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免疫球蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的關(guān)系第一頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日SignallingantigenreceptorsonBcells-bifunctionalantigen-binding secretedmolecules(B細(xì)胞表面受體和分泌的抗體)Structuralconservationandinfinitevariability-domainstructure(結(jié)構(gòu)上不僅保守而且無(wú)限可變的).TheImmunoglobulinGeneSuperfamily(免疫球蛋白的超家族)Theimmunoglobulinfold(免疫球蛋白的折疊)Frameworkandcomplementaritydeterminingregions-hypervariable loops(框架結(jié)構(gòu)和可變區(qū))Modesofinteractionswithantigens(與抗原相互作用的模型)Effectormechanismsandisotype–roleoftheFc.(Fc區(qū)的作用)MultimericantibodiesandmultimerisationCharacteristicsandpropertiesofeachIgisotypeIgreceptorsandtheirfunctionsImmunoglobulinStructure-FunctionRelationship第二頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CellsurfaceantigenreceptoronBcellsB細(xì)胞表面受體和分泌的抗體AllowsBcellstosensetheirantigenicenvironmentConnectsextracellularspacewithintracellularsignallingmachinerySecretedantibody(抗體) Neutralisation(中和作用) Arming/recruitingeffectorcells(激活或者誘導(dǎo)功能細(xì)胞) Complementfixation(幫助機(jī)體對(duì)抗原的清除)ImmunoglobulinStructure-FunctionRelationship第三頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ImmunoglobulinsareBifunctionalProteinsImmunoglobulinsmustinteractwithasmallnumberof specialisedmolecules-(免疫球蛋白必須與特殊分子相互作用) Fcreceptorsoncells(細(xì)胞表面的Fc受體) Complementproteins(輔助蛋白) Intracellularcellsignallingmolecules(細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)分子)whilstsimultaneouslyrecognisinganinfinitearrayof antigenicdeterminants.(同時(shí)能夠識(shí)別無(wú)限抗原族)第四頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Structuralconservationandacapacityforinfinitevariabilityina singlemoleculeisprovidedbyaDOMAINstructure.(結(jié)構(gòu)上不僅保守而且無(wú)限可變的-抗體結(jié)構(gòu)域)Igdomainsarederivedfromasingleancestralgenethathas duplicated,diversifiedandbeenmodifiedtoendowan assortmentoffunctionalqualitiesonacommonbasicstructure(Ig結(jié)構(gòu)域源于一個(gè)原始基因,復(fù)制,多元化,修飾等)Igdomainsarenotrestrictedtoimmunoglobulins(Ig結(jié)構(gòu)域不僅僅局限于免疫球蛋白).ThemoststrikingcharacteristicoftheIgdomainisadisulphide bond-linkedstructureof110aminoacidslong(Ig結(jié)構(gòu)域最明顯的特點(diǎn)是其雙硫鍵,連接了110個(gè)氨基酸).Immunoglobulindomains第五頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ThegenesencodingIgdomainsarenotrestrictedtoIggenes.Althoughfirstdiscoveredinimmunoglobulins,theyarefoundinasuperfamilyofrelatedgenes,particularlythoseencodingproteinscrucialtocell-cellinteractionsandmolecularrecognitionsystems.IgSFmoleculesarefoundinmostcelltypesandarepresentacrosstaxonomicboundariesIggenesuperfamily-IgSF第六頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日AntibodiesareProteinsthatRecognizeSpecificAntigens
抗體能夠特異性的識(shí)別抗原第七頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Epitopes(抗原決定簇):AntigenRegionsthatInteractwithAntibodies第八頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ConsequencesofAntibodyBinding
抗體結(jié)合效應(yīng)第九頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CLVLSSSSSSSSCH3CH2CH1VHFcFabF(ab)2Domainsarefolded,compact,proteaseresistantstructuresDomainStructureofImmunoglobulins免疫球蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)域Pepsincleavagesites-1x(Fab)2&1xFcPapaincleavagesites-2xFab1xFcLightchainCdomainskorlHeavychainCdomainsa,d,e,g,orm第十頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CH3第十一頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CH3CH2第十二頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1第十三頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