高層建筑 畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

外文資料翻譯High-RiseBuildingsIntroductionItdifficulttodefinea.thatlow-risebuildingrangesfromto2.Amedium-risebuildingprobablyrangesbetween3420ormore.Althoughtheofverticalhorizontalremainsameforlow-medium-,,whenabuildingtheverticalaproblemfortwoverticalloadswilllargercolumns,shaftsBut,significantlytheoverturningmomentsheardeflectionsarelargercarefullyforTheverticalsubsystemsinbuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromtostory,largercolumnorwallsectionstoloadingInadditionverticalsubsystemsmustloads,seismic,toHowever,intovertical,lateralbuildingsarenotrapidlywithincrease.exampleundertheoverturningattheofbuildingsvariesapproximatelythesquareabuildingsmayvaryasthefourthofbuildingsequal.EarthquakeproducesanWhenstructureforalow-ormedium-risebuildingisfordeadandliveload,italmostthatthecolumns,,cancarryofthehorizontalforces.Theproblemprimarilyofadditionforrigidin“short”buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanels(orevenall)withoutofthegirdersotherwiserequiredforverticalloads.isforbuildingsbecauseproblemprimarilytomomentrathershear.Specialarrangementswillhavebemadeisalwaysrequiredforthecolumns,wallsslabsinresistantmuchhigherdeformations.thequantityofstructuralrequiredperfootfloorofaisofthatrequiredforlow-risebuildingsverticalcomponentsthegravity,aswallscolumns,andwillneedtobestrengthenedfullofbuildingsquantityofmaterialforevenWith,quantityofmaterialthe

ofstoriesincreases.ButitshouldnotedtheintheweightofaddedforgravitymuchmorethanwhereasforwindloadforresistanceisnotthattheweightofconcretebuildingshelpstoresistoverturnOnother,problemoffor.massinupperfloorswillgiverisetooveralllateralforceunderofInofconcreteorthereareforprovidingadditionalresistancetoinwithouttoomuchineconomy.1.widthofmoment-resisting.isusefulbecauseincreasingthewilldownthewillbyofwidthincrease,remainingcinstant.However,doesrequirethatverticalcomponentsofthewidenedbetogain2.Designsubsystemssuchthatcomponentsareinteractintheefficientmanner.example,trusswithefficiently,placereinforcingforcriticallocations,ratiosforrigidframes.3.materialinmostresistingcomponentsForexample,addedinthelowertheofconnectinggirderswilloveralldeflectionandincreasewithoutcontributingmassinthefloorswheretheearthquakeproblemis4.Arrangehavethegreaterpartofverticalbecarrieddirectlyontheprimarycomponents.Thiswillstabilizebuildingsagainstoverturningbyprecompressingthemajorcomponents.5.shearincanresistedbyplacementiftheuseofdiagonalinasubsystem.thesebyinbendingusuallylesssufficientbendingresistanceincolumnsconnectinggirderswillrequirematerialconstructiondiagonalmembers6.horizontaldiaphragmactionbeprovidedfloorThiswillhelptothetoworktogetherinsteadofseparately7.mega-framesbyjoiningverticalandhorizontalcomponentsormoreshaftsmultistoryintervalswithheavyfloororbyofverydeepgirdertrusses.RememberthatareessentiallyverticalwhicharesupportedatgroundWhenaboveprinciplesarejudiciouslycanbebycoresrigidconstructionotherverticalsubsystemstohorizontalstrength.ofapplicationswillbein

