新的題目考博真題匯總石油勘探march,2004lq

Ph.DEntranceExaminationinMarch,2004ResearchInstituteofPetroleumExplorationand

Ph.DEntranceExaminationinPartIListeningComprehension(20minutes,20points)SectionA

March,Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear10shortconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestion,therewillbeqpause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter. A)Getsomechangefrom B)GoandlookforapayUsethewoman’s D)PayforthephoneA)Atanart B)InadepartmentAta D)InaA)ShewillhelpthemantocatchSheisworriedabouttheman’sShehasboughtthemananup-to-dateShe’shasboughtthemanapairofglassesA)HeisgoingtogiveatalkonHeiseagertomeetSusan’sHehasthesamehobbyasSusan’sHethinksfishingisagoodwaytokillA)HefindsthepresentationhardtoHespeakshighlyoftheHeconsidersthepresentationveryHethinksProfessorWhitehaschosenaninteresting B)AC)Some D)HighqualityA)Theysetoff B)TheywaitforafineC)Theygo D)TheygototheA)Heliketoshowoffin B)Shewasthe shemetatC)Hehadafunny D)HewaslateforschoolonthefirstA)Hercarcanstandany cariskeptingoodC)Hercarisnotasgoodas D)HercariswellmaintainedaswellasA)Sheistoobusyto B)She’swillingtogoC)Shedoesn’twanttowaitlong. D)Sheenjoysthewonderfulweather.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosetheanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageQuestions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Hewasatax B)HewasaernmentC)Hewasonceafriendofthe D)HewasonceaschoolteacherA)TorewardoutstandingtaxTodeclarenewwaysofcollectingTocollectmoneyfrom ToentertainthosewhohadmadegreatcontributionstotheA)Theywereexcusedfrom eTheyweregivensomesilverandgoldcoinsbytheTheytriedtocollectmoremoneythantheruleraskedTheyenjoyedbeinginvitedtodinnerattheruler’spalace.PassageTwoQuestion14to16arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Theyliked B)ThereasonsareC)Theyweredrivenoutoftheir D)TheywantedtofindabettercetoliveA)Theyareunfriendlyto B)TheyadmirethemusicaltalentoftheC)Theyareenviousto D)TheytrytoputupwithA)TheyarenowtaughtintheirownTheyarenowallowedtoattendlocalSpecialschoolshavebeensetupforthem.D)Permanenthomeshavebeenbuiltforthem.PassageThreeQuestion17to20arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Thecausesare B)ThecausesarenotwellC)Thecausesare D)ThecausesareA)Improvedhighway B)BetterpublicC)Regulardriver D)StrictertrafficA)Highway C)Poortraffic D)ConfusingmadA)Increasingpeople’sawarenessoftrafficproblemsB)Enhancingdrivers’senseofresponsibility.Buildingmorehighways.D)DesigningbettercarsPartⅡVocabularyandStructure(20minutes10Directions:Thereare30 pletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Themeetingwasoverbythemayortodiscussthetaxraiseinthe Hegradually thatherparentshadbeenrightandhisdecisionhadtobemodified. Amanwho suchtreatmentwasamanofremarkablephysicalcourageandA)bear B)take C)standup D)persistApassionforthetheatrewhichmaydemonstrateallthewaysoflifecanbeafairlysatisfyingforlife. Hisstrangebehaviorgreatly meandmyfriendsaswellthatevening. Federalsentencingguidelines,inceforonlytwoyears,were becausetheywerebelievedtohavetiedthehandsofjudgesinfederaldrugcases.A)toss B)tossed C)tossed D)tossedThereisapopularviewthatthegreatscientificbreakthroughsoccurby ,alittlebitlikesomeonelookingdownatesttubeandsaying“Aha”. BorisYeltsin’sfitfulruleisseentobeevermoredesignedtoservetheinterestsof