1VH1第十四頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1VH1VL第十五頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1VH1CLVL第十六頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CH3CH2CH1VH1CLVL第十七頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日HingeCH3CH2CH1VH1VLCLElbow第十八頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CH3CH2FbFvFvFvFbFvHingeElbowCH3CH2FbFvFlexibilityandmotionofimmunoglobulins第十九頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日HingeFvFbFabCH3CH2CH1VH1VLCLFcElbowCarbohydrate第二十頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日TheImmunoglobulinFoldThecharacteristicstructuralmotifofallIgdomainsBarrelunderconstructionAbarrelmadeofasheetofstavesarrangedinafoldedoversheetAbbarrelof7(CL)or8(VL)polypeptidestrandsconnectedbyloopsandarrangedtoencloseahydrophobicinteriorSingleVLdomain第二十一頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日UnfoldedVLregionshowing8antiparallelb-pleatedsheetsconnectedbyloops.NH2COOHSSTheImmunoglobulinFold第二十二頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Immunoglobulinsmustinteractwithafinitenumberof specialisedmolecules-EasilyexplainedbyacommonFcregionirrespectiveofspecificity-whilstsimultaneouslyrecognisinganinfinitearrayof antigenicdeterminants.Inimmunoglobulins,whatisthestructuralbasisfortheinfinitediversityneededtomatchtheantigenicuniverse?ImmunoglobulinsareBifunctionalProteins第二十三頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日AminoacidNo.Variability8010060402020406080100120CytochromesCVariabilityofaminoacidsinrelatedproteinsWu&Kabat1970AminoacidNo.Variability8010060402020406080100120HumanIgheavychains第二十四頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日FR1FR2FR3FR4CDR2CDR3CDR1Distinctregionsofhighvariabilityandconservationledtotheconcept ofaFRAMEWORK(FR),onwhichhypervariableregionswere suspended.FrameworkandHypervariableregionsAminoacidNo.Variability8010060402020406080100120Mosthypervariableregionscoincidedwithantigencontactpoints- theCOMPLEMENTARITYDETERMININGREGIONS(CDRs)第二十五頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日HypervariableregionsHypervariableCDRsarelocatedonloopsattheendoftheFvregions第二十六頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Space-fillingmodelof(Fab)2,viewedfromabove,illustratingthesurfacelocationofCDRloopsLightchains GreenandbrownHeavychains CyanandblueCDRs Yellow第二十七頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日TheframeworksupportsthehypervariableloopsTheframeworkformsacompactbbarrel/sandwichwitha hydrophobiccoreThehypervariableloopsjoin,andaremoreflexiblethan,theb strandsThesequencesofthehypervariableloopsarehighlyvariable amongstantibodiesofdifferentspecificitiesThevariablesequencesofthehypervariableloopsinfluences theshape,hydrophobicityandchargeatthetipoftheantibodyVariableaminoacidsequenceinthehypervariableloops accountsforthediversityofantigensthatcanberecognisedby arepertoireofantibodiesHypervariableloopsandframework:Summary第二十八頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日AntigensvaryinsizeandcomplexityProtein:InfluenzahaemagglutininHapten:5-(para-nitrophenylphosphonate)-pentanoicacid.