sectionsinfollowing.Shear-WallSystemsWhenwallsarecompatiblewithotherfunctionalrequirementscanbeeconomicallyutilizedresistlateralin.example,requiremany.someofaredesignedto,theyaswallstoverticalloadwell.buildingsup20storise,ofshearwallscommon.Ifsufficientcaneconomicallyuptoormore.However,wallslateralloadplaneofwallsinperpendicularthem.Therefore,ittowallsintwoperpendiculardirectionscaninsufficientsoforceincanbeInthatwalllayoutreflectoftorsionalInprogress,twoorshearcanbeconnectedtofromL-ernalshearcanbeconnectedtofromthatwillveryefficiently.Ifallexternalwallsarethewholeas,thewholebuildingsasatube,isSeystemsresistinglateralloads.Whereaswallsaregenerallyofsolidtypewithnecessary,steelwallsareusuallymadeoftrussesThesehavesinglediagonals,“X”diagonals,or“K”arrangements.Atrussedwallwimembersactessentiallyintensionorcompressiontheofview,theyofferopportunityanddeflection-limitationpointofview,theyofferopportunityforbetweenmembers.Ofcourse,membersofmustbesuitableplacedsonottointerferewithrequirementsforwiondowsandcirculationservicepenetrationsthoughthesewalls.above,wallsofelevatorstaircase,andutilityformnaturalarecommonlyemployedtoresistverticalandforces.arenormallyorin,canofferanefficientmeansforresistingmomentsshearinalltotubeaction.Butaindesignoftheseshaftsisprovidedaroundopeningsotherthese.concreteconstructionspecialarearoundopeningconstruction,heavierrigidrequiredtoresistrackingatopenings.Inmanybuildingsofshaftscanofferresistancetolateralforcestheylocatedantto.ItdesirablethatstiffnessofferedbesymmertricalinInofbuildings,rigid-frameforresisting

verticalloadshavelongbeenacceptedanstandardforbuilding.forfordesigning.Theyareforlow-mediumupbuilding70or100.Whentosystems,rigidbothatoutsideof.alsomakeuseofincolumnsthatarerequiredthebuildingsinany,butcolumnsarewhenrigidlylateralaswellasforcesframebending.,rigidwillbestiffasshear-wallconstruction,producefortheslenderbuildings.Butbecauseofthisflexibilityareconsideredbeingductilethuslesscatastrophicfailurewith(some)designs.Forexample,ifstressingatcertainportionsofrigid(i.e.,nearjoint)ductilitywillallowwholeto,butitwillbynounderamuchlargerontheForrigid-frameconstructionisconsideredbyto“bestforOnotherisalsothatawell-designedshare-wallsystemwouldcollapse.Inofrigid,theredivergenceofopinionItthatifrigidisinthemanner,withoutspecialcarehigherductility,itwillbeabletoacatastrophicearthquakethatproduceseveraltimeslergerthecode.therefore,thatitmaynotcapacitypossessedbysteelButresearchexperiencehasindicatedthatcanbebeductilewhensufficientandjoineryreinforcementdesignedintoframe.Modernbuildingshavespecificationsfortheso-calledductileconcreteframesHowever,at,theseoftenrequireexcessivereinforcementpointsinframeastocongestionandresultinconstructiondifficulties。,concreteframedesignbeandeconomical。Ofcourse,ittocombinerigid-frameconstructionwithshear-wallinForthebuildingsmaythatframesbeinonedirectionwhilewallsbeintheotherdirection。Summaryisordinarieststructuralstyle.Intheprocess,shouldpracticalchooseformfarArrangeitemworkprogress,theconstruction

