2023年高考英語（考點(diǎn)解讀+命題熱點(diǎn)突破）專題14閱讀理解

PAGEPAGE1專題14閱讀理解【命題熱點(diǎn)突破一】直接信息題直接信息題的選項(xiàng)中多采用原文中的信息進(jìn)行直接考查。在做題時(shí)，考生迅速找到原文中與題干要求相對(duì)應(yīng)的信息，把選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行認(rèn)真比照即可確定答案，常用who，what，when，where，why，how等提問。此類題目相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，只要考生認(rèn)真細(xì)心，得分就會(huì)比擬容易。例1、【2022·全國新課標(biāo)I】AYouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas,butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.Oftheoutstandingladieslistedbelow,whodoyouthinkwasthemostimportantwomanofthepast100years?JaneAddams(1860-1935)AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.Addanshelpedthepoorandworkedforpeace.Sheencouragedasenseofcommunity(社區(qū))bycreatingsheltersandpromotingeducationandservicesforpeopleinneedIn1931,AddamsbecamethefirstAmericanwomantowintheNobelPeacePrize.RachelCarson(1907-1964)Ifitweren’tforRachelCarson,theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.Herpopular1962bookSilentSpringraisedawarenessofthedangersofpollutionandtheharmfuleffectsofchemicalsonhumansandontheworld’slakesandoceans.SandraDayO’Connor(1930-present)WhenSandraDayO’ConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanArizonastatesenator(參議員)and,in1981,thefirstwomantojointheU.S.SupremeCourt.O’Connorgavethedecidingvoteinmanyimportantcasesduringher24yearsonthetopcourt.RosaParks(1913-2022)OnDecember1,1955,inMontgomery,Alabama,RasaParkswouldnotgiveupherseatonabustoapassenger.HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.ButitalsosetofftheMontgmerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear,andkickedoffthecivil-rightsmovement.“TheonlytiredIwas,wastiredofgivingin,〞saidParks.21.WhatisJaneAddamsnotedforinhistory?A.Hersocialwork.B.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.C.Hereffortstowinaprize.D.Hercommunitybackground.22.WhatisthereasonforO’Connor’sbeingrejectedbythelawfirm?A.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.B.Herlittleworkexperienceincourt.C.Thediscriminationagainstwomen.D.Thepoorfinancialconditions.23.Whomadeagreatcontributiontothecivil-rightsmovementintheUS?A.JaneAddams.B.RachelCarson.C.SandraDayO’Connor.D.RosaParks.24.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?A.Theyarehighlyeducated.B.Theyaretrulycreative.C.Theyarepioneers.D.Theyarepeace-lovers.【答案】21-24ACD.C【變式探究】(2022·高考全國卷Ⅰ，閱讀理解A)MonthlyTalksatLondonCanalMuseumOurmonthlytalksstartat19：30onthefirstThursdayofeachmonthexceptAugust.Admissionisatnormalchargesandyoudon’tneedtobook.Theyendaround21：00.November7thTheCanalPioneers，byChrisLewis.JamesBrindleyisrecognizedasoneoftheleadingearlycanalengineers.Hewasalsoamajorplayerintrainingothersintheartofcanalplanningandbuilding.ChrisLewiswillexplainhowBrindleymadesuchapositivecontributiontotheeducationofthatgroupofearly“civilengineers〞．December5thIcefortheMetropolis，byMalcolmTucker.Wellbeforethearrivaloffreezers，therewasademandforiceforfoodpreservationandcatering.Malcolmwillexplainthehistoryofimportingnaturaliceandthetechnologyofbuildingicewells，andhowLondon’sicetradegrew.February6thAnUpdateontheCotswoldCanals，byLizPayne.TheStroudwaterCanalismovingtowardsreopening.TheThamesandSevernCanalwilltakealittlelonger.Wewillhaveareportonthepresentstateofplay.March6thEyotsandAits—ThamesIslands，byMirandaVickers.TheThameshasmanyislands.Mirandahasundertakenareviewofallofthem.Shewilltellusaboutthoseofgreatestinterest.LondonCanalMuseum12－13NewWharfRoad，LondonNI9RTTel：02077130836本文為一篇應(yīng)用文。介紹了英國的LondonCanalMuseum分別在十一月、十二月、二月和三月舉行的四次monthlytalks的相關(guān)信息，包括名稱、主講人、主要內(nèi)容，并附加介紹了具體聯(lián)系方式等信息。21．WhenisthetalkonJamesBrindley?________A．