A)ata B)ata C)at D)atAtthattimeleukemiawasalmostinevitably ,buttoday,morethanhalfofthepeoplewithleukemiagetacure. MorethathalfofalloftheAmericanprisonersarenonviolentoffenders-usuallysmalltimedrugdealerswhoneedhelpwiththeirown IwanttobeginwithaquestionwhichNealedoesnot address,butwhichseemstometobeaparticularblindspot. MorethanhalfofalloftheAmericanprisonersarenonviolentoffenders-usuallysmalltimedrugdealerswhoneedhelpwiththeirown Whileitsdefinitionvariesgreatly,countlesswritersclaim tobecrucialtolearningofall Clintonhasgivenanadvisorypanelofexpertsjust90daysto proposalforernmentaction.A)comeup B)letout C)putto D)bearinAfteraweekendofintensepolitical thethreemainpartiesagreedtoworktogethertoform Thebeliefthatthetigersareextinctisbasedonthefactthattheimmense ofpopulationmakestheirsurvivaldifficult. Thereisaviewthathistory,beingintima inquestionsofreligionandmorality,istherebydistinguishedfromscienceingeneral. Incaseifanarrowencounterwiththegiantpanda,thetemptationtotouchandfeelitis. Thefactoryisgoingto thistypeoffreoncompressorinfavorofenvironmentfriendlyphaseout B)workout C)wipeout D)carryoutPartⅢClozeTest(10minutes,10points)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandB.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Whenwomendo emanagers,dotheybringadifferentstyleanddifferentskillstothejob?Aretheybetter,orworse,managersthanmen?Arewomenmorehighlymotivatedand41thanmalemanagers?Someresearch42theideathatwomenbringadifferentattitudesandskillstomanagementjobs,suchasgreater43anemphasisonaffiliationandattaent,anda44tobringemotionalfactorstobear45makingworkcedecisions.Thesedifferencesare46tocarryadvantagesfrocompanies,47theyexpandtherangeoftechniquesthathecanbeusedto48the manageitsworkAstudycommissionedbytheinternationalWomen’sForum50amanagementstyleusedbysomemanagers(andalsobysomemen)that51fromthecommandandcontrolstyle52usedbymalemanagers.Usingthis“inctiveleadership”approach,“women53participation,sharepowerandinformation,54otherpeople’sself-worth,andgetothersexcitedabouttheirwork.Allthese55reflecttheirbeliefthatallowing56tocontributeandtofeel57andimportantisawin-win58goodfortheemployeesandtheorganization.“thestudy’sdirector59that“inctiveleadershipmayemerge60themanagementstyleofchoiceformanyorganization.”4142434445464748495051525354555657585960PartⅣReadingComprehension(60minutes,25Directions:Thereare5readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Passage1:Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingJillNaughtoncouldstretchapennyintoaofcopperwire.The26-yearoldsodiligentaboutbudgetingthatwhenevershewithdrawscashfromATM,shewritesonthebackofthereceipthowshespendseverycent.Thenshefilesitinashoebox.“Itsounds_archaic.”sheadmits.“Iknow.”WhatmakesNaughton’s–penny-pinching.evenmoreunusualisthatshedoesn’tneedtodoit.AsamanagementconsultantforAndersonConsultinginChicago,Naughton’s$55,000annualecesherinthetopearningbracketofgenX-Naughtonisn’tyearningforalotofmaterialpossessions.She’dliketorecethe1986Mazadshe’sbeendrivingsincecollege.Sheimagesshe’llbuyahomeoneday,butsincesheissingleandtravelsextensivelysheishappyfornowtosickwithher$550-a-monthrentandthe roommates.Herfewindulgencesincludemembershipatanupscalegym,occasionaldinneroutwithfriends,andsomevacationtravel.Still,parsimonyrules.