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外文資料翻（譯文）高層筑前沿高層建筑的定義很難確定?？梢哉f2-3層的建筑物為底層建筑，而從3-4層地10層或20層的建筑物為中層建筑，高層建筑至少為0層或者更多。盡管在原理上層建筑的豎向和水平構(gòu)件的設(shè)計(jì)同低層及多層建筑的設(shè)計(jì)沒什么區(qū)別使豎向構(gòu)件的設(shè)計(jì)成為高層設(shè)計(jì)有兩個(gè)控制性的因素先，高層建筑需要較大的柱體墻體和井筒更重要的是側(cè)向里所產(chǎn)生的傾覆力矩和剪力變形要大的多，必要謹(jǐn)慎設(shè)計(jì)來保證。高層建筑的豎向構(gòu)件從上到下逐層對(duì)累積的重力和荷載進(jìn)行傳遞就要有較大尺寸的墻體或者柱體來進(jìn)行承載同時(shí)這些構(gòu)件還要將風(fēng)荷載及地震荷載等側(cè)向荷載傳給基礎(chǔ)但是側(cè)向荷載的分布不同于豎向荷載它們是非線性的并且沿著建筑物高度的增加而迅速地增加例如在其他條件都相同時(shí)荷載在建筑物底部引起的傾覆力矩隨建筑物高度近似地成平方規(guī)律變化，而在頂部的側(cè)向位移與其高度的四次方成正比。地震荷載的效應(yīng)更為明顯。對(duì)于低層和多層建筑物設(shè)計(jì)只需考慮恒荷載和部分動(dòng)荷載時(shí)筑物的柱、墻梯或電梯等就自然能承受大部分水平力考慮的問題主要是抗剪問題。對(duì)于現(xiàn)代的鋼架系統(tǒng)支撐設(shè)計(jì)，如無特殊承載需要，無需加大柱和梁的尺寸，而通過增加板就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。不幸的是對(duì)于高層建筑首先要解決的不僅僅是抗剪問題還有抵抗力矩和抵抗變形問題高層建筑中的柱梁墻及板等經(jīng)常需要采用特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)布置和特殊的材料，以抵抗相當(dāng)高的側(cè)向荷載以及變形。如前所述高層建筑中每平方英尺建筑面積結(jié)構(gòu)材料的用量要高于低層建筑。支撐重力荷載的豎向構(gòu)件，如墻、柱及井筒，在沿建筑物整個(gè)高度方向上都應(yīng)予以加強(qiáng)。用于抵抗側(cè)向荷載的材料要求更多。

對(duì)于鋼筋混凝土建筑著建筑物層數(shù)的增加材料的要求也隨著增加。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是因混凝土材料的質(zhì)量增加而帶來的建筑物自重增加要比鋼結(jié)構(gòu)增加得多而為抵抗風(fēng)荷載的能力而增加的材料用量卻不是呢么多因?yàn)榛炷磷陨淼闹亓靠梢缘挚箖A覆力矩過不利的一面是混凝土建筑自重的增加，將會(huì)加大抗震設(shè)計(jì)的難度在地震荷載作用下頂部質(zhì)量的增加將會(huì)使側(cè)向荷載劇增。無論對(duì)于混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)還是對(duì)于鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)下面這些基本的原則都有助于在不需要增加太多成本的前提下增強(qiáng)建筑物抵抗側(cè)向荷載的能力。增加抗彎構(gòu)件的有效寬度由于當(dāng)其他條件不變時(shí)能夠直接減小扭矩并以寬度增量的三次冪形式減小變形因此這一措施非常有效但是必須保證加寬后的豎向承重構(gòu)件非常有效地連接。在設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)件時(shí)盡可能有效地使其加強(qiáng)相互作用力例如可以采用具有有效應(yīng)力狀態(tài)的弦桿和桁架體系也可在墻的關(guān)鍵位置加置鋼筋以及最優(yōu)化鋼架的剛度比等措施。增加最有效的抗彎構(gòu)件的截面例如增加較低層柱以及連接大梁的翼緣截面，將可直接減少側(cè)向位移和增加抗彎能力，而不會(huì)加大上層樓面的質(zhì)量，否則，地震問題將更加嚴(yán)重。通過設(shè)計(jì)使大部分豎向荷載直接作用于主要的抗彎構(gòu)件這樣通過預(yù)壓主要的抗傾覆構(gòu)件，可以使建筑物在傾覆拉力的作用下保持穩(wěn)定。通過合理地放置實(shí)心墻體及在豎向構(gòu)件中使用斜撐構(gòu)件以有效地抵抗每層的局部剪力但僅僅通過豎向構(gòu)件進(jìn)行抗剪是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的因?yàn)槭怪傲河凶銐虻目箯澞芰?，比用墻或斜撐需要更多材料和施工工作量。每層?yīng)加設(shè)充足的水平隔板樣就會(huì)使各種抗力構(gòu)件更好地在一起工作，而不是單獨(dú)工作。在中間轉(zhuǎn)換層通過大型豎向和水平構(gòu)件及重樓板形成大框架者采用深