February6th. B．March6th.C．November7th. D．December5th.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息詞JamesBrindley直接定位到原文第二段，尤其是關(guān)鍵信息句JamesBrindleyisrecognizedasoneoftheleadingearlycanalengineers.和ChrisLewiswillexplainhowBrindleymadesuchapositivecontributiontotheeducationofthatgroupofearly“civilengineers〞．。由此可以知道November7th這一天的報(bào)告是關(guān)于JamesBrindley的，應(yīng)選擇C項(xiàng)。A、B、D中三個(gè)日期的報(bào)告均未提到有關(guān)JamesBrindley的信息。答案：C22．WhatisthetopicofthetalkinFebruary?________A．TheCanalPioneers.B．IcefortheMetropolis.C．EyotsandAits—ThamesIslands.D．AnUpdateontheCotswoldCanals.答案：D23．WhowillgivethetalkontheislandsintheThames?________A．MirandaVickers.B．MalcolmTucker.C．ChrisLewis.D．LizPayne.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息詞theislandsintheThames可以直接定位到原文第五段。該段第一句EyotsandAits—ThamesIslands，byMirandaVickers.就是答案所在信息句，由此可知MirandaVickers將作一個(gè)關(guān)于theislandsintheThames的報(bào)告，因此選A項(xiàng)。B、C、D三項(xiàng)中提到的人物均未在第五段中出現(xiàn)。答案：A【特別提醒】在解答這類題時(shí)，考生可以采取“關(guān)鍵詞定位法〞，即“帶著問題找答案〞的方法，通過定位找題點(diǎn)。先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性詞語(題眼)，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句，快速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關(guān)，然后仔細(xì)推敲，仔細(xì)比擬所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確定答案。【命題熱點(diǎn)突破二】語義轉(zhuǎn)換題根據(jù)近幾年的高考題來看，高考細(xì)節(jié)理解題的答案的得出通常需要考生對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一定的處理，即需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語意上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理方能得出結(jié)論。例2、【2022·全國新課標(biāo)I】BGrandparentsAnsweraCallAsathirdgenerationnativeofBrownsville,Texas,MildredGarzaneverpleasedmoveaway,.EvenwhenherdaughterandsonaskedhertomovetoSanAntoniotohelptheirchildren,shepolitelyrefused.OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMsGaffinallysayyes.Thatwasfouryearsago.Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemovetoasuccess,givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.NostatisticsshowthenumberofgrandparentslikeGarzawhoaremovingclosertothechildrenandgrandchildren.Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.EvenPresidentObama’smother-in-law,MarianRobinson,hasagreedtoleaveChicagoandintotheWhiteHousetohelpcareforhergranddaughters.Accordingtoastudygrandparentscom.83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson‘sdecisionwillinfluencethegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two-thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama’sfamily.“inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenoughfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,〞saysChristineCrosby,publisherofgratemagazineforgrandparents.Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportant〞〞tobenearthem,especiallywhenyou’rerainingchildren.〞Movingisnotforeveryone.Almosteverygrandparentwantstobewithhisorhergrandchildrenandiswillingtomakesacrifices,butsometimesitiswisertosaynoandvisitfrequentlyinstead.Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard,especiallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling,butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.25.WhywasGarza’smoveasuccess?A．Itstrengthenedherfamilyties.B．Itimprovedherlivingconditions.C．Itenabledhermakemorefriends.D．Ithelpedherknowmorenewplaces.26.WhatwasthereactionofthepublictoMrs.Robinson’sdecision?A．17%expressedtheirsupportforit.B．Fewpeoplerespondedsympathetically.C．83%believedithadabadinfluence.D．Themajoritythoughtitwasatrend.27.WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?A．Theywereunsureofraisemorechildren.B．Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.C．Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.D．Theybadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparent.28.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdointhelasrparagraph?A.Makedecisionsinthebestinterests'oftheirownB.AsktheirchildrentopaymorevisitstothemC.SacrificefortheirstrugglingchildrenD.Gettoknowthemselvesbetter【答案】25-28.ADCA【變式探究】(2022·高考全國卷Ⅰ，閱讀理解B，節(jié)選)Disappointedbymanyabroken，vine－ripened(蔓上成熟的)promise，I’verefusedtobuywintertomatoesforyears.Nomatterhowattractivetheylookinthestore，onceIgetthemhomethey’reunfailinglydry，hard，andtasteless.ButIhomedin，withuncertainty，ononeparticulartableattheBrown’sGroveFarm’sstand，fulloffreshandsofttomatoesthesizeofmyfist.Theseweretherealdeal—andatthatmoment，IrealizedthatthebestpartofSarasotainwinterwasgoingtobeeatingthingsthatbackhomeinNewYorkIwouldn’tbeexperiencingagainformonths.26．WhatcanwelearnabouttomatoessoldinNewYorkinwinter?________A．Theyaresoft. B．Theylooknice.C．Theytastegreat. D．Theyarejuicy.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由本段中的．..I’verefusedtobuywintertomatoesforyears.可知，作者在紐約已經(jīng)好多年不買冬季出售的西紅柿了，然后通過Nomatterhowattractivetheylook...andtasteless.可知，紐約冬季出售的西紅柿只是看起來好看，但是吃著發(fā)干、很硬而且無味。該句中的howattractivetheylook與B選項(xiàng)Theylooknice.在表達(dá)上存在差異，但是表達(dá)的卻是同一個(gè)意思，應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。答案：D【特別提醒】語義轉(zhuǎn)換題屬于中檔難度題，分?jǐn)?shù)比例較大。命題者在出此類題時(shí)慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴〞的方法來迷惑考生，即對(duì)原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng)，截取原文詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造，因果倒置，把A觀點(diǎn)說成B觀點(diǎn)等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是解題的關(guān)鍵。常見干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：(1)將原文內(nèi)容擴(kuò)大或縮小。把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換，使該選項(xiàng)看似正確，實(shí)際上卻是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。(2)無中生有。即選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是根據(jù)主觀想象或推測(cè)得出結(jié)論，而文中并未涉及。(3)偷換概念。把原來做該事的“張三〞換成“李四〞，而所述細(xì)節(jié)卻與原文一致，一不小心就會(huì)誤選。(4)文不對(duì)題。這類選項(xiàng)最不容易區(qū)分，選項(xiàng)中的描述與原文完全一致，確實(shí)屬于原文中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，這時(shí)要回到題干，看該選項(xiàng)是否能答復(fù)題干所提的問題。(5)符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容。(6)局部正確，局部錯(cuò)誤。【命題熱點(diǎn)突破三】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題細(xì)節(jié)推斷題是推理判斷題中比擬簡(jiǎn)單的一類試題，它要求考生根據(jù)語篇中具體的內(nèi)容和信息點(diǎn)，推斷出文章中具體的細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。解答此類試題時(shí)，一般可根據(jù)短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷?？忌灰_把握文章的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，理解文章的真正含義，就可作出準(zhǔn)確的推斷。例3、【2022·全國新課標(biāo)II】AWhat’sOn?ElectricUnderground7.30pm－1.00amFreeattheCyclopsTheatreDoyouknowwho’splayinginyourarea?We’rebringingyouaneveningofliverockandpopmusicfromthebestlocalbands.Areyouinterestedinbecomingamusicianandgettingarecordingcontract(合同)?Ifso,comeearlytothetalkat7.30pmbyJulesSkye,asuccessfulrecordproducer.He’sgoingtotalkabouthowyoucanfindtherightpersontoproduceyoumusic.GeeWhizz8.30pm-10.30pmComedyatKaleidoscopeComeandseeGeeWhizzperform.He’sthefunnieststand-upcomedianonthecomedyscene.Thisjoyfulshowwillpleaseeveryone,fromtheyoungesttotheoldest.GeeWhizzreallyknowshowtomakeyoulaugh!Ourbarisopenfrom7.00pmfordrinksandsnacks(快餐).Simon’sWorkshop5.00pm-7.30pmWednesdaysatVictoriaStageThisisagoodchanceforanyonewhowantstolearnhowtodocomedy.Theworkshoplooksateverykindofcomedy,andpracticesmanydifferentwaysofmakingpeoplelaugh.Simonisacomedianandactorwhohas10years’experienceofteachingcomedy.Hisworkshopsareexcitingandfun.AneveningwithSimonwillgiveyoutheconfidencetobefunny.CharlotteStone8.00pm-11.00pmPizzaWorldFinefoodwithbeautifuljazzmusic;thisisagreateveningout.CharlotteStonewillperformsongsfromhernewbest-sellingCD,withJamesPickeringonthepiano.ThemenuisItalian,withexcellentmeatandfreshfish,pizzasandpasta(面食).Bookearlytogetatable.Ourbarisopenallday,andservescocktails,coffee,beer,andwhitewine.1.Whocanhelpyouifyouwanttohaveyourmusicproduced?A.JulesSkye.B.GeeWhizz.C.CharlotteStone.D.JamesPickering.2.Atwhichplacecanpeopleofdifferentagesenjoyagoodlaugh?A.TheCyclopsTheatreB.KaleidoscopeC.VictoriaStageD.PizzaWorld3.WhatdoweknowaboutSimon’sWorkshop?A.Itrequiresmembershipstatus.B.Itlaststhreehourseachtime.C.Itisrunbyacomedyclub.D.ItisheldeveryWednesday.4.WhenwillCharlotteStoneperformhersongs?A.5.00pm-7.30pm.B.7.30pm－1.00am.C.8.00pm-11.00pm.D.8.30pm-10.30pm.【答案】1.A2.B3.D4.C【考點(diǎn)】考查廣告類閱讀【變式探究】(2022·高考天津卷，閱讀理解C，節(jié)選)Inevertoldmymotheraboutmy“miraculous〞(奇跡般的)experiencethatsummer，butshesawaslowbutremarkableimprovementinmyclassroomperformanceduringthenextyear.Andyearslater，shewasproudthathersonhadreadthousandsofbooks，wasawardedaPhDinliterature，andauthoredhisownbooks，articles，poetryandfiction.Thepowerofthewordshasheld.49．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?_______A．Theauthorhasbecomeasuccessfulwriter.B．Theauthor’smotherreadthesamebook.C．Theauthor’smotherrewardedhimwithbooks.D．Theauthorhashadhappysummerseversince.解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)本段的倒數(shù)第二句話．..shewasproudthatherson...authoredhisownbooks...可以得知,作者的媽媽對(duì)自己的兒子讀了很多書、創(chuàng)作出版了自己寫的書、文章、詩歌和小說等感到很自豪，由此可以推知，作者成為了一名成功的作家，A項(xiàng)所述符合題干要求。B項(xiàng)“作者的媽媽讀了同樣一本書〞,C項(xiàng)“作者的媽媽獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)給他書〞,D項(xiàng)“作者自那之后度過了很多快樂的暑期〞均為干擾項(xiàng)。答案：A【特別提醒】對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)推斷題來說，根據(jù)文章中的關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)進(jìn)行推斷是解答此類試題的關(guān)鍵?？忌坏斫馕恼碌淖置婧x，還要運(yùn)用邏輯判斷能力，推斷出文章更深層的含義。同時(shí)還要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷，不能憑空猜想?？忌⒁庹驹谖恼伦髡呋蛭闹腥宋锏牧?chǎng)上，設(shè)身處地地考慮實(shí)際情景，并據(jù)此展開合理的想象和推理。主觀臆斷是許多考生做這類題時(shí)普遍存在的一個(gè)問題。【命題熱點(diǎn)突破四】作者態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的推斷該類型題目考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物對(duì)某事物所持的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。要求考生具有在正確理解文意的根底上，對(duì)觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度傾向進(jìn)行分析、識(shí)別的能力。該類型題目的選項(xiàng)一般含有以下三類詞：①中性詞：uninterested(不感興趣的)，neutral(中立的)，indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的)等；②褒義詞：positive(積極的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽有趣的)，enthusiastic(熱情的)，admiring(贊賞的)等；③貶義詞：disgusted(厭惡的)，critical(批評(píng)的)，negative(否認(rèn)的，消極的)，disappointed(失望的)等。(2022·高考湖北卷，閱讀理解E，節(jié)選)Onthewhole，Brooks’sstoryisacceptableifuninspired.Asonewouldexpect，hiswritingismostlyclearand，tobefair，somechaptersstandoutabovetherest.Ienjoyed，forinstance，thechapterinwhichHarolddiscovershowtothinkonhisown.WhileHaroldandEricaarecertainlynotstrongormemorablecharacters，themoreseriousproblemswithTheSocialAnimallieelsewhere.TheseproblemspartlyinvolveBrooks’sattempttotranslatehistaleintoscience.69．Whatistheauthor’sgeneralattitudetowardsthebook?_______A．Contradictory. B．Supportive.C．Cautious. D．Critical.答案：D【特別提醒】如何解答“心思難猜〞的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類推理判斷題？1．一般來說，作者對(duì)某一事物的態(tài)度往往較為明確，要么支持，要么反對(duì)，帶中立色彩的詞語通常是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，作者既然寫文章就不會(huì)不關(guān)心；2．正確把握文章字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)；3．