“IstickwithinexpensiveceswhenIeatout,”saysNaughton.Shenevergoesonshopbinges,andratherthenbuyingnewpairsofshoeswhentheoldweardown,maintainstheonesshehaswithpolishandnewheels.Sheholdsapreferred-customergrocerystorecardthatgivesherdiscountsandpaysoffhercreditcardbillsNaughtonattributesherfrugalitytoherparents.“Mymotherwasalibrarianandmysisterwasassistantprincipal.Wealwayshadwhatweneededbuttheyalsohadtoverycareful,”saysNaughton.“Theyputthreekidsthroughcollege,Isawthethingsmyparentsgaveup.”Shethinkspartofhermotivationtosaveistogiveherfuturefamilyaheadstart,andpartistogiveanykidsshehasthechancesshehasenjoyedlikecollege.Inadditiontoshoes-boxes,Naughtoncreditsthe$40financialsoftwareprogramQuickenwithhelherkeeptrackofhermoney.Itallowshertomonitorherspendinghabitstopenny,fromthe16centsofeachpaycheckthatgoestoher401(K)andtheIpercentthatshedonatestocharitytothe$1Snappledrinkshebuysforanafternoonsnack.Butshedoesn’tconsiderherselfobsessiveaboutfinance.“Idon’tdrivemyselfnutsbycheckingmystockseveryday.”Sheexins.“Itrackmyspendingbecauseitistherapeutic.Itgivesmepeaceofmind.”Whatdoestheauthormeanbythesentence“JillNaughtoncouldstretchapennyintoacopperwire”inparagraphShesavescoinsratherthanThoughsheearnslittlemoney,sheisnotshortofShespendsasmuchassheHermoneygoesalongTheword“parsimony”(Line7,Paragraph3)couldbebestrecedby TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingasherwaysofsavingmoneyEXCEPT ShestaysawayfromfancyShedoesnotindulgeinShebuysanewpairofshoesonlywhentheoldwearShepaysforthegoodsatreducedPartofthereasonthatNaughtonissodiligentinbudgetinghermoneyis shevaluesmoneyoveranythingshedoesn’tearnsheispreparingfortheshehastosupportherAccordingtothelast NaughtonlikesQuickenbetterthanhershoeNaughtonkeepstrackofeverycentsheNaughtondoesnothavemuchknowledgeaboutTrackingspendinghaschangedNaughton’slifecompley.Passage2: Questions66to70arebasedonthefollowingpassageOncefoundalmostentirelyinthewesternUnitedStatesandinAsia,dinosaurfossilsarenowbeingdiscoveredonallsevencontinents.Ahostofnewrevelationsemergedin1998thatpromisetoreshapescientists’viewofdinosaurs,includingwhattheylooklikeandwhenandwheretheyItisdoubtfulthatTyrannosaurusRexhadlipsorthatTriceratopshadcheeks,saysLawrenceWitmer,anassistantprofessorofanatomyatOhioUniversityinAthens.Ohio.WitmerwasaleadingresearchforastudyondinosauranatomythatwaspresentedattheannualmeetingofthesocietyforVertebratePaleontology,whichincludedonOctober3inSnowbird,Utah.Witmer’sstudyreacheditsconclusionsbyusinghigh-techcomputerizedaxialto-mographyandsimilardinosaurspecieshadcheekswasbasedonpastcomparisonswithmlssuchassheep.ButWitmer’scarefulysisfoundthestructureofthetriceratopsjawandskullmadeitmorelikelythatTriceratopshadabeaklikethatofaneagle.Witmersaidthatscientistshouldusebirdsandcrocodilesasmodelswhenresearchingtheappearanceofdinosaurs.InearlyOctoberscientistsannouncedthattheyhadconfirmedthediscoveryofanewtypeofceratopsiandinosaur.Thedinosaur’sbones,foundinNewMexicoin1996,areforcingpaleontologiststorethinktheirtheoriesaboutwhenceratopsiansmigratedtowhatisnowNorthScientistspreviouslythoughtthatceratopsians,thegroupthatincludedthewell-knownTriceratops,arrivedinNorthAmericafromAsiabetween70millionand80millionyearsago.Duringthistime.thelateCretaceousPeriod,theearth’stwosupercontinents—LaurasiainthenorthandGondwandinthesouth-wereintheprocessofpullingapart,cuttingdinosaurpopulationofffromeachotherandinterruptingmigratorypatterns.Thefossilizedbones,foundbyeight-year-oldChristopherWolfandhisfather,paleontologistDougWolfoftheMesaSouthwestMuseuminArizona,datetoabout90millionyearsago.ThiscouldmeanthatceratopsiansoriginatedinNorthAmericaandmigratedtoAsiaratherthanthereverse.paleontologistssaid.DougWolfenamedtheimportantnewspeciesofdinosaurZuniceratopschristopheriafterhisson.AnexpeditionfromtheUniversitiesofAlaskainAnchorageandFairbankshasdiscoveredaregioninremotenorthernAlaskadorichinfossilizeddinosaurtracksthatteammembersdubbeditinthe“dinoexpressway”.Thetrampledareawasfoundduringthesummerof1998onAlaska’sNorthSlopeneartheBrooksRange.Theteamfound13newtracksiteandmadecastsfromtheprintsoffivedifferenttypesofdinosaurs.Therockinwhichtheprintswerefounddatestomorethan100millionsyearsage,orabout25millionyearsolderthanthepreviouslydiscoveredsignsofdinosaursintheArcticregion.PaleontologistssaidthatthenewfindingsprovideimportantevidencethatdinosaursmigratedbetweenAsiaandNorthAmericaduringtheearlyandmid-CretaceousPeriod,beforeAsiasplitoffintoitsowncontinent.TworichfossilsitesinthehillsofBoliviahavebeenrecentlydiscovered,excitingpaleontologistsanddinosaurbuffs.Thisdiscoveryincludesoneofthemostspectaculardinosaurtrackwayseverfound.ThediscoveryofalargesiteinthemountainregionofKilaKilainsouthernBoliviawasannouncedinearlyOctober.Herescientistsfoundthetracksofatleasttwounknownspeciesofdinosaur.Theseincludedalargequadruped(four-rooted)dinosaurthatwasprobablyabout20m(about70ft.)long.Theothersite,locatenotfarfromtheBoliviancityofSucre,wasuncoveredincementquarrybyworkersseveralyearsagobutwasnotbroughttopaleontologists’attentionuntilthemiddleof1998.Thesitefeaturesaverticalwallcoveredwiththousandsofdinosaurprintsrepresentingmorethan100differentspecies.Thetracksdatebacktobetween65millionand70millionyearsago.Sincedinosaursarebelievedtohavediedoutaround65millionyearsago,theprintswerelikelymadebysomeoflastdinosaursonearth.Scientistsspeculatedthatthetracksweremadeattheedgeofalakeorswampandwerethenhardenedandp.Therockcontainingthetrackswasthenpushedintoaverticalpositionovermillionsofyearsofgeologicactivity.Dinosaureggshavealsobeenfoundatthesite.whichpaleontologistsareworkingtopreservebeforeitfallsvictimtoerosion.Paleontologistshopetostudythesiteandlearnaboutthedietandphysicalcharacteristicsofthedinosaursthatarerepresentedthere.Witmer’sresearchleadspeopletobelieveA)TyrannosaurusRexhadlipsandTriceratopshadcheeks.B)dinosaursmighthavelookedlikem lssuchassheep.C)dinosaursmightnothavelookedlikewhatwethought.dinosaurmusthavelookedlikebirdsorThediscoveryofanewtypeofceratopsiandinosaursuggestsceratopsiansmigratedtoNorthAmericaaround70-80millionyearsage.ArrivedinAsiafromNorthAmericaabout90millionyearsago.OriginatedinAsiaandlatermigratedtoNorthAmerica.CouldhavemovedtoAsiafromNorthAmericalongNewly-foundfossilizedtracksinAlaskaprovedthatdinosaurs’migrationbetweenAsiaandNorthAmericatookce.muchearlierthanexpertspreviouslymuchlaterthanexpertsafterAsiabecameanindependentsometimearound25millionyearsThediscoveryofdinosaurfossilsitesinBoliviaisexcitingbecauseofthefollowingreasonstheyarefoundinacontinentotherthanAsiaandNorththelargestdinosaursintheworldarefoundinthetherearesomeunknownspeciesofdinosaursfoundthisthedinosaurswerebelievedtobesomeofthelastonesonThepassagefocusesonA)dinosaur’sgeographicallocationB)shiftingviewsofdinosaurs.C)migrationpatternsofdinosaurs.D)geologicactivityofPassage3:Questions71to75arebasedonthefollowingCooperativecompetition.Competitivecooperation.Confused?Airlineallianceshavetravelersscratchingtheirheadsoverwhat’sgoingonintheskies.Somefolksviewalliancesasablessingtotravelers.offeringseamlesstravel,reducedfaresandenhancedfrequent-flyerbenefits.Othersseeaconspiracyofbigbusinesses,causingdecreasedcompetition,increasedfaresandfewerchoices.Whateveryouropinion,there’snoescaairlinealliances;themarketinghypeisunrelenting,witheachofthetwomega-grous,OneworldandStarAmotingitselfasthebestchoiceforalltravelers.Andevenifyouturnawayfromtheirads,chancesaretheywillfigureinanyofyourtravelns.Bytheendoftheyear,OneWorldandStarAlliancewillbetweenthemcontrolmorethan40%ofthetrafficinthesky.Somepunditspredictthatfigurewillbemorelike75%in10years.Butwhy,afteryearsofoftenferociouscompetition,haveairlinesdecidedtobandtogether?Let’sjustsaythetimingismutuallyconvenient.NorthAmericanairlines,havingexhaustedallmeansofearningcustomerloyaltyathome,havebeenlookingforwaystoreachouttoforeignflyers.Asiancarriersarestillhurtingfromtheregion-wideeconomicdownturnthatbegantwoyearsago—justwhensomeoftheairlinesweretakingdeliveryofnewaircraft.Alliancesalsoallowcarrierstocutcostsandincreaseprofitsbypoolingmanpowerresourcesontheground(ratherthaneachairlinemaintainingitsowngroundcrew)andcode-sharing—thepracticeoftwopartnerssellingticketsandoperatingonlyoneaircraft.Soalliancesareterrificforairlines-butaretheygoodforthepassenger?Absoluy,saytheairlines:thinkoflounges,thejointFFP(frequentflyerprogram)benefits,theround-theworldfares,andtheglobalservicenetworks.Thenthere’sthepromiseof“seamless”travel:theabilityto,say,travelfromSingaporetoRometoNewYorktoRiodeJaneiro,allononeticket,withouthavingtowaithoursforconnectionsorworryaboutyourbags.Soundsutopians?peterBuecking,CathayPacific’sdirectorofsalesandmarketingthinksthatseamlesstravelisstillevolving.“It’sfairtosaythattheselinksareonlyintheirinfancy.Thekeytoseamlessnessrestsininfrastructureandinformationsharing.Weareworkingonthis.”HenryMa,spokesforStarAllianceinHongKong,listssomeoftheotherbenefitsforconsumers:“Globaltravelershaveaneasiertimemakingconnectionsandnningtheiritineraries.”Maclaimalliancesalsoassurepassengersconsistentservicestandards.Criticsofalliancesaythemuch-toutedbenefitstotheconsumeraremostlypieinthesky,thatalliancesareallaboutreducingcostsfortheairlines,rationalizingservicesandrunningjointmarketingprograms.JeffBlyskal,associateeditorofConsumerReportsmagazine,saysthepromotionalballyhoooverallianceismuchadoaboutnothing.“Idon’tseemuchofagainforconsumers:alliancearejustamarketinggimmick.Andasfarasseamlesstravelgoes,I’llbelieveitwhenIseeit.Mostairlinescannotevengettheirownconnectionsundercontrol,letalonecoordinatewithanotherairline.”Blykalbelievesalliancewillultimayresultindecreasedfightchoicesandincreasedforconsumers.Insteadoftwoairlinescompetingandeachoperatingaflightonthesamerouteat70%capacity,thealliedpairwillsharetherouteandrunonefullflight.Sincefewerseatswillbeavailable,passengerswillbeobligedtopaymorefortickets.Thetruthaboutallianceandtheirmeritsprobablyliessomewherebetweenthetravelutopiapresentedbytheyersandtheevilempiresportrayedbytheircritics.Andhowmuchtheyaffectyoudependsonwhatkindoftraveleryouare.Thosewho’vealreadymadetheelitegradeintheFFPofamajorairlinestandtobenefitthemostwhenitjoinsanalliance;thentheyenjoytheFFPperksandadvantagesonanyandallofthemembercarriers.Forexample,ifyou’reaMarcoPoloClub“gold”memberofCathyPacific’sAsiaFFP’youwillautomaticallybetreatedasavaluablecustomerbyallmemberofOneworld,ofwhichCathyPacificisamember-evenifyou’veneverflownwiththembefore.Forthosewhohaven’tmadthetopgradeinanyFFP,alliancesmightbeawayofsimplifyingtheearningoffrequentflyer.Forexample,IbelongtoUnitedAirline’sagePlusandgenerallyflylessthan25000ayear.ButIearnwitheveryflight.ItakeonStarAlliancemember-AllNipponAirwaysandThaiAirways.IfyouflylessthanIdo,youmightbesmartertostayoutoftheFFPgamealtogether,Huntforbargainswhenbookingflightsandyoumightbeabletosaveenoughtotakethatextratripanyway.TheonlyrealbenefitinfrequentflyerscandrawfromanallianceisaninexpensiveroundtheworldThebottomline:forallthemarketinghype,alliancesarenotallthingstoallpeople-buteverybodycangetsomebenefitoutofthem.Whichisthebestwordtodescribeairtravelers’reactiontoairline Accordingtothepassage,settingupairlinealliancewillchieflyNorthAmericanairlinesandtheirdomesticNorthAmericanairlinesandtheirforeignAsianairlinesandtheirforeignAsianairlinesandtheirdomesticWhichofthefollowingisNOTaperceivedadvantageofA.Baggage B.PassengerC. D.OnedisadvantageofallianceforeseenbythecriticsisthatairtravelmaybemoreexpensiveasaresultofA.less B.higheroperationC.less D.morejointAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcategoriesoftravelerswillgainmostfromairlinealliance?TravelerswhoflyfrequentlyeconomyTravelerswhoflyfrequentlybusinessTravelerswhoflyoccasionallyduringTravelerswhoflyeconomyclassonceinawhile.PassagePassage4:Questions76to80arebasedonthefollowingWhydostudentscutclassessofrequently?Icancitetheimmediatecauses,butIfirstwanttonotethattheycancutbecausetheyareallowedto.Theycutbecauseoftheclimateofacceptancethatcomesfromourbeliefthatresponsibilitycanbedevelopedonlywhenoneis,eventoactagainst albestinterests.Thatisamisappliedbeliefinthiscasecanbeeasilydemonstrated.Whensubstantialnumbersofstudentsdonotattend,classroomlearningisdepreciated,studentandteachermoralesuffers,andacademicstandardsarecompromised.Studentswhomissclassesunnecessarilyarehurtingmorethanthemselves.Theyareunderminingwhatcollegesanduniversitiesareallabout.Studentscutfortwogeneralreasons.Theyhavethingstodothatappearmoreimportantthantheclass,ortheywishtoavoidwhattheyfearwillbepainfulconsequencesiftheyattend.Inregardtothefirst,nursinganillnessorattendingfamilyweddingsaregoodexcusesformissingaclass.Butotherexcuses—thedemandsofoutsidejobs.socialengagements(includingrecoveringfromthenightbefore),completingassignmentsforothercourses—are,atbest,questionable.Theothergeneralreasonismoredisturbingandperhapslesswellrecognized.Afewyearsago,Iaskedseveralclasseswhattheymostdislikedaboutthewaycoursesweretaught,andtheanswerwasin—anythingthatproducedsustainedtensionoranxiety.Ibelievecuttingisoftenaresultofthataversion.Theresponseofstudentstofeelingsof