梁體系。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是所有高層建筑的本質(zhì)都是地面支撐的懸臂結(jié)構(gòu)如何合理地運(yùn)用上面所提到的原則，就可以利用合理地布置墻體、核心筒、框架、筒式結(jié)構(gòu)和其他豎向結(jié)構(gòu)分體系使建筑物取得足夠的水平承載力和剛度本文后面將對(duì)這些原理的應(yīng)用做介紹。剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)在能夠滿足其他功能需求時(shí)層建筑中采用剪力墻可以經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行高層建筑的抗側(cè)向荷載設(shè)計(jì)例如住宅樓需要很多隔墻如果這些隔墻都設(shè)計(jì)為實(shí)例的那么他們可以起到剪力墻的作用既能抵抗側(cè)向荷載又能承受豎向荷載。對(duì)20層以上的建筑物，剪力墻極為常見。如果給與足夠的寬度，剪力墻能夠有效地抵抗30-40層甚至更多的側(cè)向荷載。但是剪力墻只能抵抗平行于墻平面的荷（也就是說不能抵抗垂直于墻的荷載因此有必要經(jīng)常在兩個(gè)相互垂直的方向設(shè)置剪力墻，或者在盡可能多的方向布置以用來抵抗各個(gè)方向的側(cè)向荷載并且墻體設(shè)計(jì)還應(yīng)考慮扭轉(zhuǎn)的問題。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，兩片或者更多的剪力墻會(huì)布置成L型或者槽形。實(shí)際上，四片內(nèi)剪力墻可以被聯(lián)結(jié)成矩形以更有效地抵抗側(cè)向荷載果所有外部剪力墻都連接起來整個(gè)建筑物就像是一個(gè)筒體將會(huì)具有很強(qiáng)的抵抗水平荷載和抵抗扭矩的能力。通?；炷辆图袅Χ际菍?shí)體的并在有要求時(shí)開洞而鋼筋剪力墻常常是做成桁架式這些桁架上可能布置成蛋單斜撐X斜撐及斜撐在側(cè)向力作用下這些桁架的組合構(gòu)件受到或拉或壓力從強(qiáng)度和變形控制角度來說桁架有著很好的功效并且管道可以在構(gòu)件之間穿過當(dāng)然鋼桁架墻的斜向構(gòu)件在墻體上要正確放置，以免妨礙開窗、循環(huán)以及管道穿墻。

如上所述電梯強(qiáng)樓梯間及設(shè)備豎井都可以形成筒狀體常常用它們既抵抗豎向荷載又抵抗水平荷載這些筒的橫斷面一般駛矩形或圓形由于筒結(jié)構(gòu)作用筒狀結(jié)構(gòu)能夠有效地進(jìn)行各個(gè)方向上的抗彎和抗剪不過在這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中存在的問題是如何保證在門洞口和其他孔洞的強(qiáng)度對(duì)于鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)通過使用特殊的鋼筋配置在這些孔洞的周圍對(duì)于鋼剪力墻則要求在開洞處加強(qiáng)節(jié)點(diǎn)連接，以抵抗洞口變形。對(duì)于很多高層建筑如果墻體和筒架進(jìn)行合理地安排與連接會(huì)起到很好的抵抗側(cè)向荷載的作用要求由這些結(jié)構(gòu)分體系提供的剛度在各個(gè)方向上應(yīng)大體對(duì)稱?？蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)在建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中用于抵抗豎向和水平荷載的框架結(jié)構(gòu)作為一個(gè)重要且標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的型式而被采用。它適用于低層、多層建筑物，亦可用于70-100層高的高層建筑物同剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)相比這種結(jié)構(gòu)更適合在建筑物的內(nèi)部或者外圍的墻體上開設(shè)矩形孔洞時(shí)它還能充分利用建筑物內(nèi)在任何情況下都要采用的梁和柱的剛度但當(dāng)柱子與梁剛性連接時(shí)通過框架受彎來抵抗水平和豎向荷載會(huì)使這些柱子的承載能力變得更大。大多情況下框架的剛度不如剪力墻因此對(duì)于細(xì)長(zhǎng)的建筑物將會(huì)出現(xiàn)過度變形但正是因?yàn)槠淙嵝允沟闷渑c剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)相比具有更大的延性因而地震荷載下不易發(fā)生事故例如如果框架局部出現(xiàn)超應(yīng)力時(shí)那么其延性就會(huì)允許整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)倒塌事故此架結(jié)構(gòu)常被視為最好的高層抗震結(jié)構(gòu)。另一方面，設(shè)計(jì)得好的剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)也不可能倒塌。對(duì)于混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)還存在較大的分歧的確如果在混凝土框架設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)不進(jìn)行特殊的延性設(shè)計(jì)么他將很難承受比設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值大很多倍的地震荷載的沖擊因此很多人認(rèn)為它不具備鋼框架所具備的超載能力不過最新的

