了Thereisnoneed(forsb.)todosth.對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)沒(méi)必要做某事try/doone’sbesttodosth.盡力去做某事makeadecisiontodosth決定做某事makeaplantod