成果gmat寫作講義

GMAT寫作課yticalWritingJustinPracticeneverAWA高頻邏輯錯誤考Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocal"Commuteruseofthenewsubwaytrainisexceedingthetransit 'sprojections.However,commuteruseoftheshuttlebusesthattransportpeopletothesubwaystationsisbelowtheprojectedvolume.Ifthetransit expectscommuterstoridetheshuttlebusestothesubwayratherthandrivethere,itmusteitherreducetheshuttlebusfaresorincreasethepriceofparkingatthesubwaystations."(Argument28)Theargumentdependsonanunprovencauseandeffectrelationshipbetweentheunexpectedlylowshuttlebususageandshuttlebusfaresorstationparkingfees.Thereasonfortheunexpectedlylowshuttlebususagemighthavenothingtodowitheithershuttlebusfaresorstationparkingfees.Forinstance,commuterawarenessoftheshuttlebusoptionmightbegrowingmoreslowlythananticipated.Forthatmatter,manycommutersmightbeawareofridingthebusesduetoarecentshuttlebusaccident.Withoutrulingouttheseandotheralternativeexnationsforthelowshuttlebususage,theauthorcannotreasonablyconcludethatadjustingshuttlefaresorstationparkingfeeswillhaveanyeffectonthatusage.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper."InthefirstfourthatMontoyahasservedasmayorofthecityofSanPerdito,thepopulationhasdecreasedandtheunemploymentratehasincreased.Twobusinesseshaveclosedforeachnewbusinessthathasopened.UnderVarro,whoservedasmayorforfouryearsbeforeMontoya,theunemploymentratedecreasedandthepopulationincreased.Clearly,theresidentsofSanPerditowouldbebestservediftheyvotedMontoyaoutofofficeandreelectedVarro."(Argument11)TheauthorassumesthattheMontoyaadministrationcausedtheunemploymentinSanPerditoaswellasitspopulationloss.ThelineofreasoningisthatbecauseMontoyawaselectedbeforetheriseinunemploymentandthedeclineinpopulation,theformereventcausedthelatter.Butthisisfallaciousreasoningunlessotherpossiblecausalexnationshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsastatewideornationwiderecessionisthecauseoftheseevents.Orperhapsthecurrenteconomicdownturnispanofalargerpictureofeconomiccyclesandtrends,andhasnothingtodowithwhohappenstobemayor.YetanotherpossibilityisthatVarroenjoyedaperiodofeconomicstabilityandVarro'sownadministrationsetthestagefortheunemploymentandthedeclineinpopulationthecityisnowexperiencingunderMontoya.Thefollowingappearedinamemofromthemayorofthetownof"Twoyearsago,thetownofOceanViewbuiltanewmunicipalgolfcourseandresortho.Duringthepasttwoyears,tourisminOceanViewhasincreased,newbusinesseshaveopenedthere,andOceanView'staxrevenueshaverisenby30percent.Therefore,thebestwaytoimproveHopewell'seconomy,andgenerateadditionaltaxrevenues,istobuildagolfcourseandresorthosimilartothoseinOceanView."ItispossiblethatthemayorhasconfusedcausewitheffectrespectingtherecentdevelopmentsinOceanView.PerhapsOceanView'sconstructionofanewgolfcourseandhowasaresponsetopreviousincreasesintourismandbusinessdevelopment increasesthathave duringthemostrecenttwoyears.Sincethemayorhasfailedtoaccountforthispossibility,theclaimthatHopewellwouldboostitseconomybyalsoconstructingagolfcourseandhoiscompleyunwarranted.ThemayorfailstoaccountforotherpossiblecausesofthetrendsinOceanViewduringthelasttwoyears.Theincreaseintourismmighthavebeenduetoimprovingeconomicconditionsnationwide,ortounusuallypleasantweatherintheregion.ThenewbusinessesthathaveopenedinOceanViewmighthaveopenedthereirrespectiveofthenewgolfcourseandho.And,the30%increaseintaxrevenuesmighthavebeentheresultofanincreaseintaxrates,ortheadditionofanewtypeofmunicipaltax.WithoutrulingouttheseandotheralternativeexnationsforthethreerecenttrendsinOceanView,themayorcannotreasonablyinferbasedonthosetrendsthatHopewell'seconomywouldbenefitbyfollowingOceanView'sexample.ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromaviceoftheMegamartdepartmentstorechain."Forthethirdyearinarow,theaveragehousehold einourcountryhasrisensignificantly.Thatprosperitymeansthatfamiliesarelikelytobespendingmoretimeandmoneyonleisureactivities.Megamartstoresshouldthereforeconcentrateonenlargingandpromotingitslineofproductstypicallyusedinleisureactivities:athleticandoutdoorequipment,evisions,gourmetcookingequipment,andluggageandtravelaccessories."ThefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportsenttostockholdersbyOlympicFoods,aprocessoroffrozenfoods:“Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,they emoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3by5inchprintfellfrom50centsforfivedayservicein1970to20centsforonedayservicein1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateits25thbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthus izeprofits.”Itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolorfilmprocessingindustryareapplicabletothefoodprocessingindustry.Differencesbetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thusmakingtheogylessthanvalid.Forexample,problemsofspoilage,contamination,andtimelytransportationallaffectthefoodindustrybutarevirtuallyabsentinthefilmprocessingindustry.Problemssuchasthesemightpresentinsurmountableobstaclesthatpreventloweringfoodprocessingcostsinthefuture.Thefollowingappearedinanarticleinacollegedepartmental“ProfessorTaylorofJonesUniversityispromotingamodelofforeignlanguageinstructioninwhichstudentsreceive10weeksofintensivetraining,thengoabroadtolivewithfamiliesfor10weeks.Thesuperiorityofthemodel,ProfessorTaylorcontends,isprovedbytheresultsofastudyinwhichforeignlanguagetestsgiventostudentsat25othercollegesshowthatfirstyearforeignlanguagestudentsatJonesspeakmorefluentlyafteronly10to20weeksintheprogramthandonineoutof10foreignlanguagemajorselsewhereatthetimeoftheirgraduation.”TheargumentisbasedontheassumptionthatstudentsfromProfessorTaylor’sprogramhavelearnedmorethanforeignlanguagestudentsatotheruniversities.However,wearenotgivenenoughinformationaboutthestudytobesurethatthiscomparisonisreliable.Forexample,thearticledoesnotluswhethertheforeignlanguagestudentsatJonesweregiventhetests;itonlyreportsthatthetestsinquestionwere"giventostudentsat25othercolleges."IfJonesstudentswerenottested,thennobasisexistsforcomparingthemtostudentsattheotheruniversities.Inaddition,thearticledoesnotindicatewhetherstudentsatalltheuniversities,includingJones,weregiventhesametests.Ifnot,thenagainnobasisexistsforthecomparison.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinahealthclubtrade“Afterexperiencingadeclineinusagebyitsmembers,HealthyHeartfitnesscenterbuiltanindoorpool.Sinceusagedidnotincreasesignificantly,itappearsthathealthclubmanagersshouldadoptanotherapproachloweringmembershipfeesratherthaninstallingexpensivenewfeatures.”Theconclusionthatinstallingnewfeaturesatfitnesscenterswillnotincreasememberusageisbasedontoosmallasampletobereliable.TheonlyevidenceofferedinsupportofthisconclusionisthefactthatHealthyHeartFitnessCenterdidnotexperienceanincrease.UnlessitcanbeshownthatHealthyHeartistypicalofallfitnesscenters,thefactthatitexperiencednoincreaseinmemberusageisnotgroundsforconcludingthatallfitnesscenterswillexperiencesimilarresults.Thefollowingappearedinanewspaperstorygivingadviceabout“Asoveralllifeexpectancycontinuestorise,thepopulationofourcountryisgrowingincreasinglyolder.Forexample,morethan20percentoftheresidentsofoneofourmorepopulatedregionsarenowatleast65yearsold,andoccupancyratesatresortho