因?yàn)樽髡咄恢苯犹岢鲎约旱膽B(tài)度或立場(chǎng)，而且作者寫作時(shí)也常帶有某種傾向性，所以，考生在讀文章時(shí)要細(xì)心捕捉表達(dá)或暗示情感態(tài)度的詞語，捕捉那些襯托氣氛、表達(dá)情感的語句。4．要學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分不同的觀點(diǎn)，尤其要善于找出作者的觀點(diǎn)?？忌⒁馕闹谐霈F(xiàn)的直接引語和間接引語，出現(xiàn)的觀點(diǎn)一般是當(dāng)事人的觀點(diǎn)，而不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。作者的觀點(diǎn)一般用inmyview，inmyopinion，personally，Ithink，Ihold等引出?！久}熱點(diǎn)突破五】單詞或短語意思猜想題該題型著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜想詞義的能力，這也是一個(gè)從“〞得出“未知〞的過程，即利用上下文的局部(尤其是該詞或短語前后的句子)進(jìn)行推理，有時(shí)還需要依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來猜想詞義?？疾榉秶婕皩?duì)某個(gè)生詞或短語的含義的猜想、對(duì)某個(gè)熟詞進(jìn)行生義的猜想或考查該詞能被哪個(gè)單詞或短語代替等。(2022·高考北京卷，閱讀理解C，節(jié)選)Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light，bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersabsorblight，stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit，soyoucanseeiteasily.64．Theunderlinedword“dead〞inParagraph3means________．A．silently B．graduallyC．regularly D．completely答案：D【特別提醒】對(duì)于此類題目我們可以借助下面這些方法來答題：(1)“拆猜〞并用來解決問題：閱讀中常常會(huì)遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。此時(shí)可以用“拆猜〞的方式，先把該詞的各種詞綴或前后兩個(gè)合成局部拆開，再結(jié)合我們掌握的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí),根據(jù)中心詞的含義和詞綴的含義猜想其意思。(2)根據(jù)定義或解釋猜詞：如果生詞后有一個(gè)句子(定語從句或同位語從句)或段落來對(duì)其下定義，或使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)后的內(nèi)容和引號(hào)、括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個(gè)句子或段落就可以推斷詞義。(3)根據(jù)同義詞和反義詞猜詞：在單詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或反義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)考生可從熟悉的詞語中推測(cè)其含義。(4)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜詞：該方法是根據(jù)前后的因果關(guān)系來推斷某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思?？捎杀硎驹虻木湟馔茰y(cè)出表示結(jié)果的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思；也可由表示結(jié)果的句意推測(cè)出表示原因的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思。(5)根據(jù)語義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞：有時(shí)作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，在文章中會(huì)用一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思的連詞、副詞或短語，如：though，although，but，yet，instead，however，while，ratherthan等，考生可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折的語境猜想詞義?！久}熱點(diǎn)突破六】代詞指代題代詞指代題要求考生依據(jù)語境的邏輯關(guān)系，判斷畫線的人稱代詞或指示代詞在文章中指代的對(duì)象，包括考查it(指動(dòng)物、無生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的復(fù)數(shù)名詞)，he/she等人稱代詞的指代意義，以及指示代詞this，that，these，those等在文章中的指代意義，以考查考生對(duì)文章中表達(dá)的特定的人、物、事件的再認(rèn)能力。(2022·高考重慶卷，閱讀理解D，節(jié)選)Severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure，providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta.Thecampshaveexcellenthorses，professionalguidesandlotsofsupportworkers.Theyhaveareputationforprovidingagreatridingexperience.48．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“They〞r(shí)eferto?_________A．Floodedwaters. B．Wildlifejourneys.C．Safaricamps. D．Uniquerides.答案：C【特別提醒】解答代詞指代題時(shí)，我們要認(rèn)真閱讀畫線詞所在句和前后鄰近句的內(nèi)容，分析人稱轉(zhuǎn)換和動(dòng)作變換的詳細(xì)過程，理清其來龍去脈和前后的因果關(guān)系，從而準(zhǔn)確推斷其指代的對(duì)象。因此，理解上下文(特別是上句)的意思和代詞所在句的意思是解題的關(guān)鍵。【命題熱點(diǎn)突破七】段落大意題段落大意是指一篇文章各個(gè)段落的主要意思，是對(duì)一個(gè)段落的根本內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)縮和初步的概括。概括段落大意時(shí)，一定要在把握全段或全文中心的根底上進(jìn)行，做到圍繞中心，注意連貫，同時(shí)，還要注意段落大意是否與全篇相稱。段落大意要用明確、完整、簡(jiǎn)潔的語句表達(dá)。(2022·高考福建卷，閱讀理解E，節(jié)選)Groupexerciseisoneofthemosteffectivewaystoimprovephysicalfitnessandsustain(保持)ahealthylifestyle.Groupexerciseischallenging，yetfunandempowering！