第二十九頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日AntibodiesinteractwithantigensinavarietyofwaysAntigeninsertsintoapocketintheantibodyAntigeninteractswithanextendedantibodysurfaceoragrooveintheantibodysurface第三十頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CH3CH2FbFvFvFvFbFvHingeElbowCH3CH2FbFvFlexibilityandmotionofimmunoglobulins第三十一頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日30stronglyneutralisingMcAb60stronglyneutralisingMcAbFabregions60weaklyneutralisingMcAbFabregionsHumanRhinovirus14-acommoncoldvirus30nmModelsofHumanRhinovirus14neutralisedbymonoclonalantibodies第三十二頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ElectronmicrographsofAntibodiesandcomplementopsonisingEpsteinBarrVirus(EBV)NegativelystainedEBVEBVcoatedwithacoronaofanti-EBVantibodiesEBVcoatedwithantibodiesandactivatedcomplementcomponents第三十三頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Antibody+complement-mediateddamagetoE.coliHealthyE.coliElectronmicrographsoftheeffectofantibodiesandcomplementuponbacteria第三十四頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Non-covalentforcesinantibody-antigeninteractionsElectrostaticforces AttractionbetweenoppositechargesHydrogenbonds HydrogenssharedbetweenelectronegativeatomsVanderWaal’sforces Fluctuationsinelectroncloudsaroundmolecules oppositelypolariseneighbouringatomsHydrophobicforces Hydrophobicgroupspacktogethertoexclude water(involvesVanderWaal’sforces)第三十五頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日WhydoantibodiesneedanFcregion?DetectantigenPrecipitateantigenBlocktheactivesitesoftoxinsorpathogen-associated moleculesBlockinteractionsbetweenhostandpathogen-associated moleculesThe(Fab)2fragmentcan-InflammatoryandeffectorfunctionsassociatedwithcellsInflammatoryandeffectorfunctionsofcomplementThetraffickingofantigensintotheantigenprocessing pathwaysbutcannotactivate第三十六頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日StructureandfunctionoftheFcregionCH3CH2IgAIgDIgGCH4CH3CH2IgEIgMThehingeregionisreplacedbyanadditionalIgdomainFcstructureiscommontoallspecificitiesofantibodywithinanISOTYPE(althoughthereareallotypes)Thestructureactsasareceptorforcomplementproteinsandaligandforcellularbindingsites第三十七頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日MonomericIgMIgMonlyexistsasamonomeronthesurfaceofBcellsCm4containsthetransmembraneandcytoplasmicregions.TheseareremovedbyRNAsplicingtoproducesecretedIgMMonomericIgMhasaverylowaffinityforantigenCm4Cm3Cm2Cm1N.B.Onlyconstantheavychaindomainsareshown第三十八頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Cm3bindsC1qtoinitiateactivationoftheclassicalcomplementpathwayCm1bindsC3btofacilitateuptakeofopsonisedantigensbymacrophagesCm4mediatesmultimerisation(Cm3mayalsobeinvolved)Cm4Cm3Cm2Cm1N.B.OnlyconstantheavychaindomainsareshownPolymericIgMIgMformspentamersandhexamers第三十九頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日CCCCCCMultimerisationofIgMCm4Cm3Cm2CCCm4Cm3Cm2CCCm4Cm3Cm2CCCm4Cm3Cm2CCCm4Cm3Cm2CCssssssCCss1.TwoIgMmonomersintheER (Fcregionsonlyshown)2.CysteinesintheJchainformdisulphidebondswithcysteinesfromeachmonomertoformadimer3.AJchaindetachesleavingthedimerdisulphidebonded.4.AJchaincapturesanotherIgMmonomerandjoinsittothedimer.5.Thecycleisrepeatedtwicemore6.TheJchainremainsattachedtotheIgMpentamer.第四十頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Antigen-inducedconformationalchangesinIgMPlanaror‘Starfish’conformationfoundinsolution.DoesnotfixcomplementStapleor‘crab’conformationofIgMConformationchangeinducedbybindingtoantigen.Efficientatfixingcomplement第四十一頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日IgMfactsandfiguresHeavychain:
m-MuHalf-life:
5to10days%ofIginserum: 10Serumlevel(mgml-1):
0.25-3.1Complementactivation:
++++byclassicalpathwayInteractionswithcells:
PhagocytesviaC3breceptors
EpithelialcellsviapolymericIgreceptorTransplacentaltransfer:
NoAffinityforantigen:
MonomericIgM-lowaffinity-valencyof2
PentamericIgM-highavidity-valencyof10第四十二頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日IgDfactsandfiguresIgDisco-expressedwithIgMonBcellsduetodifferentialRNAsplicingLevelofexpressionexceedsIgMonna?veBcellsIgDplasmacellsarefoundinthenasalmucosa-howeverthefunctionofIgDinhostdefenceisunknown-knockoutmiceinconclusiveLigationofIgDwithantigencanactivate,deleteoranergiseBcellsExtendedhingeregionconferssusceptibilitytoproteolyticdegradationHeavychain:
d-DeltaHalf-life:
2to8days%ofIginserum: 0.2Serumlevel(mgml-1):
0.03-0.4Complementactivation:
NoInteractionswithcells:
TcellsvialectinlikeIgDreceptorTransplacentaltransfer:
No第四十三頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日IgAdimerisationandsecretionIgAisthemajorisotypeofantibodysecretedatmucosalsufacesExistsinserumasamonomer,butmoreusuallyasaJchain-linkeddimer,thatisformedinasimilarmannertoIgMpentamers.JCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssIgAexistsintwosubclassesIgA1ismostlyfoundinserumandmadebybonemarrowBcellsIgA2ismostlyfoundinmucosalsecretions,colostrumandmilkandismadebyBcellslocatedinthemucosae第四十四頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日EpithelialcellJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssSecretoryIgAandtranscytosisBJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCsspIgR&IgAareinternalised‘Stalk’ofthepIgRisdegradedtoreleaseIgAcontainingpartofthepIgR-thesecretorycomponentJCCSSSSCCSSSSCCssIgAandpIgRaretransportedtotheapicalsurfaceinvesiclesBcellslocatedinthesubmucosaproducedimericIgAPolymericIgreceptorsareexpressedonthebasolateralsurfaceofepithelialcellstocaptureIgAproducedinthemucosa第四十五頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日IgAfactsandfiguresHeavychains:
a1
ora2-Alpha1or2Half-life:
IgA15-7days
IgA24-6daysSerumlevels(mgml-1):
IgA11.4-4.2
IgA20.2-0.5%ofIginserum: IgA111-14
IgA21-4Complementactivation:
IgA1-byalternativeandlectinpathway
IgA2-NoInteractionswithcells:
EpithelialcellsbypIgR
PhagocytesbyIgAreceptorTransplacentaltransfer:
NoToreducevulnerabilitytomicrobialproteasesthehingeregionofIgA2istruncated,andinIgA1thehingeisheavilyglycosylated.IgAisinefficientatcausinginflammationandelicitsprotectionbyexcluding,binding,cross-linkingmicroorganismsandfacilitatingphagocytosis第四十六頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日IgEfactsandfiguresIgEappearslateinevolutioninaccordancewithitsroleinprotectingagainstparasiteinfectionsMostIgEisabsorbedontothehighaffinityIgEreceptorsofeffectorcellsIgEisalsocloselylinkedwithallergicdiseasesHeavychain: e-EpsilonHalf-life:
1-5daysSerumlevel(mgml-1):
0.0001-0.0002%ofIginserum: 0.004Complementactivation:
NoInteractionswithcells:
ViahighaffinityIgEreceptorsexpressed bymastcells,eosinophils,basophils andLangerhanscells
VialowaffinityIgEreceptoronBcells andmonocytesTransplacentaltransfer:
No第四十七頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ThehighaffinityIgEreceptor(FceRI)achainbchaing2SSSSSSCe1Ce1Ce2Ce2Ce3Ce3Ce4Ce4Ce1Ce1Ce2Ce2Ce3Ce3Ce4Ce4TheIgE-FceRIinteractionisthehighestaffinityofanyFcreceptorwithanextremelylowdissociationrate.BindingofIgEtoFceRIincreasesthehalflifeofIgECe3ofIgEinteractswiththeachainofFceRIcausingaconformationalchange.第四十八頁(yè),共五十二頁(yè),2022年,8月28日IgGfactsandfiguresHeavychains:
g1g2g3g4-Gamma1-4Half-life:
IgG1 21-24days IgG2 21-24days
IgG3 7-8days IgG4 21-24daysSerumlevel(mgml-1):
IgG1 5-12 IgG2 2-6
IgG3 0.5-1 IgG4 0.2-1%ofIginserum: IgG1 45-53 IgG2 11-15
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