sinthatregiondeclinedsignificantlyduringthepastsixmonths.Becauseofthesetworelatedtrends,aprudentinvestorwouldbewelladvisedtosellinterestinho sandinvestinhospitalsandnursinghomesinstead.”Theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupporttheclaimthatthepopulationasawholeisagingandthatthehooccupancyrateingeneralisdeclining.Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveofthesetrends,isinsufficienttowarranttheirtruthbecausethereisnoreasontobelievethatdatadrawnfromthisunnamedregionisrepresentativeoftheentirecountry.Forexample,iftheregionfromwhichthedatawasgatheredwasFlorida,itwouldclearlybeunrepresentative.Thereasonforthisisobvious.Floridaispopulatedbyadisproportionatenumberofretiredpeopleover65yearsoldandisaverypopularvacationdestinationduringthewintermonths.Moreover,resorthooccupancyinFloridatypicallydeclinessignificantlyduringthesummermonths.AmongNewtrueemployeesparticipatinginourdepartment’smostrecentsurvey,abouthalfindicatedthattheyarehappywithourcurrentfourdayworkweek.ThesesurveyresultsshowthatthemosteffectivewaytoimproveoverallproductivityatNewtrueistoalloweachemployeetochooseforhimselforherselfeitherafourdayorfivedayworkweek.問題：Thesurveymethodologymightbeproblematicintworespects.First,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyrequiredthatrespondentschoosetheirworkweekpreferencebetweenthetwoalternatives.Ifitdid,thentheresultsmightdistortthepreferencesoftherespondents,whomightverywellpreferaworkschedulechoicenotprovidedforinthesurvey.Secondly,wearenotinformedwhethersurveyresponseswereanonymousoreven.Iftheywerenot,thenrespondentsmighthaveprovidedresponsesthattheybelievedtheirsuperiorswouldapproveof,regardlessofwhethertheresponsesweretruthful.Ineitherevent,thesurveyresultswo^beunreliableforthepurposeofdrawinganyconclusionsaboutNewtrueemployeepreferences,letaloneabouthowtoimproveoverallproductivityatNewtrue.WhoconductedtheThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthehumanresourcesdepartmentofDiversifiedManufacturing:“Managersatourcentralofficereportthattheiremployeestendtobemostproductiveinthedaysimmedia yprecedingavacation.Tohelpcoun ourdecliningmarketshare,wecouldincreasetheproductivityofourprofessionalstaffmembers,whocurrentlyreceivefourweekspaidvacationayear,bylimitingthemtoaumofoneweek’scontinuousvacationtime.Theywillthustakemorevacationbreaksduringayearandgiveusmoredaysofumproductivity.”SampleThememoprovidesnoevidencethatthereportsfromthemanagersarereliable.Themanagersallhavevestedinterestsinthevacationpolicies,andthereforemighthavefabricatedthereportssothatthe wouldadoptpoliciesthattheywouldpreferforthemselves.Thememo’sauthormustfirstconvincemethatthereportsarenotbiased.ThenIcouldbegintoconsiderthedepartment’s ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthedirectorofhumanresourcestotheexecutiveofficersofX:“Lastyear,wesurveyedouremployeesonimprovementsneededatXbyhavingthemrank,inorderofimportance,theissuespresentedinalistofpossibleimprovements.Improvedcommunicationsbetweenemployeesandmanagementwasconsistentlyrankedastheissueofhighestimportancebytheemployeeswhorespondedtothesurvey.Asyouknow,wehavesinceinstitutedregularcommunicationssessionsconductedbyhigh-levelmanagement,whichtheemployeescanattendonavoluntarybasis.Therefore,itislikelythatmostemployeesatXnowfeelthattheimprovementmostneededatthe