考研完形-康建剛

考研英語知識運(yùn)用

（主講人：康建剛）

第一部分：總論

大綱要求：考察考生對于不同語境中規(guī)范的語言要素(包括詞匯，表達(dá)方式和結(jié)構(gòu))的掌握程度，而

且考察考生對于語段特征(如連貫性和一致性)的辨識能力。在一篇240—280詞的文章中留出20個

空白，要求考生從每題給出的4個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案，使補(bǔ)全的文章意思通順，前后連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)完

整。例一：(2004年)

Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focus

eitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories(21)____ontheindividual

suggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior(22)theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforprevious

misdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough(23)withothers.Theoriesfocusingontherole

ofsocietyarguethatchildrencommitcrimesin(24)____totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus

(25)asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.

Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,(26)____the

factthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes(27)lackof

adequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare(28)tocriticism.

Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly(29)juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesinthe

economythat(30)tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment(31)makegainful

employmentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin(32)leadmoreyouthsinto

criminalbehavior.

Familieshavealso(33)changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwo

workingparents;(34),childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome(35)wascommoninthe

traditionalfamily(36).Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.

Other(37)causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased(38)ofdrugs

andalcohol,andthegrowing(39)ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasethe

probabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,(40)____adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeen

established.

21.[A]acting[B]relying[Cjcentering[DJcementing

22.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because

23.[A]interactions|B|assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation

24.[A]returnIBJreply[C]reference[D]response

25.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but[D]orelse

26.[A]considering|B|ignoring[C]highlighting[D|discarding

27.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with

28.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject

29.[A]affect|B|reduce[C]chock[D]reflect

30.[A]point[B]leadIC]come[DJamount

31.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast[D]atlength

32.[A]case[B]short[C]turn|D]essence

33.[A]survived[BJnoticed[C]undertaken[DJexperienced

34.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously

35.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as

36.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage

37.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible

38.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability

39.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[DJpopularity

2

40.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing

例二：

Chequeshave]replacedmoneyasameansofexchange,fortheyarewidelyacceptedeverywhere.

Thoughthisisveryconvenientforbothbuyerandseller,itshouldnotbeforgottenthatchequesarenotreal

money:theyarequitevaluelessinthemselves.Ashopkeeperalwaysrunsacertain2whenheacceptsa

chequeandheisquite3hisrightsif,onoccasion,herefusestodoso.

Peopledonotalwaysknowthisandareshockediftheirgoodfaithiscalled4.Anoldand

verywealthyfriendofminetoldmehehadanextremelyunpleasantexperience.Hewenttoafamousjewelry

shopwhichkeepsa5ofpreciousstonesandaskedtobeshownsomepearlnecklaces.Afterexamining

severaltrays,hedecidedtobuyaparticularlyfinestringofpearlsandaskedifhecouldpaybycheque.The

assistantsaidthatthiswasquite6,butthemomentmyfriendsignedhisname,hewasinvitedintothe

manager'soffice.

Themanagerwasverypolite,butheexplainedthatsomeonewithexactlythesamenamehadpresentedthem

withaworthlesschequenotlongago.Myfriendgotveryangrywhenheheardthisandsaidhewouldbuya

necklacesomewhereelse.Whenhegotuptogo,themanagertoldhimthatthepolicewouldarriveatanymoment

andhehadbetterstay7hewantedtogetintoserioustrouble.8thepolicearrivedsoonafterwards.

Theyapologizedtomyfriendforthe9,butexplainedthatapersonwhohadusedthesamenameashis

wasresponsibleforanumberofrecentrobberies.

Thenthepoliceaskedmyfriendtocopyoutanotewhichhadbeenusedbythethiefinanumberofshops.

Thenote10a\haveaguninmypocket.Asknoquestionsandgivemeallthemoneyinthesafe.”

Fortunately,myfriend'shandwritingwasquiteunliketheChiefs.Hewasnotonlyallowedtogowithoutfurther

delay,buttotakethestringofpearlswithhim.