Ofcourseeveryoneknowsthatexerciseisgoodforthebody.However，studieshaveshownthatwhenexerciseisperformedingroups，it’snotonlygreatforimprovingphysicalhealthbutforpsychologicalhealth.It’sanopportunitytobesocial，releaseendorphins(內(nèi)啡肽)，andimproveyourstrength.Additionally，groupexercisecreatesacommunityfeelandthesharedcommongoalmotivatesparticipantstoworkhard.Theinstrumentalsupportoftakingonafitnessjourneywithothersprovesmoreeffectivethangoingtothegymalone.72．Thefirstparagraphfocuseson________．A．thegreatestchallengeofgroupexerciseB．themosteffectivewaytoimprovephysicalfitnessC．thecontributionofgroupexercisetopsychologicalhealthD．thesharedcommongoalinperformingexerciseingroups答案：C【特別提醒】每個(gè)段落通常都有一個(gè)中心，段落主題句通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段落的首句或尾句，有時(shí)也會(huì)在中間。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用有關(guān)信息確定主題句的位置。一般說來，采用歸納法寫的段落主題句在段尾；假設(shè)主題句出現(xiàn)在段首，那么文章多為說明文和議論文；假設(shè)文章采用“特殊→一般→特殊〞的方式來寫，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時(shí)，文章中沒有明顯的主題句，考生要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容概括出主題句?！久}熱點(diǎn)突破八】文章大意題文章的主旨是通過段落來表達(dá)的，而段落的大意主要由主題句來表達(dá)，所以段落的主題句是構(gòu)成文章中心思想的有機(jī)組成局部。因此，識(shí)別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類題的關(guān)鍵?？焖匍喿x文章找出各個(gè)段落的主題句，把各個(gè)段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來并著眼全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，就能概括出文章的中心。(2022·高考重慶卷，閱讀理解A，節(jié)選)Atthirteen，Iwasdiagnosed(診斷)withakindofattentiondisorder.Itmadeschooldifficultforme.Wheneveryoneelseintheclasswasfocusingontasks，Icouldnot.Inmyfirstliteratureclass，Mrs.Smithaskedustoreadastoryandthenwriteonit，allwithin45minutes.Iraisedmyhandrightawayandsaid，“Mrs.Smith，yousee，thedoctorsaidIhaveattentionproblems.Imightnotbeabletodoit.〞Sheglanceddownatmethroughherglasses，“Youarenodifferentfromyourclassmates，youngman.〞Itried，butIdidn’tfinishthereadingwhenthebellrang.Ihadtotakeithome.Inthequietnessofmybedroom，thestorysuddenlyallbecamecleartome.Itwasaboutablindperson，LouisBraille.Helivedinatimewhentheblindcouldn’tgetmucheducation.ButLouisdidn’tgiveup.Instead，heinventedareadingsystemofraiseddots(點(diǎn))，whichopenedupawholenewworldofknowledgetotheblind.Wasn’tIthe“blind〞inmyclass，beingmadetolearnlikethe“sighted〞students？Mythoughtsspilledoutandmypenstartedtodance.Icompletedthetaskwithin40minutes.Indeed，Iwasnodifferentfromothers；Ijustneededaquieterplace.IfLouiscouldfindhiswayoutofhisproblems，whyshouldIevergiveup?Ididn’texpectanythingwhenIhandedinmypapertoMrs.Smith，soitwasquiteasurprisewhenitcamebacktomethenextday—withan“A〞onit.Atthebottomofthepaperwerethesewords：“Seewhatyoucandowhenyoukeeptrying？〞39．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?_______A．Thedisabledshouldbetreatedwithrespect.B．Ateachercanopenupanewworldtostudents.C．Onecanfindhiswayoutofdifficultieswithefforts.D．Everyoneneedsahandwhenfacedwithchallenges.答案：C【特別提醒】考生在解答文章主旨大意類試題時(shí)，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)看懂文章卻做錯(cuò)題這一現(xiàn)象。因?yàn)榭忌谶x擇文章主旨大意時(shí)，常會(huì)犯以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤。要防止出現(xiàn)這種錯(cuò)誤，考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想還是細(xì)節(jié)，懂的是全部詞匯的字面意思還是其蘊(yùn)含的意義；然后以“三主一問〞作為解題思路?！叭鳕曋肝恼碌闹黝}思想、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)主線和關(guān)鍵句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)?！耙粏枿曋父鶕?jù)文章后面所設(shè)的問題來發(fā)問：此題的考查點(diǎn)是什么？考生一定要讀懂題干，這樣在閱讀文章時(shí)才能站得高，看得遠(yuǎn)，從而知全局。【命題熱點(diǎn)突破九】標(biāo)題歸納題標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精煉表達(dá)形式。文章標(biāo)題既考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，又要求考生在理解全文的根底上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、歸納、判斷等邏輯思維方法對(duì)文章的主題和中心進(jìn)行高度的概括或提煉，并迅速而準(zhǔn)確地選擇文章的標(biāo)題。考生在做標(biāo)題歸納類試題時(shí)要注意標(biāo)題的三個(gè)特性，即醒目性、概括性和針對(duì)性。