hasbeenmade.”SampleEvenifthesurveyaccurayrankscertainissuesaccordingtolevelofemployeeconcern,thehighestrankedissueinthesurveymightnotbetheissueaboutwhichemployeesaremostconcerned.Why?Theimprovementmostneededfromthepointofviewoftheemployeesmightnothaveappearedasoneofthechoicesonthesurvey.Sincethelistofimprovementspresentedonthesurveywascreatedbymanagementratherthanbytheemployees,theissuesofgreatestconcerntotheemployeesmightnotbeincludedonthelist.Lackinginformationabouthowthesurveywasprepared,itisimpossibletoassessitsreliability.Consequently,anyconclusionbasedonitishighlyArethestatisticsmisleadinglyThefollowingappearedasapartofanadvertisementforAdams,whoisseekingreelectionas “ReelectAdams,andyouwillbevotingforprovenleadershipinimprovingthestate’seconomy.Overthepastyearalone,70percentofthestate’sworkershavehadincreasesintheirwages,5,000newjobshavebeencreated,andsixcorporationshavelocatedtheirheadquartershere.MostoftherespondentsinarecentpollsaidtheybelievedthattheeconomyislikelytocontinuetoimproveifAdamsisreelected.Adams’sopponent,Zebulon,wouldleadourstateinthewrongdirection,becauseZebulondisagreeswithmanyofAdams’seconomicpolicies.”SampleFirst,thestatisticsareintendedtosupportthemainclaimthatthestateiseconomicallybetteroffwithAdamsasernor.Butthesestatisticsarevagueandoversimplified,andthusmaydistortthestate’soveralleconomicpicture.Forexample,stateworkers'payraisesmayhavebeenminusculeandmaynothavekeptupwithcostoflivingorwithpayforstateworkersinotherstates.Moreover,the5,000newjobsmayhavebeentoofewtobringstateunemploymentratesdownsignificantly;atthesametime,manyjobsmayhavebeenlost.Next,thepollcitedbytheauthorisdescribedinthevaguestpossibleterms.Theaddoesnotindicatewhoconductedthepoll,whoresponded,orhowthepollwasconducted.Untilthesequestionsareanswered,thesurveyresultsareworthlessasevidenceforpublicopinionaboutAdamsorhiseconomicpolicies.Finally,whilewehaveonlyvagueandpossiblydistortedevidencethatthestateisbetteroffwithAdams,wehaveabsoluynoevidencethatitwouldbeworseoffwithZebulon.Giventhatthestateeconomyisgoodatthemoment,noneoftheauthor'sreasonsestablishesthatAdamsisthecauseofthis,andneitherdotheyestablishthatthestatewouldn'tbeevenbetteroffwithsomeoneelseinoffice.WhenwasthesurveyThefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofanewspaperinthecountryofWestCambria:“Thepracticeofofficiallychangingspeedlimitsonthehighways—whetherbyincreasingordecreasingthem—isadangerousone.ConsiderwhathappenedoverthepastdecadewheneverneighboringEastCambriachangeditsspeedlimits:anaverageof3percentmoreautoaccidentsoccurredduringtheweekfollowingthechangethanhadoccurredduringtheweekprecedingit—evenwhenthespeedlimitwaslowered.Thisstatisticshowsthatthechangeinspeedlimitadverselyaffectedthealertnessofdrivers.”SampleItisunlikelythatthebriefone-weekperiodsundercomparisonarerepresentativeoflongertimeperiods.Adifferenceofonly3percentduringoneparticularweekcaneasilybeattributedtootherfactors,suchasheavyholidaytrafficorbadweather,orbyproblemswithreportingorsampling.Hadtheeditorialindicatedthatseveralspeed-limitchangesinEastCambriacontributedtothestatistic,theargumentwouldbemoreconvincing;butforallweknow,thestatisticisbasedononlyonesuchchange.Inanyevent,aone-weekperiodistoobrieftoberepresentativebecauseitislikelythataccidentswilloccurmorefrequentlyimmediayfollowingthechange,whilepeopleadjusttothenewlimit,thanoverthelongertermwhendrivershave