1.[A]exactlyLB]really[c]largely[D]thoroughly

2.[A]danger[B]chanceEC]risk[D]opportunity

3.[A]within[B]beyond[C]without[D]outof

4.[A]indifficulty[B]indoubt[C]inearnest[D]inquestion

5.[A]amountB]stock[C]number[D]store

6.[A]inorder[B]inneed[C]number[D]incommon

7.[A]whether[B]if[C]otherwise[D]unless

8.[A]Really[B]Sureenough[C]Certainly[D]However

9.[A]treatment[B]manner[C]inconvenience[D]behavior

10.[A]readLB]told[C]wrote[D]informed

二.詞法

1.單詞記憶方法

1）遺忘發(fā)生的規(guī)律：艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線圖

3

0o

9o

8o

音7o

節(jié)o

保6

持5o

率4o

3o

20

2060912531

分分小時天天天天

問憶時間間隔

2）遺忘的原因：干擾（interference）和消退（decay）

前攝干擾與倒攝干擾

3）平時記憶單詞的技巧：三步曲

4）考前突擊背單詞的技巧：黑白記憶法

5）利用構(gòu)詞法提高記憶效率（見附錄）

2.單詞辨義

1）近義詞（strengthen,accommodate,stimulate,enhance）

2）近形詞（頭韻詞hostile,hospital,hospitable尾韻詞affect,effect）

仔細(xì)區(qū)分：

1.accuse,charge,scold,curse,blame,sentence,persecute,testify,justify,witness

2.ability,capability,capacity

3.accessible,available,attainable

4.refuse,dismiss,deny,eliminate,abandon,avoid,escape,prevent,refrain,discard

5.acquire,obtain,win,achieve,accomplish,gain,clutch,grasp,seize,earn,fulfill,secure

6.desirable,desirous

7.agree,assent,consent,comply,abide

8.alike,similar,identical,same

9.alteration,alternative

10.controversy,argument,dispute

11.highway,avenue,street,lane,path,pavement

12.punctual,timely,instant,swift

13.clothes,clo由ing,dress,suit,uniform,costume

14.excursion,trip,tour,voyage,travel,journey

15.fancy,imagination

16.fate,fortune,doom

17.freedom,liberty

18.harbor,port

19.material,matter,substance,thing,object

20.motion,movement,campaign

21.package,packet,parcel

22.percent,percentage

23.basic,fundamental,essential,elementary,indispensable,necessary

24.occupation,profession,employment,job,work,position

4

25.beneficial,beneficent,profitable

26.ashamed,shameful

27.bare,empty,naked,vacant,vacuum,blank,bald,bleak

28.constant,continual,continuous,successive,persistent,steady

29.entire,total,whole,complete

30.altogether,alltogether

31.accomplish,complete,finish,fulfill

32.alter,change,transform

33.amuse,entertain

34.anticipate,expect

35.assume,suppose,presume

36.attack,charge

37.ban,forbid,prohibit,prevent,stop

38.scold,condemn,curse,swear,abuse

39.distribute,attribute,contribute

40.focus,concentrate

41.damage,destroy

42.decrease,reduce,diminish

43.delay,postpone

44.disappear,fade,vanish

45.display,expose,reveal

46.flourish,prosper,thrive

47.transfer,transit,translate,transmit,transform,transparent,transplant,transport,transportation