(2022·高考全國卷Ⅱ，閱讀理解B，節(jié)選)Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating，forpeopleareoftenlessself－conscious(難為情)whenthey’reinpoorlylitplaces—andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.Ifyourhomedoesn’thaveenoughwindowlight，getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness.Mindthecolors.Researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy，peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing，whilecoldcolorsmakeusfeellesshungry.Sowhenit’stimetorepaint，goblue.Don’tforgettheclock—ortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercalories(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeepingtrackofthetime，andtrytomakedinnerlastatleast30minutes.Andwhileyou’reatit，actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown，turnonrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplatescaneasilymakeusfat.Weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12－inchplateinsteadofa10－inchplate.Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone，totalintake(攝入)jumpsby14percent.Andwe’llpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort，wideglassthanatall，skinnyglass.8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?_______A．IsYourHouseMakingYouFat?B．WaysofServingDinnerC．EffectsofSelf－ConsciousnessD．IsYourHomeEnvironmentRelaxing?答案：A【特別提醒】選定標(biāo)題的四大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：(1)精——概括文章中心思想的語言要精練；(2)準(zhǔn)——注意文章的內(nèi)涵和外延，作者的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得要準(zhǔn)確；(3)統(tǒng)——標(biāo)題要能統(tǒng)領(lǐng)文章的細(xì)節(jié)信息；(4)新——標(biāo)題要新穎，對(duì)讀者有吸引力，能激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣。所以選擇標(biāo)題時(shí)我們要做到：(1)要在閱讀原文的根底上，仔細(xì)考慮所給選項(xiàng)與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系。(2)看它對(duì)文章的概括是否準(zhǔn)確，覆蓋面是否夠廣。注意防止以下三種錯(cuò)誤：①概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為以局部代替整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小)；②過度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為地?cái)U(kuò)大范圍)；③以具體細(xì)節(jié)替代主旨大意。【高考真題解讀】1.【2022·全國新課標(biāo)I】AYouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas,butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.Oftheoutstandingladieslistedbelow,whodoyouthinkwasthemostimportantwomanofthepast100years?JaneAddams(1860-1935)AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.Addanshelpedthepoorandworkedforpeace.Sheencouragedasenseofcommunity(社區(qū))bycreatingsheltersandpromotingeducationandservicesforpeopleinneedIn1931,AddamsbecamethefirstAmericanwomantowintheNobelPeacePrize.RachelCarson(1907-1964)Ifitweren’tforRachelCarson,theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.Herpopular1962bookSilentSpringraisedawarenessofthedangersofpollutionandtheharmfuleffectsofchemicalsonhumansandontheworld’slakesandoceans.SandraDayO’Connor(1930-present)WhenSandraDayO’ConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanArizonastatesenator(參議員)and,in1981,thefirstwomantojointheU.S.SupremeCourt.O’Connorgavethedecidingvoteinmanyimportantcasesduringher24yearsonthetopcourt.RosaParks(1913-2022)OnDecember1,1955,inMontgomery,Alabama,RasaParkswouldnotgiveupherseatonabustoapassenger.HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.ButitalsosetofftheMontgmerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear,andkickedoffthecivil-rightsmovement.“TheonlytiredIwas,wastiredofgivingin,〞saidParks.21.WhatisJaneAddamsnotedforinhistory?A.Hersocialwork.B.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.C.Hereffortstowinaprize.D.Hercommunitybackground.22.WhatisthereasonforO’Connor’sbeingrejectedbythelawfirm?A.