eaccustomedtothechange.Thefollowingappearedaspartofalettertotheeditorofalocal“Itmakesnosensethatinmostces15yearoldsarenoteligiblefortheirdriver’slicensewhilepeoplewhoarefaroldercanretainalloftheirdrivingprivilegesbysimplyrenewingtheirlicense.Ifolderdriverscangettheserenewals,oftenwithouthavingtopassanotherdrivingtest,then15yearoldsshouldbeeligibletogetalicense.Fifteenyearoldstypicallyhavemuchbettereyesight,especiallyatnight;muchbetterhandeyecoordination;andmuchquickerreflexes.Theyarealsolesslikelytofeelconfusedbyunexpecteddevelopmentsordisorientedinunfamiliarsurroundings,andtheyrecoverfrominjuriesmorequickly.”Evenifitisgrantedthatfifteenyearoldspossessbetternightvision,reflexes,handeyecoordinationandarelessdisorientedinunfamiliarsurroundingsthanolderdrivers,theseabilitiesdonotqualifythemtoobtainadriver'slicense.Theauthorassumesthatphysicalcapabilitiesaretheonlyattributesnecessarytooperateamotorvehicle.Butthisassumptionisclearlymistaken.Inadditiontotheseabilities,driversmustbeabletoexercisegoodjudgmentinalltypesofdrivingsituationsandconditionsandmustbecognizantoftheconsequencesoftheirdecisionsandactionswhendriving.Itisbecause15yearoldstypicallylacktheseabilitiesthattheyaredenieddrivingThefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinapopularscience“Scientistsmusttypicallywork60to80hoursaweekiftheyhopetofurthertheircareers;consequently,goodandaffordablealldaychildcaremustbemadeavailabletobothmaleandfemalescientistsiftheyaretoadvanceintheirfields.Moreover,requirementsforcareeradvancementmustbemademoreflexiblesothatpreschoolagechildrencanspendasignificantportionofeachdaywithaparent.”Inthisargument,theauthorassertsthatinorderforscientist,maleandfemalealike,tofurthertheircareer,theymusthaveaccesstogood,affordable,alldaychildcare.However,theauthorfailstoconsiderandruleoutotheroptionsforensuringpropercareforscientists'childrenduringtheworkday.Forinstance,ascientistwhosespouse(orpartner)hastimeduringeachdaytospendwiththeirchildrequiresnoprofessionaldaycare.Besides,manyscientistparents,includingsingleparentscientists,mighthavefriendsorrelativeswhocanprovidechildcare.Furthermore,childlessscientistsorscientistswhosechildrenareoldenoughtotakecarethemselveswillhavenoneedfortheservicesadvocatedinthisargument.Thus,totheextentthatscientistshaveotheroptionstoensuredaycarefortheirchildren,theauthor’sassertionthatscientistsmusthaveaccesstogood,affordable,alldaychildcareisunwarranted.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocal“ApplicationsforadvertisingspotsonKMTV,ourlocalcableevisionchannel,decreasedlastyear.Meanwhileaneighboringtown’slocalchannel,KOOP,changeditsfocustofarmingissuesandreportedanincreaseinadvertisingapplicationsfortheyear.Toincreaseapplicationsforitsadvertisementspots,KMTVshouldfocusitsprogrammingonfarmingissuesaswell.”Theargumentdependsontheassumptionthattheproposedchangeis,theonlywayKMTVcanstimulateadvertisingapplications.Commonsenselsmethatthereareothersuchwaysreducingadvertisingrates,improvingprogrammingquality,orextendingbroadcastrange,tolistjustafew.Theauthormustexineitherwhynoneoftheseoptionsareavailableorwhytheywouldfailtostimulateapplications.Otherwise,Icannotacceptthattheproposedchangeisnecessary.Inaddition,theauthorfurtherassumesthattheproposedprogrammingchangewouldsufficetobringaboutthedesiredincrease.However,ifitturnsoutthatlastyear'sdeclinewasduetoacombinationoffactorssomeofwhichremainunchangedinthefuture,amereprogrammingshiftmightnothaveastimulatingimpactonapplications