時間與空間觀專家講座

Cross-culturalquestions:Answerthefollowingquestionsaboutyourowncultureandthendiscussinterculturalsimilaritiesanddifferences.1.

Isthewesternconceptoftimedifferentfromthatinourcountry?MightabusinesspersonfromtheUSencounteranydifferences?(considerpromptness,schedules,signingofcontracts,etc.)2.

Arethereobjects,procedures,orcustomswhicharesymbolicofourculture’suseoftime?Explain

時間與空間觀專家講座第1頁Cross-culturalquestions

3.

Howdoestechnologyinfluencetheuseoftime?Howdoesitaffectpersonal,social,andprofessionallives?4.

Howissenseofprivacyobtainedinourculture?Whatdoyoudowhenyouwanttobealone(athome,atwork,orelsewhere)?5.Hasthedesignofyourcitybeeninfluencedbynon-nativestylesofarchitecture?Ifso,how?6.

Whattypesofarchitecturearebestsuitedtotheenvironmentandgeographyofourcountry?

時間與空間觀專家講座第2頁TimeWhentravelerslackanawarenessofhowtimeisregulatedinaforeigncountry,theycanexpecttofeelsomewhatdisoriented.Sincemostpeopletaketimeforgranted,theeffectsofvalues,customs,andsocialetiquetteontheuseoftimeareseldomexamined.時間與空間觀專家講座第3頁TimeAculturethatvaluesachievementandprogresswilldiscouragepeoplefrom“wasting”time.Highlyefficientbusinesspeoplefromtheseculturesmayfeelfrustratedinacountrywhereworkproceedsataslowpace.Inreligioussocieties,customsspecifytimesoftheday,week,oryearforprayerandreligiouscelebrations.時間與空間觀專家講座第4頁TimeIfanindividualtriestomakeanappointmentduringasacredholiday,heorshecouldunknowinglyoffendareligiousperson.Socialetiquettedeterminesappropriatetimesforvisits,meetings,andevenphonecalls.Arrivingtwohourslateforanappointmentmaybeacceptableinoneculture,whereasinanother,keepingsomeonewaitingfifteenminutesmaybeconsideredrude.

時間與空間觀專家講座第5頁PromptnessPromptnessisimportantinwesternbusiness,academic,andsocialsettings.Theimportanceofpunctualityistaughttoyoungchildreninschool.Tardyslipsandtheuseofbellssignaltothechildthatpunctualityandtimeitselfaretoberespected.

時間與空間觀專家講座第6頁Promptness

Peoplewhokeepappointmentsareconsidereddependable.Ifpeoplearelatetojobinterviews,appointments,orclasses,theyareoftenviewedasunreliableandirresponsible.Inthebusinessworld,“timeismoney”andcompaniesmayfinetheirexecutivesfortardinesstobusinessmeetings.時間與空間觀專家講座第7頁Promptness

Ofcourse,itisnotalwayspossibletobepunctual.Socialandbusinessetiquettealsoprovidesrulesforlatearrivals.Callingonthetelephoneifoneisgoingtobemorethanafewminuteslateforscheduledappointmentisconsideredpoliteandisoftenexpected.Keepingadateorafriendwaitingbeyondtentotwentyminutesisconsideredrude.Ontheotherhand,arrivingthirtyminuteslatetosomepartiesisacceptable.時間與空間觀專家講座第8頁Promptness

Respectingdeadlinesisalsoimportantinacademicandprofessionalcircles.Itisexpectedthatdeadlinesforclassassignmentsorbusinessreportswillbemet.Studentswhohandinassignmentslatemaybesurprisedtofindthattheprofessorwilllowertheirgradesorevenrefusetogradetheirwork.Whetheritisaquestionofarrivingontimeorofmeetingadeadline,peopleareculturallyconditionedtoregulatetime.

時間與空間觀專家講座第9頁DivisionofTimeTimeistangible(real,concrete).Onecan“gaintime,”“spendtime,”“wastetime,”‘savetime,”oreven“killtime”.CommonquestionsinAmericanEnglishrevealthisconcretequalityasthoughtimewereapossession.“Doyouhaveanytime?”Thetreatmentoftimeasapossessioninfluencesthewaytimeiscarefullydivided.

時間與空間觀專家講座第10頁DivisionofTimeGenerally,Americansaretaughttodoonethingatatimeandmaybeuncomfortablewhenanactivityisinterrupted.Inbusinessesthecarefulschedulingoftimeandtheseparationofactivitiesarecommonpractices.Appointmentcalendarsareprintedwith15-,30-,and60-minutetimeslots.A2:30-3:00interviewmayendintimeforabriefbreakbeforea3:15-4:00meeting.時間與空間觀專家講座第11頁DivisionofTimeTheideathat“thereisatimeandplaceforeverything”extendstowesternsociallife.Visitorswho“dropby”withoutpriornoticemayinterrupttheirhost’spersonaltime.Thus,callingfriendsonthetelephonebeforevisitingthemisgenerallypreferredtovisitors’“droppingby”.Toaccommodateotherpeople’sschedules,Americansmakebusinessplansandsocialengagementsseveraldaysorweeksinadvance.