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.B.Herlittleworkexperienceincourt.C.Thediscriminationagainstwomen.D.Thepoorfinancialconditions.23.Whomadeagreatcontributiontothecivil-rightsmovementintheUS?A.JaneAddams.B.RachelCarson.C.SandraDayO’Connor.D.RosaParks.24.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?A.Theyarehighlyeducated.B.Theyaretrulycreative.C.Theyarepioneers.D.Theyarepeace-lovers.【答案】21-24ACD.C【考點(diǎn)】考查人物類短文閱讀2.【2022·全國新課標(biāo)I】BGrandparentsAnsweraCallAsathirdgenerationnativeofBrownsville,Texas,MildredGarzaneverpleasedmoveaway,.EvenwhenherdaughterandsonaskedhertomovetoSanAntoniotohelptheirchildren,shepolitelyrefused.OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMsGaffinallysayyes.Thatwasfouryearsago.Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemovetoasuccess,givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.NostatisticsshowthenumberofgrandparentslikeGarzawhoaremovingclosertothechildrenandgrandchildren.Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.EvenPresidentObama’smother-in-law,MarianRobinson,hasagreedtoleaveChicagoandintotheWhiteHousetohelpcareforhergranddaughters.Accordingtoastudygrandparentscom.83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson‘sdecisionwillinfluencethegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two-thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama’sfamily.“inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenoughfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,〞saysChristineCrosby,publisherofgratemagazineforgrandparents.Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportant〞〞tobenearthem,especiallywhenyou’rerainingchildren.〞Movingisnotforeveryone.Almosteverygrandparentwantstobewithhisorhergrandchildrenandiswillingtomakesacrifices,butsometimesitiswisertosaynoandvisitfrequentlyinstead.Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard,especiallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling,butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.25.WhywasGarza’smoveasuccess?A．Itstrengthenedherfamilyties.B．Itimprovedherlivingconditions.C．Itenabledhermakemorefriends.D．Ithelpedherknowmorenewplaces.26.WhatwasthereactionofthepublictoMrs.Robinson’sdecision?A．17%expressedtheirsupportforit.B．Fewpeoplerespondedsympathetically.C．83%believedithadabadinfluence.D．Themajoritythoughtitwasatrend.27.WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?A．Theywereunsureofraisemorechildren.B．Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.C．Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.D．Theybadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparent.28.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdointhelasrparagraph?A.Makedecisionsinthebestinterests'oftheirownB.AsktheirchildrentopaymorevisitstothemC.SacrificefortheirstrugglingchildrenD.Gettoknowthemselvesbetter【答案】25-28.ADCA【考點(diǎn)】社會(huì)生活類短文閱讀3.【2022·全國新課標(biāo)I】CIampeterHodes,avolunteerstemcourier.SinceMarch2022,I'vedone89tripsofthose,51havebeenabroad,Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells〔干細(xì)胞〕inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast,inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐獻(xiàn)者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we’vegot72hoursatmost,SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.IhadonetriplastyearwhereIwascaughtbyahurricaneinAmerica.IpickedupthestemcellsinProvidence,RhodeIsland,andwasmeanttoflytoWashingtonthenbacktoLondon.ButwhenIarrivedatthecheck-indeskatProvidence,theladyonthedesksaid:“Well,I’mreallysorry,I’vegotsomebadnewsforyou-therearenofightsfromWashington.〞SoItookmyboxa