48.assure,ensure,insure,secure,confirm,guarantee

49.late,later,latest,latter,lately

50.negligent,negligible

51.statue,status,statute

52.dispose,compose,impose,oppose,suppose,expose,pose

53.literal,literally,literary,literate

54.desert,dessert

55.immigrant,emigrant,migrant

56.precede,proceed,exceed,succeed

57.clash,crash,crush

58.perceive,receive,conceive,deceive

59.hard,hardly,hardy,hardily,hardiness,harness

60.high,highly

61.hostile,hostility,hospitable,hospitality

62.commend,recommend,comment,command

63.legal,legible,eligible

64.mediate,medicate,meditate

65.belief,confidence,trust

66.certificate,qualification,diploma,credential

67.compel,impel,repel,propel,dispel

68.complement,implement,supplement,fulfillment,compliment

69.compress,depress,impress,suppress,oppress,repress

5

70.observance,observation

71.sensible,sensitive,sentimental

72.credible,creditable,credulous

73.altitude,attitude,latitude,longitude,magnitude,multitude

74.award,reward

75.efficient,effective

76.inspiration,aspiration,perspiration

77.intelligent,intelligible,intellectual

78.broad,abroad,board,aboard

79.admission,admittance

80.appreciative,appreciable

81.amaze,surprise,astonish,shock

82.alone,lonely,lonesome,lone

83.prescribe,describe,inscribe,ascribe,subscribe

84.ignore,neglect,ban,prohibit,deny

85.comprehensive,comprehensible

86.consequent,subsequent

87.consider,considering,considerate,considerable,consideration

88.conscience,conscientious,conscious,consciousness

89.convince,persuade,trust,believe

90.principal,principle

91.glare,stare,glance,glimpse

92.stubborn,unyielding,inflexible

93.indignation,anger,fury,rage

94.lawyer,attorney,judge,witness

95.economic,economical

96.effective,efficient

97.imaginary,imaginative,imaginable,imagine

98.industrial,industrious,industry

99.respectable,respectful,respective,irrespective,respectively

100.personal,private,individual,own

101.possible,probable,likely

102.sensible,sensitive,sentimental

103.custom,tradition,habit,hobby,fancy

104.journey,excursion,voyage,flight,travel,tour

105.circumstance,surroundings,environment

例1：Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.(2002)

A.conceptB.dimensionC.effectD.perspective

彳列2：Inasignificant32tighteningoflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,will

introducea33draftbillthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34illegalandwillstrictly

controltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36beforeatrialbegins.(2001)

A.publicityB.penaltyC.popularityD.peculiarity

例3：Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49rateofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50

obtainable.(2000)

A.genuinelyB.obviouslyC.presumablyD.frequently

6

彳列4：Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.

(1999)

A.alterB.differC.shiftD.distinguish

例5：This"45disposable“workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47

fundamentallychangingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.(1997)

A.approachB.flowC.fashionD.trend

3.習(xí)慣用法

例1：TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43makestheEuropean

ConventiononHumanRightslegally44bindinginBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45to

privacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.(2001)

A.authorizedB.creditedC.entitledD.qualified

例2：Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety48.(1999)

A.comesoffB.turnsupC.paysoffD.holdsup

例3：Theyareneededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.(1996)

A.shiftingB.transferringC.alteringD.transforming

例：

UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelong

runindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43results

duringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.

45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyears,from1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46

agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.

Thisview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49two

things:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnot

worsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.

(1998)

41.A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted

42.A.plainB.averageC.meanD.normal

43.A.momentaryB.promptC.instantD.immediate

44.A.bulkB.hostC.grossD.magnitude

45.A.OnB.WithC.ForD.By

46.A.broadlyB.thoroughlyC.generallyD.completely

47.A.howeverB.meanwhileC.thereforeD.moreover

48.A.atB.inC.aboutD.for

49.A.manifestedB.approvedC.shownD.speculated

50.A.notedB.impressedC.labeledD.marked

三.語法

1.動詞的時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時，一般將來時，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，過去進(jìn)行時，將來進(jìn)行時，現(xiàn)在

完成時，過去完成時，將來完成時，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，過去完成進(jìn)行時，過去將來時，

過去將來進(jìn)行時，過去將來完成時，過去將來完成進(jìn)行時

Themanwholikescoffeeandoftencomestothiscoffeehousesurvivedanaccidentlastyear.

BythetimeyouarriveinBeijing,weshallhavestayedherefortwoweeks.

2.虛擬語氣

1)基本形式：與現(xiàn)在實(shí)際情況相虛擬(did/were...would/should/coulddo),與過去實(shí)際情況虛擬(had

7

done...would/should/couldhavedone),與將來實(shí)際情況虛擬(weretodo...would/should/coulddo)

2)特殊句型：

(1)Hadthedoctorbeenavailable,thechildwouldhavebeensaved.

(2)ifonly,suppose:IfonlyIcouldaffordsuchabighouse.

Supposeyouwereamillionaire,howwouldyouspendthe

money?

(3)Itis(about,high)timesb.didsth.

(4)without,butfor,butthat,or,otherwise:

Withoutairandwater,nohumanbeingcouldsurviveontheearth.

Butforyourtimelyhelp,wecouldn'thavefinishedthejobontime.

Shewasseriouslyilllastnight,otherwiseshewouldhaveattendedtheparty.

(5)錯綜時間條件句：

IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'thaveleftschoolsoearly.