時間與空間觀專家講座第12頁DivisionofTimeAsindividualsinaculture,weallhaveanintuitiveunderstandingabouthowtimeisregulated.Usuallywedonotthinkabouttheconceptoftimeuntilweinteractwithotherswhohaveadifferenttimeorientation.時間與空間觀專家講座第13頁DivisionofTimeAlthoughindividualsfromanytwoculturesmayviewtimesimilarly,weoftensensethatinanotherculture,lifeseemstoproceedateitheraslowerorfasterpace.Knowinghowtimeisregulated,divided,andperceivedcanprovedvaluableinsightsintoindividualsandtheircultures.

時間與空間觀專家講座第14頁LinesandcirclesWesternculture–timeaslines,whichgoesawayandneverreturnsChineseculture---timeascircles,whichgoesaroundandneverends時間與空間觀專家講座第15頁西方文化線式時間觀Weburndaylight.-Shakespeare

Nohandcanmaketheclockstrikeformethehoursthatarepassed.-Byron

Allthetreasuresofearthcannotbringbackonelastmoment.-French時間與空間觀專家講座第16頁線式時間觀DavidNorris

Howyouspendyourtimeismoreimportantthanhowyouspendyourmoney.Moneymistakescanbecorrected,buttimeisgoneforever..

HoraceMann

Lost,yesterday,somewherebetweensunriseandsunset,twogoldenhours,eachsetwithsixtydiamondminutes.Norewardisoffered,fortheyaregoneforever.

JimBishop

Itisdifficulttoliveinthepresent,ridiculoustoliveinthefuture,andimpossibletoliveinthepast.Nothingisasfarawayasoneminuteago.時間與空間觀專家講座第17頁線式時間觀時間好比一條直線，使一個線形單向連續(xù)運動。線式時間觀是西方人總以為時間一去不復(fù)返，因而有著強烈緊缺意識。這種意識使西方人凡是向前看，一切著眼于未來，他們注意力也主要用于未來事情規(guī)劃與實現(xiàn)。時間與空間觀專家講座第18頁中國文化環(huán)式時間觀“日月光華，旦復(fù)旦兮，春與秋其代序”（屈原《離騷》），代序即時序環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)替換。中國人即使也嘆息“歲月不待人”，但晝夜更迭，季節(jié)交替環(huán)式時間觀是中國人總體上有時間充裕感，做事慢慢來是一個主要傾向。人們相信是失去東西還有時間補救。時間與空間觀專家講座第19頁中國文化環(huán)式時間觀人們對“時過境遷”有所心理準(zhǔn)備，并慢慢等候“時來運轉(zhuǎn)”。告別語和勸慰語種幾乎都是“慢”字當(dāng)頭?！奥撸?，慢慢商議，慢慢看，慢慢觀賞”等。從容悠閑組成了中國農(nóng)耕文化一大特點。人們修身養(yǎng)性，重在回往日言行。“吾日三省五身”（《論語˙學(xué)而》），意在反省自己過去是否有“不忠、不信、不習(xí)”過失。時間與空間觀專家講座第20頁中西文化時間觀假如說線式時間觀向前看，重求知，有利于勉勵開拓創(chuàng)新，環(huán)式時間觀則向后看，重修身，有利于促進(jìn)穩(wěn)定守序。時間與空間觀專家講座第21頁SpaceArchitecturalDifference

Whenwetravelabroadweareimmediatelyimpressedbythemanywaysbuildings,homes,andcitiesaredesigned.Thedivisionandorganizationofspacelendcharacteranduniquenesstovillages,townsandcities.Yet,architecturaldifferencesmayalsocauseconfusionordiscomfortforthetraveler.

時間與空間觀專家講座第22頁ArchitecturalDifferenceTheseparationofspaceinsidehomesmayalsovaryfromculturetoculture.Inmostwesternhomesthelayoutofroomsrevealstheseparatenessandlabelingaspaceaccordingtofunction–bedroom,livingroom,diningroom,playroom,andsoon.Thissystemisinsharpcontrasttoothercultureswhereoneroominahousemayserveseveralfunctions.InJapan,homeswithslidingwallscanchangealargeroomintotwosmallroomssothatalivingroomcanalsoserveasabedroom

時間與空間觀專家講座第23頁PrivacyandtheUseofSpaceArchitecturaldesigninfluenceshowprivacyisachievedaswellashowsocialcontactismadeinpublicplaces.Theconceptofprivacyisnotuniquetoaparticularculturebutwhatitmeansisculturallydetermined.

PeopleintheEnglish-speakingcountriestendtoachieveprivacybyphysicallyseparatingthemselvesfromothers.時間與空間觀專家講座第24頁PrivacyandtheUseofSpace

Theexpression“goodfencesmakegoodneighbors”indicatesapreferenceforprivacyfromneighbors’homes.Ifafamilycanaffordit,eachchildhashisorherownbedroom.