alinadequacy,fearofhumiliation.,orathreateningprofessorialalityorteachingstyleisoftensimplytoavoidclass.Thisresponsefeedsonitself,asfrequentabsencesmakeattendingevenmorethreatening.Butwhataccountsforfrequentcuttingwheretheteachertriestomakethematerialinteresting,knowsthestudentsbyname,andapproachesthemwithrespectandhelp?Iacceptthatquestionsasunanswerable.Isimplylmystudents:Attendmyclassesregularlyordropthecourse.That’stheTheword“that”(Line4,Para.1)refers theimmediatecausesofthestudents’absencefromtheauthor’sbeliefthatstudentsarepermittedtocutteachers’toleranceofthestudentswhorarelyshowupinthethebeliefthatdomisessentialincultivatingasenseofWhydouniversitystudentssooftenmissTheareadvisedtorestuntiltheyrecoverfromtheirTheywanttoavoidpainfulfeelingsbroughtbytheTheinadequateallowancesthey themtotakepart-timeTheythinktheteachingqualificationsoftheprofessorsareopentoTheword“aversion”(Line4,Para.3) B)C) D)Whatistheresultofthestudents’frequentTheyarelikelytoavoidmoreTheyhavetolowertheiracademicTheyareinvolvedinmoresocialTheyattachlessimportancetoclassroomWhatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsstudentswhooftencut B)C) D)Passage5:Questions80to85arebasedonthefollowingAmericansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilianclothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Theevisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonwhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayisthereforanurse,aman,abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessionalidentitythantostepoutofuniform?Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible.TheyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianPrimaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithtypesofcivilianItissurprisingthatAmericanswhoworshipvarietyand stilljudgeamanbyhisholdtheuniforminsuchhighenjoyhavingaprofessionalwillrespectanelevatoroperatorasmuchasageneralinPeopleareaccustomedtothinkthatamanin suggestsqualitydiscardshissocialappearstobemorelookssuperiorto incivilianThechieffunctionofauniformis providepracticalbenefitstothemakethewearercatchthepublicinspirethewearer’sconfidenceinprovidethewearerwithaprofessionalAccordingtothepassage,peoplewearing areusuallyhavelittleorno tendtolosetheirenjoygreaterThebesttitleforthispassagewould UniformsandTheImportanceofWearingaPracticalBenefitsofWearingaAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPartⅤTranslation(30minutes,20points)Section1TranslatethefollowingsentenceswhicharemarkedwithunderlineintoAnew,lightweightfuelcellthatrunsonmethanolmayonedaypoweryourelectriccar.Soonerstill,thenewcellmayfuelsmallerdevicessuchasyourlap-topcomputerorphone.Iftheywork,methanolfuelcellscouldbeamajorbreakthroughinenergyconsumptionandconservation.Thebravenewtechnologycoulddrasticallycutairpollutionfromautoemissionsandothersources.86Whethertheyareusedtoruncarsandbusesortomakeelectricityforotherapplications.Fuelcellsoperatebyconvertinghydrogentoelectricitywithoutcombustion.Theyareakintocontinuously-rechargingbatteries.Hydrogenandoxygenarefadintoastackoftesthatcreateelectricity,withharmlesswatervaporastheby-product.Thesesilent,zero-emissiongadgetshavelongbeenusedinNASAspacecraft.Theyrepresentthegreathopeofmanyenvironmentaliststopowerthefirstmass-producedelectriccar.87Whilebatteriesalonehaven’tdtheperformancemostdriverswant,proponentsbelievethatfuelcells,probablycombinedwithbatteries,holdthepromiseofperformance,ra