.Thefollowingispartofabusinessnbeingdiscussedataboardmeetingofthe:“ItisnolongercosteffectiveforthePerkstocontinueofferingitsemployeesagenerouspackageofbenefitsandincentivesyearafteryear.Inperiodswhennationalunemploymentratesarelow,Perksmayneedtooffersuchapackageinordertoattractandkeepgoodemployees,butsincenationalunemploymentratesarenowhigh,Perksdoesnotneedtoofferthesamebenefitsandincentives.Themoneythussavedcouldbebetterusedtotobuildanadditionalnt.”Theauthorreliesonthereasoningthatitisunnecessarytopayrelativelyhighwagesduringperiodsofhighunemploymentbecausethemarketwillsupplymanygoodemployeesatlowerratesofpay.Whilethisreasoningmaybesoundinageneralsense,theparticularindustrythatPerksisinvolvedinmaynotberepresentativeofunemploymentlevelsgenerally.ItispossiblethatrelativelyfewunemployedpeoplehavethetypeofqualificationsthatmatchjobopeningsatPerks.Ifthisisthecase,theclaimthatitiseasiernowtoattractgoodemployeesatlowerwagesisillfounded.Thefollowingappearedinanarticleinthehealthsectionofa“Thereisacommonmisconceptionthatuniversityhospitalsarebetterthancommunityorprivatehospitals.Thisnotionisunfounded,however:theuniversityhospitalsinourregionemploy15percentfewerdoctors,havea20percentlowersuccessrateintreatingpatients,makefarlessoverallprofit,andpaytheirmedicalstaffconsiderablylessthandoprivatehospitals.Furthermore,manydoctorsatuniversityhospitalstypicallydividetheirtimeamongteaching,conductingresearch,andtreatingpatients.Fromthisitseemsclearthatthequalityofcareatuniversityhospitalsislowerthanthatatotherkindsofhospitals.”Themostegregiousreasoningerrorintheargumentistheauthor'suseofevidencepertainingtouniversityhospitalsinthisregionasthebasisforageneralizationaboutalluniversityhospitals.TheunderlyingassumptionIoperativeinthisinferenceisthatuniversityhospitalsinthisregionarerepresentativeofalluniversityhospitals.NoevidenceisofferedtosupportthisgratuitousThefollowingappearedinamemorandumwrittenbythechairofthemusicdepartmenttotheofOmegaUniversity:“Mentalhealthexpertshaveobservedthatsymptomsofmentalillnessarelesspronouncedinmanypatientsaftergroupmusictherapysessions,andjobopeningsinthemusictherapyfieldhaveincreasedduringthepastyear.Consequently,graduatesfromourdegreeprogramformusicthesshouldhavenotroublefindinggoodpositions.TohelpimprovethefinancialstatusofOmegaUniversity,weshouldthereforeexpandourmusictherapydegreeprogrambyincreasingitsenrollmenttargets.”Theargumentdependsontheassumptionthatinthefuture,therewillcontinuetobesufficientjobopeningsinmusictherapyforOmegagraduates.However,arecentoneyearincreaseisinsufficientevidenceitselftoconvincemethatthistrendwillcontinue,providingareadyjobsupplyfornewOmegagraduates.Moreover,shouldthistrendactuallyreverse,thenadoptingthechair'sproposalmightresultinadecreaseinOmega'sjobcementrate,whichmightverywellhaveanegativeimpactontheschool'soverallreputationand,inturn,itsfinancialstatus.Thefollowingappearedaspartofthebusinessnofaninvestmentandfinancialconsultingfirm:“Studiessuggestthatanaveragecoffeedrinker’sconsumptionofcoffeeincreaseswithage,fromage10throughage60.Evenafterage60,coffeeconsumptionremainshigh.Theaveragecoladrinker’sconsumptionofcola,however,declineswithincreasingage.Bothofthesetrendshaveremainedstableforthepast40years.Giventhatthenumberofolderadultswillsignificantlyincreaseasthepopulationagesoverthenext20years,itfollowsthatthedemandforcoffeewillincreaseandthedemandforcolawilldecreaseduringthisperiod.Weshould,therefore,considertransferringourinvestmentsfromColaLocatoEarlyBirdCoffee.”Theargumentassumesthatrelativesupplyconditionswillremainunchangedoverthenexttwentyyears.However,thesupplyandcostofcolaandcoffeebeans,aswellasothercostsofngbusinessasaproducerofcoffeeorcola,mayfluctuategreatlyoveralongtimeperiod.Thesefactorsmayaffectcomparativepricesofcoffeeandcola,whichinturnmayaffectcomparativedemandandthevalueofinvestmentsincoffeeandcolacompanies.Withoutconsideringotherfactorsthatcontributetothevalueofacoffeeorcola ,thefirmcannotjustifyits Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocal“Commuteruseofthenewsubwaytrainisexceedingthetransit ’sprojections.However,commuteruseoftheshuttlebusesthattransportpeopletothesubwaystationsisbelowtheprojectedvolume.Ifthetransit expectscommuterstoridetheshuttlebusestothesubwayratherthandrivethere,itmusteitherreducetheshuttlebusfaresorincreasethepriceofparkingatthesubwaystations.”Theauthorassumesthatreducingshuttlefeesandincreasingparkingfeesaremutuallyexclusivealternatives.However,theauthorprovidesnoreasonforimposinganeither/orchoice.Adjustingbothshuttlefaresandparkingfeesmightproducebetterresults.Moreover,iftheauthoriswrongintheassumptionthatparkingfeesandshuttlefeesaretheonlypossiblecausesoftheproblem,thenthemosteffectivesolutionmightincludeacombinationofchangesforexample,inshuttlefares,parkingfees,rerouting,andrescheduling.GMAT題庫精Thefollowingappearedintheopinioncolumnofafinancial“Onaverage,middle-agedconsumersdevote39percentoftheirretailexpendituretodepartmentstoreproductsandservices,whileforyoungerconsumerstheaverageisonly25percent.Sincethenumberofmiddle-agedpeoplewillincreasedramaticallywithinthenextdecade,departmentstorescanexpectretailsalestoincreasesignificantlyduringthatperiod.Furthermore,totakeadvantageofthetrend,thesestoresshouldbegintorecesomeofthoseproductsintendedtoattracttheyoungerconsumerwithproductsintendedtoattractthemiddle-agedconsumer.”O(jiān)utlineFirst,theargumentomitstheassumptionthatthebusinessvolumesofboththemiddle-agedconsumersandtheyoungerconsumersarethesame.Anincreaseinthenumberofmiddle-agedpeopledoesnotnecessarilyportendanoverallincreaseindepartment-storesales.Theauthorunfairlyassumesthatprofitsfromsellingdifferentgoodsarethesame.Asyoungerconsumersmaynotbuythesameproductsasmiddle-agedconsumers,moresalesdon’tnecessarilymeanmoreprofits.Theauthor’sconclusionisbasedonanunfoundedassumptionthatthenumberofyoungerconsumersnotincreaseinthenextOutlineInthefirstce,theargumentignorestheactualamountofretailexpenditureofbothmiddle-agedandyoungerconsumersdevotedtodepartmentstoreproductsandservices.Inthesecondce,theauthorbaseshisconclusionontheunfoundedassumptionthatthetrendofmiddle-agedconsumersspendingmorethanyoungeronesindepartmentstoreswillnotchangewithinthenextFinally,theargumentneveraddressesthepopulationdifferencebetweenmiddle-agedconsumersandyoungerones.ThefollowingappearedaspartofapromotionalntoselladvertisingspaceintheDailyGazettetogrocerystoresintheMarstonarea:“AdvertisingthereducedpriceofselectedgroceryitemsintheDailyGazettewillhelpyouincreaseyoursales.Considertheresultsofastudyconductedlastmonth.ThirtysaleitemsfromastoreindowntownMarstonwereadvertisedinTheGazetteforfourdays.Eachtimeoneormoreofthe30itemswaspurchased,clerksaskedwhethertheshopperhadreadthead.Two-thirdsofthe200shoppersaskedansweredintheaffirmative.Furthermore,morethanhalfthecustomerswhoansweredintheaffirmativespentover$100attheFirstofall,theauthorfailstoestablishageneralcausalrelationshipbetweenreadingtheadandpurchasingsaleite