Insomecultureswhenindividualsdesireprivacy,itisacceptableforthemsimplytowithdrawintothemselves.Thatis,theydonotneedtoremovethemselvesphysicallyfromagroupinordertoachieveprivacy.

時間與空間觀專家講座第25頁PrivacyandtheUseofSpace

Youngchildrenlearntherule“knockbeforeyouenter”whichteachesthentorespectothers’privacy.Parents,too,oftenfollowthisrulepriortoenteringtheirchildren’srooms.Whenabedroomdooriscloseditmaybeasigntootherssaying,“Ineedprivacy,””I’mangry,”or“Donotdisturb…I’mbusy.”ForAmericans,thephysicaldivisionofspaceandtheuseofarchitecturalfeaturespermitasenseofprivacy.

時間與空間觀專家講座第26頁CulturalNotesTime

1.

Fordoctors’anddentists’appointmentsitisimportanttocall24to48hoursbeforeascheduledappointmentifyouhavetocancel.Insomecases,youwillbechargedifyoudonotappearforanappointment.

時間與空間觀專家講座第27頁Time2.

Whenyouhaveahotelreservation,itisagoodideatoask,“BywhattimedoIhavetoarrive?”Ifyouarrivelaterthanthespecifiedtime,thehotelpersonnelmaycancelyourreservationunlessyoucallaheadoftimetotellthemthatyou’llbelate.Ifyouhavetocancelyourreservation,callinadvancetonotifythehotel.

時間與空間觀專家講座第28頁Time3.

“Time-saving”devicesandmethodsareverypopularintheEnglish-speakingcountries.Theyincludepush-buttonTVs,instantcoffee,TVdinners,microwaveovens,drive-inbanking,andfast-foodrestaurants.時間與空間觀專家講座第29頁Space1.

Atveryformaldinnerpartiesyoumayfindaplacecardwithyournameonitnexttotheplatewhereyouaresupposedtosit.Otherwisethehost/hostessmaytellyouwheretosit.Theremaybenofixedplacesatadinnertable.Inthiscase,eachpersonsitswhereverheorshewouldlike.Oftenthemotherorthefathersitsattheheadofthetable.

時間與空間觀專家講座第30頁Space2.

Oftenwhenyouareinvitedintoawesterner'shomethehostorhostesswillgiveyoua“tour”ofthehouse.Onereasonforthisistomakeyoufeelmorecomfortablesothatyouwillfell“athome”.Also,Americansenjoyshowingofftheimprovementsthey’vemadeintheirhomes.

時間與空間觀專家講座第31頁Space3.

Thewayspaceisusedinfluencespeople’sattitudesandrelationships.Forexample,howpeopleareseatedaroundatableaffectsconversation.Whositsnexttowhomandwholooksatwhominfluencethesocialinteraction.Evenhistoricalandpoliticaleventsmaybeaffectedbytheuseofspace.時間與空間觀專家講座第32頁SpaceIn1968,duringtheVietnamWar,internationalpeacetalkswereheldinParis,France.Aseriousproblemfacingtheplannersofthesemeetingswastheseatingarrangementoftherepresentatives.Eachgovernment’sstatusandneedshadtobeconsidered.Ittookeightmonthstoreachanagreementontheshapeofthetable.Inthemeantime,thewarcontinued.

時間與空間觀專家講座第33頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaireThefollowingquestionsareintendedtostimulatecross-culturaldiscussionandtohelpyoubecomefamiliarwithwesterncustomsandresponses.Onthemultiplechoicequestionstrytoguesswhatawesternerwoulddo.Morethanoneanswermaybecorrect.時間與空間觀專家講座第34頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire1.

Ifyouwereinvitedtoanotherfamily’shousefordinnerhowmuchlaterafterthescheduledtimewouldyouarrive?

Inourcountry_______________.

intheEnglish-speakingcountries:

A.

15minuteslater.

B.

30minuteslater.

C.

1hourlater.

D.

2hourslaterormore.

時間與空間觀專家講座第35頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire

2.

Howlongdoesapartyatwhichdinnerisservedusuallylast?

Inourcountry__________________.

intheEnglish-speakingcountries:

A.

1to2hours

B.

3to4hours

C.

5to6hours

D.

7to8hours

時間與空間觀專家講座第36頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire

3.

Ifyouwerehavingapartyforthestudentsinyourclass,howmanydaysinadvancewouldyouinvitethem?

Inourcountry___________________.

intheEnglish-speakingcountries:

A.

Thedayoftheparty.

B.

Onedayinadvance.

C.

Severaldaysinadvance.

D.

Threeorfourweeksinadvance.

時間與空間觀專家講座第37頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire

4.

Howwouldahostindicatetoguestthatitwastimetoleave?

Inourcountry___________________.

intheEnglish-speakingcountries:

A.

Thehostwouldstartyawning.

B.

Thehostworldannoun