Hadyoulistenedtoyourparentstenyearsago,youwouldbeasuccessful

scientistnow.

(6)需要用虛擬的動詞：

suggest,propose,insist,prefer,order,command,advise,desire,recommend,require,intend,decide,

request,deserve,demand,determine,arrange,beg,ask,pray,urge,move,instruct,stipulate,

maintain,resolve

(7)需要用虛擬的名詞

idea,importance,insistence,motion,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,suggestion,

necessity,desire,motion,requirement,resolution,demand,stipulation,advice,preference,wish

(8)需要用虛擬的形容詞

advisable,anxious,appropriate,better,desirable,eager,essential,imperative,important,insistent,

keen,natural,necessary,possible,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,absurd,best,content,unfair,odd,

pleasant,right,strange,crucial,surprising

(9)wish

Shewishesthatshewereateacher.

IwishIcouldtakeawalkonthemoon.

(10)would(had)rather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon

I'dratheryoustayedwithustonight.

Iwouldjustassoontheyhaddonethejobaheadoftime.

(1l)asif,asthough

Shetalksasifshewereadoctor.(Itseemsasifit'sgoingtorain.)

(12)incase,lest,forfearthat

Shetookanumbrellaincaseitshouldrain.

Remembertoleaveearlierlestyoushouldmissthetrain.

(13)ifonly

IfonlyIcouldspeakfluentEnglish.

3.非限定性動詞：分詞，不定式，動名詞(時態(tài)&語態(tài))

例1.Heregrettedhavingblamedhisassistantforthemistake.

例2.Havingfinishedthisjob,theyheadedhome.

例3.Walkingonthestreet,wesawmanypeopledancingandcheering.

例4.Thestudentsenteredtheclassroomlaughingandtalking.

例5.Foundinallpartsofthestate,sequoias(杉樹)arethemostcommontreesinCalifornia.

8

現(xiàn)在分詞表示：

1）不正在進(jìn)行中的主動意味動作

如：runningwater自來水promisingstudent有培養(yǎng)前途的學(xué)生

guidingprinciple指導(dǎo)原則neighboringcountry鄰國

2）正在進(jìn)行中的主動意味動作，如:

developingcountries發(fā)展中國家ragingflames熊熊烈火

barkingdog吠叫的狗settingsun落日

過去分詞表示：

1）被動意味動作

如：guidedmissile導(dǎo)彈so-calledexpert所謂的專家

2）被動，已完成

smokedfish熏魚changedconditions已改變了的情況

3）主動，已完成

returnedtalents歸國人才developedcountry發(fā)達(dá)國家

fadedroses凋謝的玫瑰

以不定式做賓語的動詞

aim,arrange,ask,afford,agree,apply,attempt,beg,bother,choose,claim,consent,care,decide,decline,

demand,dare,desire,determine,elect,endeavor,expect,fail,guarantee,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,

learn,long,manage,offer,ought,plan,prepare,presume,pretend,proceed,profess,promise,refuse,

request,resolve,seek,strive,swear,tend,threaten,undertake,volunteer,wish

以動名詞做賓語的動詞

miss,mind,enjoy,avoid,admit,finish,escape,practice,acknowledge,advise,allow,anticipate,

appreciate,consider,complete,contemplate,delay,deny,endure,evade,facilitate,favor,forbid,forgive,

imagine,involve,permit,quit,resent,resume,suggest,advocate,detest,excuse,fancy,mention,resist,

stand,understand,celebrate,dispute,doubt,dread,ensure,hinder,prohibit,recommend,can'thelp,feel

like

不定式和動名詞都可，但意義不同

mean,try,stop,regret,forget,remember,goon,love,like,hate,prefer,dislike

動名詞主動的形式，但表示被動意思

want,need,deserve,require,beworth

4.倒裝

1)虛擬條件句,省略if,同時將had,were,should提到主語之前

Wereitnotforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavearrivedthere.

2)so/such...that

Solittledidheknowaboutthesubjectthathehadtostayuppreparingfortheexam.

3)as,though,nomatterhow(what),however

Youngasheis,hehasaccomplishedalot.

Howevercolditis,hewillgoswimminginthelake.

4)so,neither,nor

Hedidn'tgototheconcert,neitherdidhisfamily.