研究i和實(shí)驗(yàn)表明當(dāng)混凝土中放入充分的鋼箍和節(jié)點(diǎn)鋼筋時(shí)混凝土框架框架也能表現(xiàn)出很好的延性。新建筑規(guī)范對(duì)所謂延性混凝土框架有專門的規(guī)定。然而這些規(guī)范往往要求在框架的某處增設(shè)過多的鋼筋這就增加了施工的難度。盡管這樣，混凝土框架設(shè)計(jì)還是具備既經(jīng)濟(jì)又實(shí)用的特性。當(dāng)然可以在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中框架結(jié)構(gòu)和剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)合起來使用。例如，在房屋建筑上使用框架，而在另一方向上可以使用剪力墻。結(jié)論以上所述就是高層建筑最普通的結(jié)構(gòu)形式在設(shè)計(jì)過程中應(yīng)盡可能經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用地選擇合理的形式。安排項(xiàng)目工作進(jìn)程選擇適當(dāng)?shù)氖┕し椒ê驮O(shè)備施要求及時(shí)籌備所有的圖紙、資金和施工原材料，以放工作延期；控制，包括進(jìn)度和成本分析，以保證項(xiàng)目能按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行，并控制成本消耗在預(yù)期范圍。計(jì)劃編計(jì)劃編制階段首先要對(duì)施工平面圖和規(guī)范進(jìn)行仔細(xì)研究據(jù)此研究結(jié)果，準(zhǔn)備所有施工項(xiàng)目列表（明細(xì)欄相關(guān)項(xiàng)目分組，一起列于主要進(jìn)度表，說明施工順序和每項(xiàng)工序所需時(shí)間。選擇施工方法和每個(gè)施工項(xiàng)目所用設(shè)備，以確保施工進(jìn)度按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行，進(jìn)可能保證項(xiàng)目最低造價(jià)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。每個(gè)項(xiàng)目所需時(shí)間量施工方法和承包人易用設(shè)備的選擇在總的或綜合施工進(jìn)度制定出之后根據(jù)總進(jìn)度表準(zhǔn)備輔助的詳細(xì)的進(jìn)度表或預(yù)報(bào)這些表格包括調(diào)用材料、設(shè)備和勞動(dòng)力的各種計(jì)劃表，以及成本和收益的預(yù)算。實(shí)施項(xiàng)目的迅速實(shí)施要求所有材料設(shè)備和勞動(dòng)力都能得到及時(shí)供應(yīng)建筑工程市通常負(fù)責(zé)采購大部分施工材料并將其迅速運(yùn)輸?shù)焦さ匾恍┰显O(shè)備如結(jié)構(gòu)鋼材機(jī)械裝置要求由廠家部分或全部加工制作對(duì)于這些工廠預(yù)制的

材料設(shè)備工程師必須準(zhǔn)備審查全部加工圖紙的準(zhǔn)確性檢查裝配樣品并經(jīng)?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查廠商的制作。建筑工程師的其他責(zé)任包括通過測(cè)量的方法編制施工規(guī)劃施工隊(duì)伍準(zhǔn)備大樣圖明設(shè)計(jì)師的意圖行施工檢查保施工符合圖紙和規(guī)范要求。在許多大型項(xiàng)目中有必要為臨時(shí)施工設(shè)施進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)并做出