5)no,hardly,never,scarcely,seldom,barely,rarely,nolonger,notuntil,nosooner...than,

hardly...when,notonly...butalso,not,little,atnotime,bynomeans,onnoaccount,in

nocase,innoway,under/innocircumstances在句首

6)only+adverb,prepositionalphrase,adverbialclause

Onlyinthiswaycanwehopetosolvetheproblemofenvironmentalpollution.

9

7)here/there/now/then/hence

Herecomesthebus.

5.一致性

1)時態(tài)一致

2)主謂一致

(1)時間，重量，距離，價(jià)值，面積，體積等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示總數(shù)量時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)

Tenthousanddollarsisabigsumofmoney.

Twoweeksisenoughtofinishwritingthispaper.

(2)and表示一個整體，用單數(shù)thebreadandbutter(thebreadandthebutter?),thecupandsaucer,the

knifeandfork,theebbandflow,theneedleandthread,trialanderror,thelawandorder,the

teacherandmother(theteacherandthemother?),thepresidentandcommander-in-chief

(3)people,police,cattle,poultry,militia,youth通常為復(fù)數(shù)；public,family,

committee,audience,choir,class,club,company,council,crew,firm,gang,

school,staff,union,board,flock,government,jury可單可復(fù)

(4)any,anybody,anyone,anything,each,either,every,everybody,everyone,

everything,neither,nobody,noone,nothing,somebody,someone,something為單數(shù)

(5)with,togetherwith,aswellas,like,but,except,accompaniedby,inadditionto,

ratherthan,besides,asmuchas

(6)either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso,not...but

(7)anumberof,thenumberof

6.形容詞和副詞

1)形容詞的詞序：限定詞(冠詞，代詞，所有格形式)+數(shù)詞或last,next等+一般描述性形容詞+大

小，長短，高低+形狀+年齡，新舊+顏色+國籍，地區(qū)，出處+物質(zhì)材料+用途，類別+名詞中心詞

abrightredsilkdress,abeautifullargegreenChinesecarpet

2)比較級和最高級

old(older,oldest,elder,eldest),far(farther,farthest,further,furthest),superior,inferior

3)形容詞的主動和被動

surprised,surprising

7.連詞

1)并列連詞:and,but,yet,for,so,while,whereas,or,aswellas,ratherthan,either...or,neither...nor,not

only...butalso

2)從屬連詞：

(1)弓I導(dǎo)時間狀語：when,whenever,as,since,till,until,before,after,assoonas,once,themoment,

theinstant,immediately,theday,nosooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when,instantly,everytime,

theminute,thesecond

(2)地點(diǎn)：where,wherever,everywhere

(3)條件：if,unless,providing/provided(that),aslongas,solongas,onconditionthat,suppose,

supposingthat,incase,ifonly

(4)原因：because,as,since,nowthat,seeing(that),considering(that),inviewof

(5)讓步：though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,while,whatever,wherever,whoever,however,

nomatter...,granting/granted(that),inspiteof,despite

(6)比較：as...as,thesameas,notsoas,than

(7)方式：as,asif,asthough,theway

(8)目的：that,sothat,lest,incase,forfearthat,inorderthat

(9)結(jié)果：sothat,so...that,such...that,tosuchadegree/extentthat

10

例J1:"Benefits1'havebeenweighed40"harmful“outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

(2002)

A.aboveB.uponC.againstD.with

例2:39Publicalio〉ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40stormofmediaprotestwhenhe

saidthe41interpretationofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges

42toParliament.(2001)

A.betterthanB.otherthanC.ratherthanD.soonerthan

例3:Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffects

ofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44replaceoldagriculturalimplements

andobtainchemicalfertilizersto45feedthesoil.(2000)

A.forB.againstC.ofD.towards

例4:Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinue

workingtokeepthemaliveandactive.(1999)

A.atB.inC.onD.with

例5:44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersand

temporaryworkers.(1997)

A.EventhoughB.NowthatC.IfonlyD.Providedthat

例：

Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthand

maintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.

Theydonotprovideenergy,41dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor42

foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif43ismissingadeficiency

diseasebecomes44.

Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and

45nitrogen.Theyaredifferent46theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin47oneormore

specificfunctionsinthebody.

48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.Many

people,50,believeinbeingonthe“safeside”andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwill

usuallymeetallthebody'svitaminneeds.(1996